摘要:

Bronchial hyperreactivity to various stimuli has been used as one of the diagnostic criteria of chronic obstructive lung diseases. We studied bronchial responsiveness to histamine in 30 patients with acute or chronic bronchitis, 28 patients with bronchial asthma and in 42 more patients with other lung diseases, using a new device – the Astograph – which yielded graphically a continuous dose-response curve of the respiratory resistance by the oscillation method during the inhalation of histamine diphosphate. The results of this method were compared with the results of FEV1 and FEF25-75 before and after the challenge procedure. An increase of the respiratory resistance (Ros) during the challenge test gave an indication of a decrease of FEV1. The increase of Ros and the decrease of FEV1 and FEF25-75 were most pronounced in the asthmatics. Not in all cases was there a correlation between the increase of Ros and the decrease of FEV1, possibly due to imperfections in the design of the equipment.We believe that the Ros measurement cannot be totally exchanged for the conventional method. The use of the Astograph alone cannot be recommended because of the false-negative reactions. A combination Astograph/Floop equipment is rather expensive, but it is the most rational and ideal. The test itself does not induce bronchoconstriction and is simple and time-saving. However, this procedure is not yet advised as a diagnostic tool for a challenge test with allergens in the diagnosis of bronchial asthma. A further investigation on the validity and security of such a provocation is still nee

ISSN:0025-7931    

DOI:10.1159/000194792

出版商:S. Karger AG    

年代:1985

数据来源: Karger

摘要:

The ability to detect added external inspiratory and expiratory resistive loads was studied in normal and asthmatic subjects using sensory decision theory as a psychophysical method. Performances P(A)/ ΔR [where P(A) represents the index of sensitivity and ΔR the additional resistor] were similar in normal and asthmatic subjects, but when sensitivity was expressed in relation to airway resistance [P(A)/ ΔR/ Raw], asthmatics showed higher inspiratory and expiratory performances than normal subjects. After bronchodilation the relative sensitivity in the asthmatic group was impaired and approached that of normal subjects. Comparing inspiratory and expiratory load detection, normal subjects showed a higher sensitivity for expiratory than for inspiratory loads. In contrast, there was no difference in the asthmatic group. The response bias remained the same accross conditions. If one accepts the assumption that the variability of sensitivity presented by asthmatic and normal subjects might be related to the variable state of their pulmonary function, our results can be interpreted as demonstrating a relationship between sensitivity and pulmonary distension or airway obstruction. These results are in agreement with the hypothesis that the site of perception for respiratory load detection is the chest wa

ISSN:0025-7931    

DOI:10.1159/000194793

出版商:S. Karger AG    

年代:1985

数据来源: Karger

摘要:

Maximum expiratory flow-volume (MEFV) curves recorded before and after salbutamol inhalation on 100 patients with various lung diseases were studied. Improvement was found to occur more frequently in MEF50, FEF25-75, FVC and MEF25, than in FEV1, FEV1/FVC%, or MTT. If improvement in only one of the first four parameters was taken as a measure of reversibility of airways obstruction, many cases showing improvement in the others were missed. Improvement in any of the last three parameters was rarely missed if improvement in any of the first four was present. It was concluded that there is no single best measurement for assessment of bronchodilator response. FVC, FEF25-75, MEF50 and MEF25 should all be measured. A flow-volume record of forced expiration from which all these measurements can be derived would therefore be preferable for this purpose to the time-volume spirometer record from which only FVC and FEF25-75 can be determined.

ISSN:0025-7931    

DOI:10.1159/000194794

出版商:S. Karger AG    

年代:1985

数据来源: Karger

摘要:

Histological changes in bronchus-associated lymphoid tissue (BALT) following single intratracheal administration of five different antigens were studied in the rat. After administration of T-dependent antigens (i.e., horseradish peroxidase, bovine serum albumin, and Bacillus Calmette Guérin) only minor changes in BALT in the rat occurred. Intratracheal administration of a T-independent antigen (lipopolysaccharide) and a partly T-independent antigen (paratyphoid vaccine) resulted after 1 week in an increase in cytoplasmic IgM-containing (clgM) blast cells and plasma cells; these appeared to enter via the high endothelial venules (HEV). After 6 weeks, germinal centers were seen

ISSN:0025-7931    

DOI:10.1159/000194795

出版商:S. Karger AG    

年代:1985

数据来源: Karger

摘要:

Airway smooth muscle (ASM) preparations (mid-cervical portion of trachea) were isolated from control Camm-Hartley male guinea pigs and from animals repeatedly sensitized by ovalbumin. Simultaneously with the measurement of isometric force developed by ASM preparations, resting membrane potential (Em) was determined by employing a conventional microelectrode technique. The contractile and electrophysiological responses of normal and sensitized tissues to ovalbumin and histamine (10-5M) were measured during inhibition or stimulation of the electrogenic Na+ pump. The activity of the electrogenic Na+ pump was decreased by the temperature of the experimental bath, i.e., 21 ± 0.5 °C, or by ouabain (10-5M). We found that: (1) at 37 °C, Em of ASM in controls was -60.3 ± 0.4 mV ( ± SE) as compared to -78.2 ± 0.4 mV ( ± SE) of ASM from resensitized animals (p 0.001) Em of ASM of both controls and resensitized animals; (3) warming (40 °C) further increased (p < 0.01) Em of control ASM but had no effect on Em of ASM from resensitized animals; (4) when the electrogenic Na+ pump was inhibited by low temperature (21 °C) or by ouabain (10-5M), ASM preparations from resensitized animals had no measurable response to ovalbumin; (5) in ASM preparations from controls cooling (21 °C) potentiated (p < 0.01) and warming (40°C) attenuated (p < 0.01) the histamine (10-5M) contractile response; (6) in ASM preparations from resensitized animals, when the electrogenic Na+ pump was inhibited, significant (p < 0.01) contractile and electrical responses to histamine (10-5M) were still present. It is concluded that the presence of a functioning electrogenic Na+ pump is necessary for the contractile and electrophysiological responses of sensitized ASM to ovalbumin (Schultz-Dale respone). However, the response of ASM to histamine is not dependent on the presence of a functioning electrogenic Na+

ISSN:0025-7931    

DOI:10.1159/000194796

出版商:S. Karger AG    

年代:1985

数据来源: Karger

摘要:

The effect of kerosene on in vivo and in vitro tracheal acetylcholinesterase (CHE) activity of guinea pigs has been investigated. Kerosene aerosol administered to guinea pigs during 20 min at a mean concentration of 20.4 mg/l elicited immediately, 1 h and 24 h later tracheal CHE inhibition by 30, 48.8, and 32.3% of control values (p < 0.05). Kerosene at 1 % concentration inhibited significantly, after 1 h of incubation in vitro, the CHE activity by 44.9% of control values. The tracheal CHE inhibition induced by kerosene could actually increase the acetylcholine concentration acting on smooth muscle of airways, and this partially explains the respiratory symptoms which are frequently observed after kerosene intoxication.

ISSN:0025-7931    

DOI:10.1159/000194797

出版商:S. Karger AG    

年代:1985

数据来源: Karger

摘要:

The effect of the application of a single oral dose of 100 mg of three mucolytic agents (N-acetylcysteine, carbocysteine and Na-2-mercaptoethane sulphonate) on the ultrastructure of the tracheal epithelium of healthy rabbits was studied. Due to the function of oral mucolytics the goblet cells were overstimulated and injured. Na-2-mer captoethane sulphonate was the least irritating substance. Acetylcysteine produced the most pronounced injury of the goblet cells, followed by rapid differentiation of these cells. Oral administration of all mucolytics studied caused local impairment of mucus flow in the airways.

ISSN:0025-7931    

DOI:10.1159/000194798

出版商:S. Karger AG    

年代:1985

数据来源: Karger

摘要:

A method is described for the quantitative analysis of the physiological significance of either an increase or decrease in P50. The venous crossover PO2 (PvxO2) refers to that PO2 of the mixed venous blood on the standard oxyhaemoglobin equilibrium (OHE) curve at which the extraction of oxygen from the blood is the same for both the standard and the in vivo arterial and venous OHE conditions.A measured PvO2 which is greater than the PvxO2 indicates that the in vivo OHE conditions conferred a benefit over the standard conditions inasmuch as the same Volume of oxygen was delivered to the tissues at a higher venous PO2. The method of determining the venous crossover PO2 from the measured arteriovenous difference in haemoglobin saturation of oxygen is described using a mathematical model of the oxyhaemoglobin equilibrium curve. The presence of carboxyhaemoglobin is accounted for in this analysis. Clinical examples in which the method is applied are presented.

ISSN:0025-7931    

DOI:10.1159/000194799

出版商:S. Karger AG    

年代:1985

数据来源: Karger

摘要:

Since 1919 about 400 cases with Goodpasture’s syndrome have been published, and since 1975 about 100 of these patients were treated with plasma exchange in addition to immunosuppression. A remission was achieved in 50% of the 100 cases, and in 7 a relapse was reported. In this paper, we are reporting a case with a fatal relapse 3 years after successful plasma exchange treatment. This patient was a smoker, she had been exposed to hydrocarbon solvents, and she had the HLA tissue antigens DR2 and MT3. Lung biopsy by fiberoptic bronchoscopy revealed linear staining of IgG at the alveolar basement membrane. During relapse pulmonary infiltrations and macrohematuria did not respond a second time to methylprednisolone pulses nor to plasma exchange treatment and the patient died of massive lung hemorrhag

ISSN:0025-7931    

DOI:10.1159/000194800

出版商:S. Karger AG    

年代:1985

数据来源: Karger

摘要:

Worldwide, uncountable arterial macropunctures and cannulations are performed for blood-gas analysis. The associated complications are accepted as inevitable.8,000 arterial micropunctures performed under controlled conditions show that this sampling method is not only simpler but also less traumatic and less susceptible to errors of method. As these advantages are not countered by any disadvantages, microsampling is suggested for general use.

ISSN:0025-7931    

DOI:10.1159/000194801

出版商:S. Karger AG    

年代:1985

数据来源: Karger