摘要:

Young children are often prone to an ‘empirical’ bias when asked to reason from premises that do not conform to their everyday knowledge. Experiment 1 identified three cues that help 4‐ and 5‐year‐olds to suppress this bias: when the premises are presented with a make‐believe intonation; when they are presented in the context of a remote setting, such as another planet; and when they are accompanied by visual imagery. The facilitatory effect of all three cues suggests that children will accept premises that violate their empirical knowledge as a basis for reasoning so long as they are presented in a make‐believe mode rather than a literal mode. Experiment 2 showed that this facilitatory effect on logical reasoning occurs for 4‐ and 6‐year‐old children alike. The pattern of results is linked to other developments in young children's im

ISSN:0261-510X    

DOI:10.1111/j.2044-835X.1990.tb00847.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1990

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Security of attachment ratings were significantly negatively related to indices of fear of strangers and separation distress/protest in 2.5‐year‐olds (r= − .32 and − .31 respectively, N = 82). With the attachment classifications, significant between‐group differences occurred even among the secure groups. Secure‐reserved and secure‐ambivalent children were significantly more fearful of strangers than very secure children. Secure‐ambivalent children showed more intense separation behaviour than very secure and secure‐reserved children.Two groups, one secure (secure‐ambivalent) and another insecure (ambivalent), were above the mean of the whole sample on all indices of fear and separation distress/protest, suggesting a particular behavioural ‘style’ independent of security of attachment. Such a style could reflect an influence of family relationships as well as early appearing temperament.Correlations between maternal and observer assessments were not significant for security of attachment (r= .11) but were significant for fear of strangers (r= .40). For both relations, significant discrepancies appeared: Mothers of children with secure classifications of attachment (very secure, secure‐reserved, secure‐ambivalent, and secure‐controlling) rated them as both less secure and more fearful of strangers than indicated by corresponding laboratory assessments, while mothers of insecurely attached children (avoidant, ambivalent, and controlling) rated them as

ISSN:0261-510X    

DOI:10.1111/j.2044-835X.1990.tb00848.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1990

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

In a prospective longitudinal study concerned with the effects of in‐ and out‐of‐home care 140 Swedish children were studied. These analyses using partial least squares analysis procedures focus on the 84 children who remained in home care, family day care, or centre day care through the two years of the project, beginning when the children averaged 16 months of age. Griffiths scale C scores 12 and 24 months later were best predicted by earlier Griffiths scores and contemporaneous measures of the quality of home care, measures which were themselves moderately stable over time. Contemporaneous measures of the children's sociability were also significantly correlated with Griffiths scale C performance. Neither the type nor quality of out‐of‐home care was predictively important. These results show that the quality of care received by children at home is more influential, where verbal abilities are concerned, than either the type or quality of out‐o

ISSN:0261-510X    

DOI:10.1111/j.2044-835X.1990.tb00849.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1990

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

The development of beliefs about the nature, causes and fairness of occupational prestige and income differentials, in subjects aged 10 to 16 years, was studied in relation to age and social class. Slight but stable age and class differences were found in perceptions of socio‐economic inequality and the kind of explanations postulated for inequality. Open‐ended questions produced a wide variety of explanations for prestige and income differentials but the reasons most commonly employed by all age and class groups were the ‘importance’ or ‘social contribution’ of the job, the ‘effort exerted’ doing the job and the ‘education’ or ‘training’ needed. Strong and stable class effects and some age effects were found in the use of references to ‘education’ or ‘training’. Judgements of the fairness of inequality were subject to class effects but largely unaffected by age. The results are discussed in relation to cognitive developmental theory and the role of social influence and socially transmitted information in the constru

ISSN:0261-510X    

DOI:10.1111/j.2044-835X.1990.tb00850.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1990

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Heart rate reactivity to a brief psychological stressor (mental arithmetic or puzzle solving) administered under timed and competitive conditions was assessed for children from two age groups (5‐year‐old preschoolers and 10‐year‐old primary school children) and their parents. Although there were significant differences in resting heart rate and heart rate reactivity between the two groups of children according to age, these differences were not consistent for their parents. When examined within each age group, there were no significant correlations between parents' and children's heart reactivity to the stressor they received. Implications for some previously suggested familial effects regarding cardiac reactivity are di

ISSN:0261-510X    

DOI:10.1111/j.2044-835X.1990.tb00851.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1990

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

We investigated whether children preplan the sizes of head and trunk in their human figure drawings. We asked children aged 4 to 7 years to draw a man, and examined the effects of asking for specific details on the relative sizes of head and trunk. Asking children to depict details of a jacket in their drawing of a man resulted in drawings with a reliably larger trunk area relative to that of the head. Although asking children to depict teeth did result in a larger head relative to the trunk, this effect was not statistically significant. However, asking children to draw a man from the back so that his face could not be seen resulted in significantly smaller heads relative to the trunk. These results indicate that children can preplan the size of head and trunk in anticipation of the amount of detail they intend to include within the outline. The results also suggest that the overestimation of the size of the head commonly found in young children's figure drawing is partly a result of the greater amount of detail usually included in the outline of the head compared to the trunk.

ISSN:0261-510X    

DOI:10.1111/j.2044-835X.1990.tb00852.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1990

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

While young children have been characterized as drawing what they know rather than what they see, recent research has shown that they can make view‐specific drawings under some task conditions. The goals of this experiment were first, to learn if 5‐year‐old children would draw and select view‐specific pictures of a mug with its handle turned out of view when the task instructions emphasized this as the goal, and second, to compare performance on the drawing and picture selection tasks. Children participated in both tasks after hearing either a standard or clarified version of the instructions. The results showed first, that children who heard the clarified instructions were more likely to provide view‐specific responses on both tasks, and second, that children were more likely to give a view‐specific response on the picture selection task than on the d

ISSN:0261-510X    

DOI:10.1111/j.2044-835X.1990.tb00853.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1990

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

This experiment investigated the. relation between 7‐ to 8‐year‐old children's reading comprehension and their understanding of causal expressions. A group of skilled comprehenders was compared to a less skilled group on two oral tasks involvingbecausesentences: a questions task and a sentence completion task. For each task, the subjects received deductive items (wherebecauseintroduces the evidence for a conclusion) and empirical items (wherebecauseintroduces a cause). The experiment also investigated the effect of modifying the instructions for the deductive items so as to focus the subjects' attention on the source of evidence for a conclusion. Skilled comprehenders performed significantly better than less skilled comprehenders on the deductive, but not on the empirical, items. Performance on deductive items was poorer than that on empirical items. However, scores on the deductive items were increased by the modified instruc

ISSN:0261-510X    

DOI:10.1111/j.2044-835X.1990.tb00854.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1990

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

It has been found that adults show better recall of lists of phonologically dissimilar words than lists of phonologically similar words with visual presentation. This phonological similarity effect is usually attributed to the use of covert verbal rehearsal. Previous studies, however, have shown that 5‐year‐old children do not show this effect with purely visual presentation. In the present study, 5‐year‐olds were trained to carry out either overt or covert verbal rehearsal. Both groups showed significant effects of phonological similarity, but the overt rehearsal group produced a significantly larger one. A third group of children received no training in verbal rehearsal, and did not show differential recall of the two types of stimuli, thus replicating earlier work on 5‐year‐olds. This group did, however, show a primacy effect, despite the fact that this is generally thought to be a product of verba

ISSN:0261-510X    

DOI:10.1111/j.2044-835X.1990.tb00855.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1990

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

The utility of the release from proactive interference paradigm as a technique for the indirect assessment of ethnic sensitivity was explored. Children in Northern Ireland, aged 7 and 11, recalled sets of names that changed in religious affiliation between the third and fourth sets. Only the older age group demonstrated the predicted improvement in recall following change in name type, findings consistent with studies that have taken approaches to the assessment of ethnic sensitivity.

ISSN:0261-510X    

DOI:10.1111/j.2044-835X.1990.tb00856.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1990

数据来源: WILEY