摘要:

The M cells of the lung are specialized epithelial cells overlying the luminal bronchus-associated lymphoid tissue. The present state-of-the-art paper, based on a review of recent studies, scrutinizes their morphology and probable tasks. They seem to perform specific functions of transport, permitting antigens to penetrate the barrier of the mucosa and thereby enabling contact with immunocompetent lymphatic cells. Although many particulars have not yet been exhaustively explored, the evidence so far suggests that the M cell may perform an important task in the immune system of the lung

ISSN:0025-7931    

DOI:10.1159/000195527

出版商:S. Karger AG    

年代:1988

数据来源: Karger

摘要:

Among the disorders associated with male infertility and chronic sinopulmonary infections, primary ciliary dyskinesia or cystic fibrosis is characterized by ciliary dysfunction or abnormality of mucus secretion. In addition, Young’s syndrome differs from the former because of the absence of ultrastructural cilia disorders and from the latter because of normal sweat and pancreatic functions. However, a number of manifestations seen in these disorders appear to overlap each other, e.g., male infertility and chronic sinopulmonary infections which often develop bronchiectasis. Therefore, I would like to propose that the term ‘muco(secretion)ciliary transport failure’ is used for illnesses in patients with primary impairment of mucosecretion and/or ciliary transport in organs containing the mucociliary transport system. Primary mucociliary transport failure encompasses three hereditary disorders, that is, primary ciliary dyskinesia, cystic fibrosis and Young’s syndrome. Ciliary activity is closely associated with mucus production. For a better understanding of the relationship between ciliary activity and mucus production, further basic and clinical studies should be a

ISSN:0025-7931    

DOI:10.1159/000195528

出版商:S. Karger AG    

年代:1988

数据来源: Karger

摘要:

Unilateral continuous lung lavage in a nonregenerating system (3,000 ml isotonic cristalloid) was done in 12 pigs for 270 min. The concentration of substances in serum and fluid was measured. Half-time (t1/2) of exchange and permeability constants (P) were determined. In the fluid Na+ decreased significantly (t1/2 = 107 min, P = 7.8 × 10-7). Urea increased significantly, reaching serum level after 270 min (t1/2 = 109.1 min, P = 6.18 × 10-6). Ca2+ (t1/2 = 36.7 min, P = 4.1 × 10-7) P04 = (t1/2 – 173.3 min, P = 1.1 × 10-7), and creatinine (t1/2 = 55.2 min, P = 6.2 × 10-7) also increased markedly but did not reach serum level. The adjustment to serum concentration may be prevented by interaction between diffusion, active transport or Donnan’s equilibria. K+ increased almost linearly, documented by the long half-time (t1/2 = 7,835.2 min, P = 7.7 × 10-7) and did not reach serum level. The calculated limit value was higher than the serum level. Active transport systems or influx of K+ from cellular compartments rather than from the serum might be involved in its linear kinetics. Total protein (t1/2 = 61.5 min, P = 2.06 × 10-9) and albumin (t1/2= 58.8 min, P = 1.7 × 10-9) increased initially but levelled far below the serum value. The low P indicates a lack of significant permeation. Initial increase may be due to washout of the epithelial lining fluid compartment. There was minimal transfer of lavage fluid into the organism (10–20 ml/30 min). Serum concentrations were not affected

ISSN:0025-7931    

DOI:10.1159/000195529

出版商:S. Karger AG    

年代:1988

数据来源: Karger

摘要:

Mouth occlusion pressure at 0.1 s (P0.1) and minute ventilation (VE) were measured at rest and during progressive hypercapnia in 32 patients. Under double-blind conditions and according to a 2 × 2 Latin-square design, half the patients received one oral dose of diazepam and its placebo. Using the same design, the other half received zopiclone and its placebo. Normocapnic and moderately hypoxemic patients between the ages of 21 and 69 with moderate to severe chronic obstructive pulmonary disease were included in the study. Diazepam produced a statistically significant decrease (p < 0.05) over its placebo in ΔP0.1/ΔPEΤCO2 values following CO2 rebreathing. Zopiclone did not influence either ΔP0.1/ΔPETCO2 or ΔVE/ΔPETCO2, but produced a significant increase in respiratory frequency. However, no statistically significant differences were observed between the two active tr

ISSN:0025-7931    

DOI:10.1159/000195530

出版商:S. Karger AG    

年代:1988

数据来源: Karger

摘要:

To ascertain whether inhaled aminophylline was effective in preventing the bronchial response induced by inhalating of an ultrasonic mist of distilled water (UMDW), we examined 8 asthmatic patients who had previously been shown to be reactive to this agent. Patients were given either 30 mg aminophylline or saline placebo aerosols followed by inhalation of 60 liters of UMDW; measurements of specific airway conductance (sGaw) were made before and after aminophylline or saline administration and after UMDW challenge. UMDW consistently induced a significant decrease in sGaw in all patients; however, in our subjects as a group, the degree of UMDW-induced bronchoconstriction was significantly less after premedication with aminophylline aerosol than after saline (p < 0.01). Our results suggest that aminophylline is effective in preventing UMDW-induced bronchoconstriction; the possible relationships between bronchial response to UMDW and its modulation by inhaled aminophylline are discussed

ISSN:0025-7931    

DOI:10.1159/000195531

出版商:S. Karger AG    

年代:1988

数据来源: Karger

摘要:

We studied the effect of smoking cessation on airway reactivity. We recruited cigarette smokers who were attempting to stop smoking. Entry criteria required each subject to be smoking at least 10 cigarettes each day and report a chronic cough. Exclusion criteria included significant airflow obstruction or the presence of any medical condition contraindicating challenge testing. Carbachol challenge was performed to assess airway reactivity according to a standardized method. Baseline measurements of forced expiratory volume in 1 s (FEV1), specific airway conductance (SGaw) and the provocative dose of carbachol causing a 35% reduction in SGaw (PD35), and a 20% reduction in FEV1 (PD20) were established on entry while each subject was still smoking. Thereafter, repeat measurements were performed after 2 and 6 months of smoking cessation. Adherence to smoking cessation was checked by self-report and verified by measurement of alveolar carbon monoxide levels at each session. Of the 34 subjects who gave consent, 13 relapsed prior to the 2nd month and an additional 8 relapsed before the 6th month. Thirteen of the 34 remained abstinent throughout the 6-month study. All 13 subjects had complete resolution of their cough. The difference in reactivity on entry to that at the 2nd and 6th month was not significant. We conclude that (1) the symptom of chronic cough resolved completely after 2 months of smoking cessation, and (2) airway reactivity remained unchanged at 2 and 6 months of smoking cessation

ISSN:0025-7931    

DOI:10.1159/000195532

出版商:S. Karger AG    

年代:1988

数据来源: Karger

摘要:

Use of visual analogue scales (VAS) can provide reliable assessment of dyspnea. In order to determine if VAS can be used for clinical assessment of asthma we administered the scale to 40 stable asthmatics and found a good correlation (r = -0.72) with the peak expiratory flow rate (PEFR) readings expressed as per cent of predicted normal. The scales were also used to assess severity in 12 acutely ill asthmatics. Values of VAS and PEFR were recorded at the time of admission and twice daily thereafter till discharge from the hospital. The correlation of the two parameters was less than that obtained in stable asthmatics, but graphic parallelism was remarkable

ISSN:0025-7931    

DOI:10.1159/000195533

出版商:S. Karger AG    

年代:1988

数据来源: Karger

摘要:

Using a forced oscillation technique, the resistance and reactance of the respiratory system in a frequency range between 4 and 52 Hz were described in a group of healthy subjects and a group of patients with severe chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). In normal subjects, resistance values increased at higher frequencies. As compared to the results in normal subjects, resistance values were much higher and decreased with frequency in COPD patients. Reactance values were more negative, resulting in an increase of resonant frequency. Using matrix network topography, these findings were analyzed in a modified Mead’s model. Compressibility of alveolar gas was incorporated in the model calculations. Resistance and reactance values slightly decreased by adding gas compliance in the model calculations. Our results support Mead’s hypothesis that the shunt compliance is formed by the compliance of intrathoracic airway walls. Input impedance measurement by forced oscillation is therefore an easily implemented, non-invasive method to investigate respiratory mechanics not requiring active cooperation from the subject. Analysis of resistance and reactance over an extended frequency range gives information about the distribution of resistance along the bronchial system and about compliance of the intrathoracic airway walls as expanding structures in parallel with the air sp

ISSN:0025-7931    

DOI:10.1159/000195534

出版商:S. Karger AG    

年代:1988

数据来源: Karger

ISSN:0025-7931    

DOI:10.1159/000195535

出版商:S. Karger AG    

年代:1988

数据来源: Karger

ISSN:0025-7931    

DOI:10.1159/000195536

出版商:S. Karger AG    

年代:1988

数据来源: Karger