摘要:

AbstractBeginning in 1971, Malaysia took unprecedented steps to improve the welfare of ethnic Malays vis‐à‐vis the country's large Chinese minority. The programs included quotas in education, employment, and ownership, as well as a variety of subsidies, credit schemes, and political measures. The circumstances were favorable: The disadvantaged ethnic group was a majority and held the political reins, and soaring export prices generated much new growth to redistribute. But enormous efforts at “affirmative action” led to only marginal changes in the interethnic distribution of income. Malaysia's new policies reduced racial inequalities less than one might have hoped, but they also had fewer bad effects on economic efficiency and political stability than one might hav

ISSN:0276-8739    

DOI:10.2307/3324445

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1983

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractWhen nonprofit organizations operate in a field of service that might otherwise be provided by government or by for‐profit organizations, such as schools, hospitals, or museums, their decisions on the type and amount of services to be delivered are motivated by factors that are quite distinctive. Because they must operate on a break‐even basis with revenues raised on a voluntary basis, nonprofit organizations typically take on activities from which they derive no satisfaction in order to subsidize activities that they regard as of higher value. As a result, the mix of services they offer and the charges they impose will generally be quite different from those of a government institution or a for‐profit organiz

ISSN:0276-8739    

DOI:10.2307/3324446

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1983

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractIn recent decades, restrictions that have been imposed on hospitals organized for profit have served to restructure the industry, generating a constant trend toward nonprofit organizations. Small proprietary hospitals in particular have disappeared while corporate chains have come to dominate what is left of the for‐profit hospital sector. The trend toward nonprofit hospitals is not explained by the failure of the health service markets and is not the result of a desire to serve the public interest more effectively. Although a number of arguments have been advanced to explain the shift, the hypothesis that seems most consistent with the existing evidence is that the nonprofit form of organization serves most effectively to strengthen the restrictive character of the market for physicians' services and thereby to serve the individual economic interests of the physician

ISSN:0276-8739    

DOI:10.2307/3324447

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1983

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractFor many years economists writing on the delivery of health services dusted off the traditional promarket analyses of textbooks and applied them uncritically to the health care industry. Specialists in health care today are far more cautious. From the medical side there has been an increasing interest in the economic implications of health care organization and medical practice. Good research drawing on the skills of economists and other specialists is rapidly growing. This research offers little support either to those who reason abstractly from a market ideology or to those who are uncritically committed to socialized health care.

ISSN:0276-8739    

DOI:10.2307/3324448

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1983

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractThose who support a greater role for the private sector in the delivery of social services cite evidence indicating that private organizations are more efficient than public agencies. Many of the quality differences between the two types of organizations, however, stem from differences in the composition of the client groups they serve; and these differences in turn stem from regulations that have the effect of sorting the clients of these organizations into groups with distinctly different socioeconomic characteristics. The challenge is to design the public regulations that govern private providers of social services in a way that reduces the tension between clients' demands for access and providers' demands for autonomy. The federal government's experience with education vouchers in the 1970s illustrates the difficulty of meeting this challenge.

ISSN:0276-8739    

DOI:10.2307/3324449

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1983

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractThe capacity of the U.S. courts to provide effective review of cases involving complex scientific and economic analysis is declining. Rational action in such cases requires three things: a general rule by which to judge the appropriateness of actual or proposed actions; a set of facts sufficient for determining the consistency of the action with the general rule; and an independent review institution with power to enforce actions under the rule. Where the issues are complex, however, government agencies increasingly have tended to cloak their decisions in needlessly technical formulations and to buttress their presentations in masses of impenetrable data. Courts tend to avoid involvement in the complexities, resting instead on a presumption that government reports are accurate and government actions appropriate; this is a tendency we label “judicial math block.” Two cases taken from the complex area of public navigation investment illustrate the prob

ISSN:0276-8739    

DOI:10.2307/3324450

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1983

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractEnergy conservation is widely considered to be the most promising solution to the nation's energy problems. The dominant public policy in this field has been to encourage conservation by decontrolling energy prices and relying on consumers to respond to price increases in ways that best meet their individual needs. This policy so far has led to only small reductions in energy use within the home, and even these reductions are only partly attributable to conservation behavior. Among the many obstacles to residential conservation that have come to light, a major one is the difficulty of predicting what savings will result from any specific investment in home energy efficiency. Ten years of experience after the 1973 oil crisis raises doubts about the feasibility of residential conservation as a short‐term energy strategy, and suggests that new policies are needed to improve the operation of the market for conservation investmen

ISSN:0276-8739    

DOI:10.2307/3324451

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1983

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0276-8739    

DOI:10.2307/3324452

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1983

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0276-8739    

DOI:10.1002/pam.4050020310

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1983

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0276-8739    

DOI:10.1002/pam.4050020311

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1983

数据来源: WILEY