摘要:

AbstractWhen bench‐scale specimens are tested for heat release rate, it is generally of interest that the behavior of the specimen simulate, as much as is possible, that of a real‐scale product performing in a real fire. A number of issues have been raised recently by workers trying to understand the optimal conditions of specimen preparation and mounting. In the present study a large number of materials were explored in the Cone Calorimeter to determine the effect of edge conditions and edge frames. It was found that by the use of an insulated edge frame, heat release rate values can be obtained which are slightly closer to expected true values. The testing procedure, however, is significantly more complicated. This makes the insulated edge frame useful for collecting specialized data for fire modeling, but not for conducting routine reaction‐to‐fire tests. For routine testing use, it is recommended: (1) that no edge frame needs to be used unless the test specimen presents special difficulties, such as due to intumescence; (2) that in those cases where the use of the steel edge frame is found necessary, the results should be reported on the basis of an effective exposure area of 0.0081 m2. When reported on such a basis, the heat release rate results do not show a systematic bias, compared to results with no edg

ISSN:0308-0501    

DOI:10.1002/fam.810170202

出版商:John Wiley&Sons Ltd.    

年代:1993

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractThe formation of polyaluminosiloxane networks through surface modification of cellulose‐polysilicic acid hybrid fibres with inorganic aluminium compounds enhances flame retardancy and laundry performance of these fibres. Fibres of cellulose‐polysilicic acid (VISIL) have been reported as a flame retardant. In contrast to their thermal property, these fibres undergo a significant change, in terms of flame retardancy, when subjected to alkaline conditions (pH>10). Surface modification of these fibres with inorganic aluminium compounds not only reduces the solubility behaviour but also increases the flame retarda

ISSN:0308-0501    

DOI:10.1002/fam.810170203

出版商:John Wiley&Sons Ltd.    

年代:1993

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractThe smoke‐filling process in an atrium is studied in this paper using the plume equation of Thomaset al.A time constant is proposed to describe the smoke‐filling time of the atrium space. This parameter is recommended to be used as a guideline for local projects in determining whether a smoke‐extraction system has to be installed. Finally, the engineering aspects to be noted in designing smoke‐extraction systems for an atrium space are int

ISSN:0308-0501    

DOI:10.1002/fam.810170204

出版商:John Wiley&Sons Ltd.    

年代:1993

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractFour vinyl wire and cable materials were tested using five smoke toxic potency test methods: the NBS cup furnace test (in its flaming and non‐flaming modes), the NIST radiant test, the NIBS IT50test (also using the radiant apparatus) and the UPITT test. One of the materials is a standard poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC) flexible wire and cable material, used commercially for wire insulation. The three other materials tested represent a new family of vinyl thermoplastic elastomer alloys, which are advanced materials with good fire performance, particularly in terms of heat release and smoke obscuration. It was found that the smokes from all four materials are similar in terms of their toxic potencies, and that they are all within the ‘common’ range of toxic potency found. In particular, the toxic potencies of the smoke from the new vinyl thermoplastic elastomer alloys are not significantly different from those of other traditional vinyl wire and cable compounds. The results of the tests were also interpreted in terms of the toxicities and concentrations of the individual gases emitted. The fractional effective dose of the toxicants analysed was sufficient to account for the toxicity of the smoke for the NBS cup furnace and the NISt radiant test. It was not able to account for the toxicity found in the UPITT test. The adequacy of the test protocols themselves was also investigated. It was found that the UPITT and the NIBS IT50method are inadequate for measurement of smoke toxicity. It was also found that the NIST radiant test protocol is the one most likely to lead to the smallest amount of future te

ISSN:0308-0501    

DOI:10.1002/fam.810170205

出版商:John Wiley&Sons Ltd.    

年代:1993

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractSeveral ‐i‐isocyanates have become commercially important materials, used as intermediates in the manufacture of a wide variety of polyurethane products, yet little is recorded on their behaviour if involved in fire. This paper describes a series of programmes carried out under the auspices of the International Isocyanate Institute Inc. First, a small‐scale laboratory investigation of the ignition, heat release, smoke and toxic gas production characteristics of di‐isocyanates was carried out. Second, their behaviour in drumstock and pool fires, respectively, was examined, using full‐sized samples and selected real‐fire scenarios. Part 1 records the results for toluene di‐ isocyanate (TDI) showing the need for a modest energy input to ignite it from a pilot flame. It then burns in a steady rather than vigorous manner, leaving no residues. Toxic gases evolved are mainly carbon monoxide, while free isocyanate is likely in the early stages of the fire, and hydrogen cyanide may be important in well‐developed fires. Drumstock material behaviour in a fire is dictated mainly by the rupture characteristics of the containers, which can be violent. A series of simple guidelines is suggested, which includes the need for firefighters to wear full protective clothing and fresh‐air breathing equipment. It is also recommended that drumstock TDI should be stored away from easily ig

ISSN:0308-0501    

DOI:10.1002/fam.810170206

出版商:John Wiley&Sons Ltd.    

年代:1993

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0308-0501    

DOI:10.1002/fam.810170201

出版商:John Wiley&Sons Ltd.    

年代:1993

数据来源: WILEY