摘要:

The pressure generated at 0.1 s after the onset of expiration measures the rate of rise of expiratory pressure potentially available for expiration. P0.1e increased with increasing the frequency of breathing and was higher in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) patients than in controls. In normal subjects breathing under resistive load P0.1e became similar to that of patients for a given respiratory frequency. P0.1e consistently increased as the load and/or the frequency of breathing were raised. Expiratory pressure depends on elastic recoil of the respiratory system, nevertheless the action of neurally controlled respiratory muscles influence the rate of rise of expiratory pressure. The decrease of expiratory braking action by inspiratory muscles (-Pmusi) influence the rate of pressure rise in the first part of expiration, whereas the contraction of abdominal muscles (-Pmuse) increases P0.1e later from onset of expiratory occlusion. These compensatory reflexes are vagally mediated and are presumed to originate in stretch receptors. In COPD patients the braking action of inspiratory muscles was smaller and the facilitating action of abdominal muscles was higher than in controls. Both expiratory braking decay and expiratory activity increase with the rise of breathing frequency or with the increase of respiratory airflow resistance

ISSN:0025-7931    

DOI:10.1159/000194555

出版商:S. Karger AG    

年代:1983

数据来源: Karger

摘要:

Modifications of the mechanical ventilatory function in 18 atopic asthmatic patients challenged with carbachol and mites are studied. The patients were chosen according to clinical and immunoallergiological criteria. All patients reacted to carbachol and only 11 of them to mites. In addition to classical changes in total pulmonary resistance and forced expiration parameters, we observed modifications in lung elastic properties, with an impairment of the P/V curves. Ventilatory data after mite extract aerosols were heterogeneous. Bronchial infection seemed to facilitate central bronchoconstriction to allergens with a large increase of Rtot from 0.425 to 2.226 kPa · liter-1 · s (3.19 – 16.70 mm Hg · liters-1 · s). The delay between mite challenge and bronchoconstriction was longer when peripheral obstruction occurred without a significant increase in Rtot<

ISSN:0025-7931    

DOI:10.1159/000194556

出版商:S. Karger AG    

年代:1983

数据来源: Karger

摘要:

Oxytropium bromide, a new synthetic anticholinergic agent, delivered by a dose inhaler, was compared to a placebo in a cross-over double-blind trial. The drop in FEV1 after administration of increasing doses of acetylcholine aerosol spray was measured 45 min after administration of the test drug, and the dose-response curve was determined. The placebo modified neither acetylcholine threshold dose (bronchial sensitivity) nor the slope of the curve (bronchial reactivity). Oxytropium bromide elevated the response threshold and decreased bronchial reactivity to vagal stimuli.

ISSN:0025-7931    

DOI:10.1159/000194557

出版商:S. Karger AG    

年代:1983

数据来源: Karger

摘要:

In a model of isolated, ventilated and perfused rabbit lungs the influence of a fixed amount of edema (standardized at 7 g weight gain/kg body weight) on the pressure-volume characteristics of the isolated lungs was investigated. Periodical stimulation with A 23187 or A 23187 plus indomethacin or A 23187 plus indomethacin plus glutathione evokes an increase in vascular permeability with subsequent severe alterations of the pressure-volume characteristics, reflecting a disturbance in the alveolar surfactant system, which is more extensive the more rapidly the edema develops. The alterations caused this way are markedly more severe than those caused by the same amount of weight gain due to mechanically increased capillary filtration pressure.

ISSN:0025-7931    

DOI:10.1159/000194558

出版商:S. Karger AG    

年代:1983

数据来源: Karger

摘要:

42 patients with chronic obstructive lung disease underwent right heart hemodynamics (Swan-Ganz catheter) and M mode echocardiography. Echocardiographic study showed that right ventricular index (RVI) and right ventricular anterior wall thickness (RVAWT) were increased in most patients, while septal thickness and motion were nearly always normal. The finding of impaired RVI and normal RVAWT in several patients, while no one showed normal RVI and increased RVAWT, suggests that arterial pulmonary hypertension results in initial dilatation and only later in hypertrophy of the right ventricle. Echocardiographic parameters were well correlated with hemodynamic and pulmonary function parameters. The good correlations between echocardiographic and hemodynamic data suggest that echocardiography may be a useful technique in the noninvasive assessment of the effects of pulmonary hypertension on the right heart in COLD.

ISSN:0025-7931    

DOI:10.1159/000194559

出版商:S. Karger AG    

年代:1983

数据来源: Karger

摘要:

Development of bilateral ventricular hypertrophy in animals exposed to sustained hypoxia is demonstrated. Female Sprague-Dawley rats (180–200 g) were subjected to acute (0.40 atm/24 h) or chronic intermittent (0.40 atm/18 h/day/7 days) hypobaric hypoxia. Control animals were maintained at room pressure. The changes in ventricular mass (right ventricle and left ventricle including the septum) were evaluated on the basis of the dry weight values immediately at the end of hypoxic stimulus. Data show that both acute and chronic hypobaric hypoxia allow rats to develop a significant degree of hypertrophy in the left as well as in the right ventricle. The factors involved in the genesis of the left ventricular hypertrophy in hypoxic conditions are presente

ISSN:0025-7931    

DOI:10.1159/000194560

出版商:S. Karger AG    

年代:1983

数据来源: Karger

摘要:

In a previous report we found that, following intrapulmonary administration of radiolabeled albumin, blood concentrations were higher in rabbits with BCG-in-duced chronic pulmonary inflammation (CPI) than in normal rabbits. The present study demonstrates that this increased blood concentration was not the result of decreased blood clearance by other organs, indicating that increased absorption through the respiratory tract occurred in the inflamed lungs. In addition, rabbits with BCG-in-duced CPI had larger hilar lymph nodes and larger concentrations of radioactivity in the hilar lymph nodes, suggesting that the pulmonary lymphatics are a route of increased absorption through inflamed lungs.

ISSN:0025-7931    

DOI:10.1159/000194561

出版商:S. Karger AG    

年代:1983

数据来源: Karger

摘要:

Pulmonary parenchymal involvement in sarcoidosis is due to noncaseating granuloma, fibrosis or both. To assess the granulomatous activity in pulmonary sarcoidosis, we performed gallium-67 citrate scans in 41 patients with sarcoidosis and in 13 non-sarcoid patients, who were free of pulmonary disease and served as controls. Gallium score, a measure of gallium accumulation in lung parenchyma, was obtained from the sum of activity indices (ratio of accumulated gallium activity over a chest quadrant and soft tissues of the mid-thigh) from each of the quadrants over the anterior and posterior aspects of the chest. The gallium score in patients with sarcoidosis was significantly higher than the gallium score in controls. The gallium scores in patients with sarcoidosis, with radiographically apparent pulmonary infiltrate were significantly higher than the scores in the patients with no radiographic evidence of pulmonary parenchymal involvement. The gallium scores in patients not receiving corticosteroids were significantly higher compared to patients who were receiving corticosteroids, and furthermore, the gallium scores fell significantly when corticosteroids were initiated. There was a significant correlation between serum angiotensin-converting enzyme (SACE) activity and gallium score. In 11 patients, 27 sequential gallium scans were performed and changes in gallium score correlated well with the changes in SACE activity and clinical assessment. These findings suggest that quantitative evaluation of gallium scans may be useful in assessing granulomatous activity of pulmonary sarcoidosis and following its response to therapy.

ISSN:0025-7931    

DOI:10.1159/000194562

出版商:S. Karger AG    

年代:1983

数据来源: Karger

摘要:

In 14 patients, kyphoscoliotics, at the time without cardiorespiratory diseases, of average age 28 years ± 17 (range 12–64), the average values for the vital capacity was 79.6 ± 21.2% (range 49–125), for the Tiffeneau Index was 77.9% ± 10.3% (range 56–91), for the RV/TLC ratio was 39.6% ± 10.8% (range 18–56), for the MEF 25 was 2,192.8 ± 732.1 ml/s (range 1,300–3,800), for the MEF 50 was 3,689.3 ± 1,310.9 ml/s (range 1,750–5,500). The average value for the PaO2 was 90.3 ± 8.3 mm Hg (range 75–109), and for the PaCO2 35.3 ± 4.66 mm Hg (range 27.8–46). The average value for the alveolar-arterial gradient of O2 was 11.96 ± 7.37 mm Hg (range 0.74–27.94) and for the arterial-alveolar gradient of CO2 2.30 ± 2.41 mm Hg (range 0.22–9.98). The average value for the CO transfer was 20.06 ± 6.84 ml/min/mm Hg (range 8–31.4). As the angle of scoliosis and the age of the subject increase, the vital capacity and the Tiffeneau Index decrease, the RV/TLC ratio and the respiratory rate increase, the MEF 25, the MEF 50, the PaO2, and the transfer of CO decrease, while PaCO2 increases. The alveolar-arterial gradient of 02 and the arterial-alveolar gradient of CO2 increase as the angle of scoliosis increases. The data so obtained show, therefore, that in kyphoscoliosis a restrictive type of respiratory dysfunction appears, along with hypoxemia due to alveolar hypoventilation and disturbances in diffusion and in

ISSN:0025-7931    

DOI:10.1159/000194563

出版商:S. Karger AG    

年代:1983

数据来源: Karger