ISSN:0308-0501    

DOI:10.1002/fam.810170402

出版商:John Wiley&Sons Ltd.    

年代:1993

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractThe first part of this study focuses on the effect of cone calorimeter test variables on polyurethane flexible foam properties such as ignitability, heat release rate, effective heat of combustion and mass loss. Three of the main commercial foam types were used, i.e. conventional slabstock foams, high‐resilience slabstock foams and all‐MDI (methylene diphenyldiisocyanate) moulded foams. A decrease in heat flux (down to 40%) with increasing distance from the conical heater was measured. As a consequence, results were found to depend to a large extent on the thickness and the melting behaviour of the foam samples. To achieve a sufficiently constant and uniform heat flux exposure, sample thickness had to be limited to 25 mm. In addition, repeatability was found to be good under various conditions, with percentage standard deviations for effective heat of combustion, peak rate of heat release and mass loss below 10%. Levels of radiant flux above 25 kW m−2were found to be very severe to test flexible polyurethane foams. Under such conditions, foams that show large differences in combustion performance in small‐scale flammability tests performed almost identically in the cone calorimeter. In the second part of this study the effects of foam variables, such as foam type, density and melamine content, are defined. These effects were clearly pronounced at radiant flux levels of 15–25 kWm−2. Density was found to be the key variable in controlling ignition resistance. In addition, high‐resilience slabstock foams and all‐MDI moulded foams performed better than conventional slabstock foams of the same density. Melamine addition resulted in a delay of ignition for all three foam types and an incomplete combustion, decreased heat release and effective heat of combustion in HR‐slabstock and all MDI moulded foams. However, melamine is not effective as a heat sink in conventional slabstock foams. The different performance of the foam types under study can be explained by a different

ISSN:0308-0501    

DOI:10.1002/fam.810170403

出版商:John Wiley&Sons Ltd.    

年代:1993

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractThe relative contributions of fabric and foam on important fire hazard parameters as measured in the cone calorimeter were determined for various mock‐up combinations. Three commercial types of high‐resilience PU flexible slabstock foams, representing a wide range of combustion performance, were combined with three different fabrics: polyester, polypropylene and combustion‐modified cotton. Total heat release of the combinations correspond well with the value calculated from the individual components and is determined by the density and effective heat of combustion of the components, and the foam/fabric weight ratio. The foams show a smaller variation in effective heat of combustion than the fabrics. Covering of PU flexible foams with a fabric results in general in a delay of ignition and peak rate of heat release. Performance of the mock‐ups is mainly determined by the fabric but is also influenced by the quality of t

ISSN:0308-0501    

DOI:10.1002/fam.810170404

出版商:John Wiley&Sons Ltd.    

年代:1993

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractThe NBS smoke density chamber (ASTM E662) is the most popular test instrument used to measure smoke obscuration. In its standard use, it can accommodate only samples in the vertical orientation. In this work, the smoke generated by 12 materials was measured in the smoke chamber in the normal way and by using a proposed attachment, with a dual‐burner system which can be oriented both horizontally and vertically. Results obtained were different for many of the materials, due particularly to melting characteristics of some of them, which then led to inaccurately small smoke values. Most of the materials were also tested in the cone calorimeter, which gave the same trends (albeit with a mediocre correlation) as the smoke chamber in the horizontal orientation. The correlation between cone calorimeter results and vertical orientation (traditional or dual‐burner) results in the smoke chamber was virtually non‐existent. This suggests that the use of the NBS smoke chamber in a horizontal orientation may result in it yielding more meaningful

ISSN:0308-0501    

DOI:10.1002/fam.810170405

出版商:John Wiley&Sons Ltd.    

年代:1993

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractDifferent types of floor coverings were tested using three different methods: the Cone Calorimeter (ISO 5660), the Nordtest floor covering test NT FIRE 007 and the German Radiant Panel Method (DIN 4102 Teil 14). The results of the comparisons between both flame spread and smoke production are given. Some correlation is found between the results of the Cone Calorimeter and the NT FIRE 007. Between other methods, no correlations seem to exist.

ISSN:0308-0501    

DOI:10.1002/fam.810170406

出版商:John Wiley&Sons Ltd.    

年代:1993

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractSmoke production in the full–scale room fire test ISO 9705 (Commonly referred to as the Room Corner Test) and in the Cone Calorimeter ISO 5660 has been analysed for three sets of building products comprising a total of 28 products. The smoke production may be critical for the fire classification of surface products since some products produce large amounts of smoke in the room fire test even if they do not reach flashover within 20 min. Several smoke parameters in the Cone Calorimeter and the room fire test have been analysed. Good correlations have been obtained when the products are divided into two groups: products withmorethan 10 min to flashover in the room fire test and those withlessthan 10 min. These two time categories correspond to the two heat output levels in the room fire test: 100 kW for the first 10 min and then 300 kW up to 20 min. For products withmorethan 10 min to flashover the average rate of smoke production and the total smoke production seem to be useful parameters for predictions of smoke release in the room fire test. Both parameters have good correlations between data from the Cone Calorimeter and the room fire test. For products withlessthan 10 min to flashover no parameter seems to give useful predictions. Forallproducts evaluated together, the correlations are not so good, but the same regression lines as for products with more than 10 min might be used as a first rough estimate. In this case the total smoke production in the Cone Calorimeter could be used to estimate the total smoke production in the room fire test for different building products, independent of their estimated time to flashover.It is suggested that the average rate of smoke production and the total smoke production from the Cone Calorimeter is reported in addition to the mass‐based specific extinction area. This will be helpful in predicting smoke release in the room fire test and will also make the data on smoke release analogous to those on heat rele

ISSN:0308-0501    

DOI:10.1002/fam.810170407

出版商:John Wiley&Sons Ltd.    

年代:1993

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractInorganic flame retardants containing water are less likely to produce toxic gases and smoke during combustion. The raw materials used to synthesize inorganic flame retardants are inexpensive and readily available. Therefore it is appropriate to research and synthesize these kinds of flame retardants and use them to produce building materials that have improved flame retardance and a low price and that constitute no environmental hazards. This paper introduces one kind of liquid,‘LL flame retardant’, which is the product of the reaction of phosphoric acid and aluminium hydroxide under specified reaction conditions. This flame retardant can be used for fire‐retardant coating and can also treat the combustible materials, such as fabrics, paper and wood. This paper describes the preparations, properties and the mechanism of flame‐retardant action of this a

ISSN:0308-0501    

DOI:10.1002/fam.810170408

出版商:John Wiley&Sons Ltd.    

年代:1993

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0308-0501    

DOI:10.1002/fam.810170401

出版商:John Wiley&Sons Ltd.    

年代:1993

数据来源: WILEY