摘要:

The new‐born baby' ability to detect similarities and differences between three‐dimensional stimuli and their two‐dimensional representations is investigated in three experiments, using both visual preference and habituation procedures. In Expt 1 new‐borns strongly preferred (looked more at) complex objects to their photographs. This preference was found with monocular viewing, and suggests that motion parallax is a salient cue in the detection of the differences between the two‐ and three‐dimensional stimuli.The results from Expt 2 support the view that, for the new‐born, thedifferencesbetween objects and their two‐dimensional representations are more detectable or salient than their similarities. These conclusions were further supported by the results from the last experiment, using simpler stimuli, although the preference was for the two‐ rather than the three‐dimensional stimuli. The results suggest that studies which use only two‐dimensional stimuli may provide only limited information about the course of perceptual development, at least in the first

ISSN:0261-510X    

DOI:10.1111/j.2044-835X.1984.tb00936.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1984

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Teachers rated the behaviour of 166 children whose blood lead levels had previously been determined. Ratings were made on the Conners Scale, the Rutter Scale B(2), and Needleman's Scale. The results broadly replicated the findings of Needlemanet al. (1979) in so far as they indicate a relationship between difficulties in attention and increased blood lead levels over the normal range of blood lead values. ‘Hyperactivity’ on the Rutter and Conners scales were found to be significantly related to children's blood lead levels, independent of chronological age. Social factors remain uncontrolled in this pilot st

ISSN:0261-510X    

DOI:10.1111/j.2044-835X.1984.tb00937.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1984

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

This study examines the effects of a verbal collateral (counting) on a series of three differential reinforcement of low rates of response (DRL) tasks with progressively longer interresponse time requirements (DRL‐2, DRL‐6 and DRL‐12). Forty‐eight 10‐year‐old children, divided according to sex and conceptual tempo (fast‐inaccurate vs. slow‐accurate) participated in DRL training, half of them being instructed to count aloud between responses. Counting was found to be related to faster learning of all the tasks and to greater efficiency in obtaining reinforcement in most cases. It also eliminated differences due to sex and conceptual tempo except in DRL‐12. However, it had the disadvantage of causing inexact temporal discrimination. The results were replicated in a group of 8‐year‐old subjects perf

ISSN:0261-510X    

DOI:10.1111/j.2044-835X.1984.tb00938.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1984

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Thirty‐two 3and 32 4‐year‐olds were tested on two tasks which required them to infer the location of a concealed object. In thehiding tuskthe child watched while an object was hidden and then attempted to find it; in thefinding tuskthe child watched while one object was found and then attempted to find a duplicate of it in the same place. Each sequence of events that the child watched ruled out two of the four locations in a linear array as possible hiding places for the object, but did not specify which of the remaining two contained it.The children did use the information conveyed by the sequences of events to decide where to search. Older children generally did better than younger children both in their first choices and in their second choices when the first, although correct, did not locate the object. However, neither age group made the correct choice of a second location consistently. This suggested that the children encountered mnemonic or logical difficulties, or both, because of the fact that two locations were equally compatible with a given sequence of e

ISSN:0261-510X    

DOI:10.1111/j.2044-835X.1984.tb00939.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1984

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

This study examined the development of helping behaviour and moral judgement during adolescence. Adolescents of three age groups, 12–13, 14–15 and 16–17 years, were asked to fill out a moral judgement questionnaire and were later asked to volunteer to help old people under three helping conditions: when tangible reward was promised in return for their help; when social reward was promised; and when no reward was promised. The volunteers who arrived at the appointed hour on the set date were asked by the experimenter to explain in writing why they had decided to help. The results showed that the older the adolescents, the less they expressed their willingness to help. Helping conditions had a differential effect on behaviour and influenced the three age groups differently. Finally, the results showed that the older the adolescents, the more altruistic the motives expressed and the more relativistically oriented they were. These results are explained within the framework of adolescents' social‐developmental psy

ISSN:0261-510X    

DOI:10.1111/j.2044-835X.1984.tb00940.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1984

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

The study explored the possibility that individuals' assessment of children's personality and behavioural functioning may reflect stereotypic perceptions involving more negative expectations of boys from father‐headed as opposed to mother‐headed single‐parent families. These hypotheses were based upon the assumptions of the pre‐emincnce of the maternal role in the parent‐child relation. The objective was to determine whether stereotypic perceptions, if any, prevail equally or differentially among laypersons and trained professionals such as teachers and social workers. Consistent with the hypotheses, the findings showed that both laypersons and professionals had more negative expectations of boys from father‐ as opposed to mother‐custody homes. Comparison of laypersons with the professional group of teachers and social workers combined showed no significant differences between the perceptions of these two groups of respondents. The teachers, however, had significantly fewer stereotypic negative perceptions of boys from father‐headed families than laypersons and social workers. The implications of the findings are discussed for the welfare of the children and their single parents, and the training o

ISSN:0261-510X    

DOI:10.1111/j.2044-835X.1984.tb00941.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1984

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Two experiments are reported which examine children's counting and its role in reasoning about the relative numerosity of two arrays. In the first experiment, children's number judgements were compared under different conditions designed to evaluate the importance of three different cues to number—length and density of rows, small number perception and counting. Children were found to count very rarely unless specifically asked to do so. Experiment 2 investigated some possible reasons why children who count readily in some situations are reluctant to count spontaneously in this number judgement task. Spontaneous counting in 4‐year‐olds increased in one condition only: when they were given feedback as to the correctness of their previous judgements. This feedback showed that basing judgements on number as counted was always correct whereas length and density judgements were only sometimes correct. Preschoolers' preference for length as a cue to number may therefore be due to their belief that length is a more reliable cue than counting, rather than to their ignorance about the link between counting and numerical reas

ISSN:0261-510X    

DOI:10.1111/j.2044-835X.1984.tb00942.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1984

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

The interpretation by Breniner&Taylor (1982) that the tendency by children to increase oblique line angle size when copying line drawings (the ‘perpendicular error’) is one of ‘symmetry’ is examined using a discrimination and a copying task. Using single right‐angled triangles as stimuli, errors by older children in a discrimination task are found to be in the direction of ‘symmetry’. Evidence from a copying task using similar stimuli favours a simpler interpretation of oblique line errors in terms of a ‘vertical effect’. Strategies for copying remaining lines in such figures are analysed in terms of directional ‘rules’, the usage of which incre

ISSN:0261-510X    

DOI:10.1111/j.2044-835X.1984.tb00943.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1984

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

It is widely held that young children draw what they know rather than what they see. However, evidence is growing that they can be provoked into making visually realistic drawings. In this study two factors were found to affect the form of visual realism. In Expt 1, 5‐ and 6‐year‐olds produced visually realistic drawings of a familiar object when it was neither named nor given to the child to inspect before drawing. On the other hand, prior inspection led to significant hidden feature inclusion at 5 and 6 years, and this applied whether the object drawn was familiar or novel. Seven‐year‐olds' drawings were visually realistic in all presentation conditions. In Expt 2, 6‐year‐olds were shown to include the hidden feature if the object was named before drawing. Two conclusions are drawn. It is possible that children draw what they have seen over time rather than what they see at a particular time. Secondly, object naming may lead to drawing from a canonical model tagged by the

ISSN:0261-510X    

DOI:10.1111/j.2044-835X.1984.tb00944.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1984

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Book reviewed in this article:Le Possible et le Nécssaire: I'Évolution du Nécssaire chez I'Enfant, vol. 2.Jean Piaget.Language Development, vol. 2:Language, Thought, and Culture.Edited byS. Kuczaj

ISSN:0261-510X    

DOI:10.1111/j.2044-835X.1984.tb00945.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1984

数据来源: WILEY