摘要:

AbstractThe Carter human rights policy was grounded in American historic oscillation between pragmatism and idealism. It represented a major change, yet was prefigured in congressional initiatives, which continued thereafter. After an initial honeymoon, human rights like all “new” policies became a contentious bureaucratic and diplomatic issue, was modified to fit changing realities, and was eventually obscured by crises in Iran and Afghanistan. Criticized from left to right abroad and at home, the Carter human rights policy illustrated the impossibility of avoiding inconsistency in global policies‐but also the certainty that, given the American tradition, it will continue to emerge on the policy

ISSN:0276-8739    

DOI:10.2307/3323646

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1982

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractDuring the past decade, hundreds of provisions have been enacted by Congress giving that body some form of control over the projects and regulations of federal agencies. Pressures for more far‐reaching measures of this sort, including a proposal to vest Congress with a veto of all regulations promulagated by federal agencies, have intensified debate on both the constitutional merits and administrative wisdom of the congressional veto process. These measures are exerting considerable effect, delaying the decisions of the agencies, reshaping the regulatory process, and increasing the direct congressional role in setting administrative agendas and substantive policies. The result is a transfer of administrative power to the more than 200 standing committees and subcommittees of the Congress‐and, significantly, to their staffs. This transfer has served to impede the executive chain of command, to diminish the role of independent regulatory agencies as experts in their respective fields, to devalue judicial review of agency action, and to reduce the accountability of the affected agenc

ISSN:0276-8739    

DOI:10.2307/3323647

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1982

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractMost efforts to combat fraud and abuse have relied on a punitive‐deterrent approach, assuming that higher penalties and stricter enforcement will both punish present offenders and deter potential ones. Social science perspectives, particularly that of systems theory, suggest that a more effective approach is prevention grounded in an understanding of the constituencies involved. Constituency analysis can identify the constellations of social and political power that sustain existing opportunities for fraud and abuse, and those that will support countermeasures. Illustrations are drawn from the author's experience with New York State's attempt at reform in nursing homes and with efforts by the General Accounting Office and the Office of Management and Budget to combat fraud and abuse in federal program

ISSN:0276-8739    

DOI:10.2307/3323648

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1982

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractAs in most cases of natural disasters, relief needs arising out of the Mount St. Helens volcanic eruptions in May 1980 were greatly overestimated. Technical, bureaucratic, and political considerations all contribute to the upward bias in such cases. The errors in early estimates of relief needs can be reduced by systematic means. But more important than obtaining good early estimates is maintaining an effective control over actual disaster relief expenditures. As it turns out, the more effective systems of control usually go hand in hand with poorer early estimates, creating a dilemma for the management of disaster relief.

ISSN:0276-8739    

DOI:10.2307/3323649

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1982

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractThe acquisition of major weapons systems by the Department of Defense shares many elements of traditional “natural monopoly” problems in that efficiency considerations often require that only a single producer exist. This article examines the costs and benefits associated with introducing added producers as a means of stimulating competition. The costs are largely those entailed in transferring technology from the firm that originally developed the system to other potential producers, costs that are concentrated at the beginning of the acquisition period. The benefits are manifested primarily in the form of possible reduced acquisition costs spread over the acquisition period. Under appropriate circumstances, the use of price competition to allocate production contracts can be cost‐effective. Some familiar analytical techniques help program managers to recognize such circumst

ISSN:0276-8739    

DOI:10.2307/3323650

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1982

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractEmpirical studies of decision‐making invariably conclude with profound skepticism about the human capacity to process complex problems. The skepticism bodes ill for public policy makers, for they confront decisions of formidable complexity. This research examines the impact of systematic variation in the complexity of public policy decisions on the quality of decisions made by experienced public and private sector managers. Results show that increases in complexity do affect decision‐making, but in positive as well as negative w

ISSN:0276-8739    

DOI:10.2307/3323651

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1982

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractAnalysts who act as employees or advisors in agencies that make public policy may find themselves operating in any of several different roles. They may see themselves as objective technicians, above the political fray, or as advocates of causes of their own choosing, or as unquestioning proponents of the positions adopted by their employers. Their choice of roles will differ, according to some systematic characteristics found in the environment. Any serious effort to develop a code for the behavior of policy analysts must take these differences into account.

ISSN:0276-8739    

DOI:10.2307/3323652

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1982

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0276-8739    

DOI:10.2307/3323653

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1982

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0276-8739    

DOI:10.2307/3323654

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1982

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0276-8739    

DOI:10.2307/3323655

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1982

数据来源: WILEY