摘要:

The early adult functioning of 89 women from inner London who had been reared in residential Children's Homes was compared with that of 41 women sampled from the general population of the same area. The behaviour of both groups had previously been studied in middle childhood by means of standardized questionnaires. The adult assessment comprised detailed standardized interviews with the women and with their spouses, together with systematic observations of mother‐child interaction in the home for those with 2–3 1/2‐year‐old children. The adult outcome of the institution‐reared women as a whole was substantially worse than that for the comparison group, but the course of their personality development had been greatly modified by positive school experiences in childhood and by the characteristics of their spouse and marriage in adult life. The institution‐reared women in good psychosocial circumstances in adulthood functioned as well as the comparison group women. The findings are interpreted in terms of direct and indirect effects of experiences leading to both continuities and discontinuities in social

ISSN:0261-510X    

DOI:10.1111/j.2044-835X.1984.tb00925.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1984

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Despite the fact that some work had been done on children's conceptions of economic affairs, very little work appears to have been done on children's use of money. This study set out to examine sex, age and class differences in 7–12‐year‐old children's pocket money/allowances. Males and females, from middle‐ and working‐class backgrounds in three age groups (7/8, 9/10, 11/12), completed a questionnaire which sought to establish such things as the amount of pocket money children received; other sources of income; whether they were required to work for their pocket money; whether and how they were encouraged to save it, etc. The results showed that, whereas there were few sex or class differences, there were a large number of significant age differences. The results are discussed in terms of the children's socialization and experience of money. Limitations of this research and suggestions for further work in this field

ISSN:0261-510X    

DOI:10.1111/j.2044-835X.1984.tb00926.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1984

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

When young children draw a scene in which one object partially occludes another, they often depict hidden features of the occluded object by rendering the nearer object transparent. This may signify a motive to produce drawings that are informative. Three experiments are reported in which a simple paradigm is employed to consider this possible basis of transparency drawing. Experiment 1 established a gradual decrease in the use of this device across the 5–7‐year age range. Its occurrence could not be ascribed to a simple lack of graphic skill and it was not readily inhibited by stronger perceptual marking of scene boundaries. The extent to which children were purposefully producing informative drawings was evaluated in Expts 2 and 3. Because an increase in occluded information actually served to inhibit transparencies, it is argued that they need not reflect such a communicative attitude.An alternative account is proposed whereby drawing decisions are guided, sometimes inappropriately, by the structure of cognitive representations children form of scenes. Transparencies signify a failure to anticipate certain graphic ambiguities thereby generated. However, they may be inhibited if the geometry of a particular scene forces the child to confront such ambiguity at the outset of draw

ISSN:0261-510X    

DOI:10.1111/j.2044-835X.1984.tb00927.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1984

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

This study examined a number of hypotheses as to why children have difficulty in solving three‐term series problems. No support was found for the hypothesis that their difficulties arise because of their inability to understand transitive relations. In addition, the problems were present throughout the task, so that poor memory for the premises was ruled out as a contributory factor in reasoning difficulty. The children's performance was found to improve, however, when they were provided with an aid to reduce the demands of the task onworkingmemory, although this advantage was not maintained in a later test without a memory aid. There was also evidence that, overall, the children had greater difficulty in solving problems that imposed a higher load on working memor

ISSN:0261-510X    

DOI:10.1111/j.2044-835X.1984.tb00928.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1984

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

This experiment was designed to explore possible explanations for handicapped individuals' characteristically poor performance on memory scanning tasks. Independent variables included group (mentally handicapped vs. non‐handicapped), type of search (display vs. memory), type of stimuli (digits vs. pictures of unfamiliar boys' faces), and load (2, 3, or 4 items to be searched). Results indicated that handicapped and non‐handicapped groups did not differ when searching displays but did when searching memory, which suggested that the handicapped group's most significant impairment was specific to some aspect of memory search. Handicapped youngsters were also hindered by increasing loads more than control youngsters were. This result as well as impairment in memory search may have been due to handicapped youngsters' relatively short visual spans. The groups did not differ in their response to the two types of stimuli, faces and digits. Facial search was a considerably more demanding task than digit search for handicapped and normal child

ISSN:0261-510X    

DOI:10.1111/j.2044-835X.1984.tb00929.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1984

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Experimental studies have shown that manipulative inhibition becomes differentiated with respect to stimulus novelty from the last quarter of the first year. The study described here employed this response in an effort to understand infants' processing of mothers' actions with objects in an interactive setting. The findings gave rise to two main interpretations. First, at 9 months, infants process mothers' actions with objects in terms of stimulus changes (novel information) brought about in an object previously experienced in a stationary state. Second, at 16 months, infants appear to be accommodating to the duration of the mother's manipulation of an object, and this may compensate for retrieving from memory object‐specific actions previously performed or encountered (as suggested by the temporal patterning of manipulative inhibition when the infant manipulates objects independently of the mother

ISSN:0261-510X    

DOI:10.1111/j.2044-835X.1984.tb00930.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1984

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Young children's perceptions of the roles of mothers and day‐care teachers were explored in a study using artists' sketches depicting a woman and a child in a variety of functions and emotional interactions. Fifty‐seven 5‐year‐old children were interviewed. Twenty‐five of these children were interviewed again approximately 10 days later to measure stability of responses. Young children apparently perceive their mothers and day‐care teachers performing similar caregiving, guidance and developmental functions. Intensity of children's feelings still leans toward mother as the major figure in physical, intellectual, social and emotional development. Thus, the mother‐child bond is apparently not threatened by a quality day‐care experience. Stability measurements demonstrated that the interview procedure was a reliable investi

ISSN:0261-510X    

DOI:10.1111/j.2044-835X.1984.tb00931.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1984

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

The behaviour of 24 mothers of infants with birth weights below 1500 grams was examined relative to the four psychological ‘tasks’ which, according to Caplanet al.(1965), accompany pre‐term birth. Data gathered between birth and discharge of the infants and at ‘follow‐up’ visits permitted an investigation of the intensity of maternal experience of these tasks, of mothers' success in grappling with them and of the relationship between success in grappling and later mother‐infant relationships. Certain personal, sociological and infant variables associated with maternal behaviour were identified. Ability to cope with the crises was related to better mother‐infant relationships at one month and markedly superior ones at four months. The necessity for assisting mothers to cope with the immediate and later psychological disequilibriu

ISSN:0261-510X    

DOI:10.1111/j.2044-835X.1984.tb00932.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1984

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

The causal role of social interaction in the promotion of cognitive development has recently emerged as an important issue in developmental psychology. Two dominant theoretical orientations are currently guiding the empirical studies. The Piagetian perspective has influenced studies conducted to measure operational advances in cognitive functioning as a result of conflict between children. Vygotsky's developmental framework has provoked interest in the ontogenesis of self‐regulatory abilities in children through an analysis of social problem solving. Both seek to explain cognitive development through social processes. Theoretical and empirical links between the two approaches are explored, and the possible role of linguistic processes as causal mechanisms examine

ISSN:0261-510X    

DOI:10.1111/j.2044-835X.1984.tb00933.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1984

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

This study examined age‐related changes in the child's application of the principle of majority rule in group decisions. Following a problem posed by Moessinger (1981), we enquired whether children routinely apply the majority rule when the majority consists of ashifting(variable) set of members across decisions, and alternate between majority and minority when the majority and minority isfixed, i.e. consists of the same individuals each time. In Geneva, Moessinger found that 8‐year‐olds failed to discriminate between fixed and shifting majorities, while most 13‐year‐olds (75 per cent) did so. An altered replication was conducted in Australia modifying Moessinger's procedure to control for extraneous variables such as ‘set’ and the need for variety in choice. It was found that on the task 7 per cent of 8‐year‐olds, 20 per cent of 10‐year‐olds, 32 per cent of 12‐year‐olds, and 39 per cent of 14‐year‐olds discriminated on a behavioural criterion between fixed and shifting majorities. Ten per cent of 8‐year‐olds, 40 per cent of 10‐year‐olds, 52 per cent of 12‐year‐olds, and 55 per cent of 14‐year‐olds made the discrimination on Moessinger's cognitive ‘reason’ criterion. The results show that development of the conceptual distinction between fixed

ISSN:0261-510X    

DOI:10.1111/j.2044-835X.1984.tb00934.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1984

数据来源: WILEY