摘要:

AbstractGrowing use of PCs in offices has been accompanied by increasing dependence on these systems to accomplish construction/specification and CAD‐based design tasks. The combination of product performance and characteristic data with PC‐based data storage and retrieval techniques is a newly developed example of this. Storage techniques utilized range from floppy disks on single systems through those loaded to hard disks or ROM systems, such as compact disks containing hundreds of megabytes of information. The combination of artificial intelligence techniques to aid the specifier are particularly useful where complex code‐mandated fire performance requirements exist. Using through penetration fire‐stopping technology as an example illustrates how such technology can assist architects, designers and specifiers. Computer workstations—both PCs and Macs—are increasingly finding their way into the design and specification work implicit in constructing buildings. Because of the growing complexity of requirements for fire performance of these structures, use of computer‐based systems to aid in choosing the right components to maintain fire safety levels makes good sense. Coupling artificial intelligence approaches—i.e. quasi‐expert systems—to selection of such products with viewing of drawings can reduce design professionals' work loads and provide increased advantages for designers, specifiers, enforcement officials and product manufact

ISSN:0308-0501    

DOI:10.1002/fam.810160202

出版商:John Wiley&Sons, Ltd.    

年代:1992

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractThe development of computer programs to model the effects of fire on structures has led to an increase in the variety of problems to which they are applied. Programs which provide the thermal analysis for such problems must determine the energy exchange between the structure and the fire environment, and this paper addresses the radiation aspect of this exchange. The radiant energy exchange of a surface exposed to any fire environment is considered in relation to equations used in such programs. With the aid of a simple model an alternative generalized expression is derived, which takes a simple form. Two equations, typical of those used in such programs, are compared with this generalized form and their shortcomings discussed. It is proposed that the expression derived in this work should be the preferred choice.

ISSN:0308-0501    

DOI:10.1002/fam.810160203

出版商:John Wiley&Sons, Ltd.    

年代:1992

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractFluropolymers, especially polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE), have good fire‐resistance properties, but their application is limited by concerns over the toxicity of their thermal decomposition products. In experiments using a tube furnace system similar to the DIN 53 436 method, the 30‐minute (+ 14 days observation)LC50in mass loss terms was found to be 2.9 mgI−1(Standard Error 0.40) under non‐flaming conditions, approximately ten times as toxic as wood and most other materials. Toxicity was due to upper respiratory tract and airway irritation, and was consistent with the known effects of carbonyl fluoride and hydrogen fluoride. When decomposed in the NBS cup furnace test under‐non‐flaming conditions, PTFE evolved extreme‐toxicity products with anLC50of approximately 0.05 mgI−1(mass loss), approximately 1000 times as toxic as wood and most other materials. Toxicity was due to deep lung irritation and oedema. Investigations of the range of conditions under which the extreme toxicity of PTFE products occurs in both small‐scale (200‐litre) and intermediate‐scale (6 m3) experiments have shown that the highest toxicity occurs when PTFE is decomposed under non‐flaming conditions over a temperature range of 400–650°C, and when the primary decomposition products are subjected to continuous secondary heating. At higher or lower temperatures, when the sample is flaming, when decomposition products from wood are also present in the chamber, when secondary heating is curtailed, or when the molecule contains hydrogen as well as fluorine, the toxicity of the products is greatly reduced, tending towards the region of ten times the potency of most other materials. Extreme toxicity is associated with a particulate, but the particulate atmosphere is not always extremely toxic, the potency d

ISSN:0308-0501    

DOI:10.1002/fam.810160204

出版商:John Wiley&Sons, Ltd.    

年代:1992

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractNew York State's Building and Fire Prevention Code includes a requirement that combustible materials used in electrical, plumbing and finishing systems be tested by the University of Pittsburgh protocol and that particular data from that testing be reported on standard forms to the Office of Fire Prevention and Control. The plumbing file in this data bank contains data on 41 products, excluding minor usages. In this paper, these data plus the data on Douglas fir are reported and analyzed.LC50was found to have significant correlations with indices of thermal instability, of rate of mass loss, and of corrosive irritants. The most parsimonious model developed with stepwise regression correlatedLC50with three factors: %wt loss per degree of temperature rise, temperature at the beginning of rapid weight loss‐temperature at which 1% of the sample weight was lost, and temperature at the end of rapid weight loss‐temperature at which 1% of the sample weight was lost.LC50was weakly correlated with maximum CO concentration and in the ‘wrong’ direction (high CO concentrations were associated with low toxicity). LogLC50was significantly correlated with Log COmax, but also in the ‘wrong’ direction.LC50was correlated with minimum oxygen concentration with a smallR‐squared and also in the ‘wrong’ direction. The question of the relevance of these test results to smoke exposures in real f

ISSN:0308-0501    

DOI:10.1002/fam.810160205

出版商:John Wiley&Sons, Ltd.    

年代:1992

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractPerformance of wood‐stud walls depends on the integrity of nailed connections between the sheathing and the framing members. The performance of nailed connections has been studied at room temperature, but the effects of intense thermal loads, such as those from fire, are still poorly understood. This study examines the temperature distribution within nailed joints exposed to fire; this information is essential in modeling strength and stiffness of connections in wall systems. The finite‐element method was used to determine the effects of wood density, nail size, and type of gypsum board on temperature distribution within a set of connections. Temperature distributions were verified in nailed joints exposed in fire tests conducted in accordance with ASTM E119‐88. The principal path of heat flow through the connection was along the nail, rather than directly through the interface between gypsum board and wood. Wood species, type of gypsum board, and nail length did not change temperature distribution signific

ISSN:0308-0501    

DOI:10.1002/fam.810160206

出版商:John Wiley&Sons, Ltd.    

年代:1992

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractA high‐performance liquid chromatography method is described for the identification and quantification of melamine in polyurethane foam. A trial of this method has been undertaken and the results show a correlation between the presence of combustion‐modifying chemicals in the polyurethane foam and its compliance with the Furniture and Furnishings (Fire) (Safety) Regulations 1988. This method provides a rapid means of screening materials and supplements the British Standard flame t

ISSN:0308-0501    

DOI:10.1002/fam.810160207

出版商:John Wiley&Sons, Ltd.    

年代:1992

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractNo Absract.

ISSN:0308-0501    

DOI:10.1002/fam.810160208

出版商:John Wiley&Sons, Ltd.    

年代:1992

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0308-0501    

DOI:10.1002/fam.810160201

出版商:John Wiley&Sons, Ltd.    

年代:1992

数据来源: WILEY