ISSN:1326-0200    

DOI:10.1111/j.1467-842X.1996.tb01039.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1996

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:1326-0200    

DOI:10.1111/j.1467-842X.1996.tb01040.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1996

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:1326-0200    

DOI:10.1111/j.1467-842X.1996.tb01041.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1996

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:1326-0200    

DOI:10.1111/j.1467-842X.1996.tb01042.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1996

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:1326-0200    

DOI:10.1111/j.1467-842X.1996.tb01043.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1996

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

SummaryThe report is a useful compilation of data on Australia's HIV/AIDS epidemic and the response to it. The report produces firm evidence for endorsing Australia's success in limiting the spread of HIV by a number of routes. Australia has been successful in preventing iatrogenic spread, spread through commercial sex and spread through injecting drug use. In the latter case however, the hepatitis C epidemic cautions against complacency. The report, unfortunately, does not recognise very serious weaknesses in the evidence it uses as a basis for its endorsement of current efforts against HIV in the male homosexual community and the general heterosexual community. The report recognises failure of current policies in Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander communities and recognises the threat posed here by HIV but recommends no major policy change. There is some recognition of the limitation of the data, but no recommendation for increased surveillance. The report ignores methods of prevention other than public health education.In my view, there is sufficient evidence to recommend routine neonatal circumcision, at least in Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander communities. There is a clear need for a more effective approach to STD control, particularly in these communities.19,24–28Adequate STD and HIV control may well require contact tracing and surveillance using traditional public health methods. Measurement of objective indicators of the success of HIV prevention campaigns needs to be improved with more comprehensive collection of data on HIV and STD incidence and condom sales, stratified by relevant covariates. Survey evidence of behavioural change should be collected from those too young to be affected by the selective mortality factor. The international comparisons await a proper statistical study which may be able to identify the elements of an effective approach to AIDS. In future reviews of the effectiveness of Australia's response to AIDS, all methods of limiting the spread of the epidemic should be considered objectively. It is unacceptable for the AIDS program to be declared optimal simply because it accords with current public health ideolog

ISSN:1326-0200    

DOI:10.1111/j.1467-842X.1996.tb01044.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1996

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Abstract:Major public health programs have had mixed results in improving health behaviours. In part, the failure to modify some key health behaviours is attributable to a lack of appropriate research on which to base behaviour‐change programs. The research published by theAustralian Journal of Public Health(now theAustralian and New Zealand Journal of Public Health), as representative of Australian research, was analysed. The analysis indicated shortcomings in existing research as a basis for practitioners to build effective programs. While the Journal publishes a substantial amount of health‐behaviour research, few studies used a randomised trial to assess the effects of interventions. Little research was designed to help practitioners to: identify the types of strategies that would reliably result in behaviour change; identify strategies to work with hard‐to‐reach groups like women from Aboriginal and non‐English‐speaking backgrounds; assess the costs and cost‐effectiveness of different strategies; disseminate effective strategies at a state or national level. If improvements in public health are to occur, there is a need to develop and implement a strategy to ensure that research more effectively meets the needs of public health

ISSN:1326-0200    

DOI:10.1111/j.1467-842X.1996.tb01045.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1996

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Abstract:The Rand Corporation medical outcomes short‐form 36 health survey (SF‐36) is a multidimensional measure of self‐perceived general health status, which has been validated in adult populations in the United States and Great Britain, and, more recently, in an Australian population. The SF‐36 is increasingly being used in health outcomes research internationally, mainly as a self‐administered tool, and clearly has potential for use in Australia. This study aimed to assess the acceptability, reliability and validity of telephone administration of the instrument in the Queensland adult population, and to provide reliable population norms. We report the results of a telephone survey in which we interviewed 12 793 adults. It was the first large‐scale, statewide application of the SF‐36 in Australia. A response rate of 82 per cent was achieved, and the SF‐36 satisfied psychometric criteria for reliability and construct validity. Population norms broken down by age and sex are provided. They will be important for the interpretation of future studies using the SF‐36 in particular population

ISSN:1326-0200    

DOI:10.1111/j.1467-842X.1996.tb01046.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1996

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Abstract:A cross‐sectional study was conducted to determine the prevalence of domestic violence victims among patients using emergency services at Sydney's Royal North Shore Hospital, in an affluent urban area of New South Wales. This study used a self‐administered questionnaire (used in a similar study at the Royal Brisbane Hospital) to investigate the history of domestic violence among patients attending the emergency department during 64 randomly selected nursing shifts in October‐November 1994. Adult domestic violence was reported by 19.3 per cent of females and 8.5 per cent of males, confirming the results of the Brisbane study. Evidence for underreporting was found: 4 per cent of females and 6.3 per cent of males who did not report being victims revealed experiences of abuse on nine measures of types of violence, including six taken from the Conflict Tactics Scale. Results supported evidence from other studies suggesting that experience of abuse as a child is a risk factor for being in abusive relationships as an adult. In the past, comparison of results has been limited because of variation in definitions of domestic violence; this has been overcome by intentional replication of the Brisbane study. The study was enhanced by inclusion of patients from non‐English‐speaking backgrounds and a cohort of parents of children attending. Similar prevalence estimates were found in these groups. Results have implications for the detection and treatment of victims of domestic violence across all strata of society and have potential to raise awareness and affect attitudes towards this significant communit

ISSN:1326-0200    

DOI:10.1111/j.1467-842X.1996.tb01047.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1996

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Abstract:Serious injuries to young motorcyclists represent an important public health problem. Little is known about the opinions and behaviours of the young riders at risk. We document the training experiences of young motorcyclists, and their reasons for riding or discontinuing riding, and identify the role models and sources of disapproval of motorcycling. The research was part of a longitudinal study of health, development, attitudes and behaviours of a birth cohort. At age 18 years, cohort members who had ridden a motorcycle during the past year completed a comprehensive questionnaire. Initial riding instruction was rarely received from a qualified instructor but was usually informal, from a male friend or father, and occurred off the road, usually on a farm. The most commonly given reasons for riding were excitement and economy. Most motorcyclists who had ceased riding attributed this to the lack of access to a motorcycle, and few mentioned safety. Mothers were the main source of disapproval. The young riders were not a homogeneous group. More licensed than unlicensed riders said manoeuvrability in traffic and ease of parking were reasons for riding. Licensed motorcyclists had more friends who rode and were more likely than unlicensed riders to have received paternal instruction. Early informal training off the road may establish attitudes and behaviours inappropriate in a traffic context. The main reasons for motorcycling (excitement, economical and manoeuvrable transport, freedom from supervision) and for discontinuing riding (lack of access) indicate motivations that should be considered before implementation of injury prevention interventions.

ISSN:1326-0200    

DOI:10.1111/j.1467-842X.1996.tb01048.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1996

数据来源: WILEY