摘要:

The spontaneous motor activity of 15 new‐born babies was filmed and their arm and hand movements analysed in slow motion to yield detailed measurements of the interrelation between hand, head and mouth postures. These analyses revealed that new‐borns can move the hand to the mouth either directly or indirectly via the perioral region of the face. The mouth is open in ‘anticipation’ of arrival of the hand and the movement does not require visual guidance. This little‐known coordination may have important implications for theories of intersensorimotor relations and for the origins of inten

ISSN:0261-510X    

DOI:10.1111/j.2044-835X.1988.tb01103.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1988

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

In this study we establish that autistic children have severe and specific difficulty with understanding mental states. Even with a mental age of 7 years, these children mostly fail in tasks which are normally passed around age 3 and 4. We confirm previous results on the poor understanding offalse beliefbut also find that autistic children's grasp of the notion oflimited knowledgeis grossly delayed. We rule out various other explanations for these results and further show that the autistic child's performance is not limited by failure to understand the causal notion ofseeing. Likewise, memory failure cannot be blamed. Language delay can be ruled out as a cause of failure since a group of children with specific language impairment, matched for verbal mental age, performed at ceiling. We propose that autistic children are specifically impaired in their meta‐representational capacity and that this impedes their construction of a ‘theory of mi

ISSN:0261-510X    

DOI:10.1111/j.2044-835X.1988.tb01104.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1988

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

This paper reports a study of the play of relatively able autistic children and that of learning‐impaired and young normal controls. Play was assessed in three conditions: spontaneous, instructed and elicited. Two types of material were used: conventional toys and junk objects. In the spontaneous condition autistic children produced significantly less functional (reality) play than controls. Very little symbolic play was produced by any children in this condition. By contrast, in the elicited play condition the autistic children produced as much functional play and as much symbolic play as controls. Other measures of play quality showed the autistic children's play to be unimpaired relative to controls with either type of material in any of the three conditions. From these findings it is argued that autistic children's lack of spontaneous creative play relative to controls is associated with conative abnormalities, rather than with a defective symbol syste

ISSN:0261-510X    

DOI:10.1111/j.2044-835X.1988.tb01105.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1988

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Children are often asked questions starting ‘how many?’/‘which are more …?’/‘are all the …?’, failing to compute the righttotalwhen count nouns (e.g. ‘flowers’) are used but succeeding with collectives (like ‘bunch’). This has been used as evidence for the claim that collective terms encourage children to think in superordinate terms. However, this ignores the communicative influence of the quantifiers in the question. Whilstallis appropriate for collectives, it is the individuatoreverywhich is appropriate for count nouns. Our study was designed to probe the influence of quantifier type (everyorall) against question type (about fixed or moveable items) in the cars‐in‐garages task. The different quantifiers evoked different patterns of error. Questions withallled children to be concerned with whether garages were filled up, whilst questions witheveryled to concern with finding as many cars or garages as possible. This sensitivity to the difference between collection‐appropriate and class‐appropriate language is discussed in terms of the functional basis of

ISSN:0261-510X    

DOI:10.1111/j.2044-835X.1988.tb01106.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1988

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Memory for stationary and moving colour‐shape compounds by 4‐, 7‐ and 10‐month‐old infants was investigated using a sequential habituation method. Infants of all three ages were found to remember stationary colour‐shape compounds but not moving colour‐shape compounds. This suggests that memory for colour‐shape compounds is somehow affected by movement. Implications of the results for the processes involved in memory for compound

ISSN:0261-510X    

DOI:10.1111/j.2044-835X.1988.tb01107.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1988

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Several studies have shown that it is very difficult for children younger than 10 years old to understand the notion of shopkeepers' profits. In order to investigate the relationship between the development of this notion and the development of logico‐arithmetical abilities and of STM span, 59 children (about 20 at each school grade from second through fourth) were administered the following tasks: (1) interview on buying and selling and shopkeepers' profits; (2) a task consisting of comparing expenses and income of a shopkeeper selling his goods at cost; (3) digit span forwards and backwards, and Case's (1985) counting span test. There was a strong association between the level of a child's conceptions of how shopkeepers make their living, and the procedures he or she adopted in comparing costs and income. Only low associations were found between the scores of children's performances on the memory tests and the levels they reached in the other two task

ISSN:0261-510X    

DOI:10.1111/j.2044-835X.1988.tb01108.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1988

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0261-510X    

DOI:10.1111/j.2044-835X.1988.tb01110.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1988

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0261-510X    

DOI:10.1111/j.2044-835X.1988.tb01111.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1988

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0261-510X    

DOI:10.1111/j.2044-835X.1988.tb01112.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1988

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0261-510X    

DOI:10.1111/j.2044-835X.1988.tb01113.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1988

数据来源: WILEY