ISSN:0022-4499    

DOI:10.1080/00224498109551115

出版商:Taylor&Francis Group    

年代:1981

数据来源: Taylor

摘要:

AbstractBirth reports throughout Europe and North America register low ratios of bastardy (5 percent or less) in premodern times and much higher ratios after 1750. Historians have difficulty explaining such a sudden turn about in an area of basic human behavior. By studying bastardy ratios at the settlement rather than communal (parish) level, I show that some premodern people did support a high incidence of illegitimacy. The turn‐about‐face in sexual matters was not as abrupt or as total as we have imagined.This discovery does not impugn the accuracy of the baptismal register as an index to sexual conduct of the populace at large. The problem of explaining sexual restraint in premodern times remains. Historians have frequently posited religion as the controlling factor that moderated the sexual behavior of the masses. There are problems with this explanation and I suggest that it is only efficacious when it can be demonstrated at the subcommunal or settlement level.

ISSN:0022-4499    

DOI:10.1080/00224498109551116

出版商:Taylor&Francis Group    

年代:1981

数据来源: Taylor

摘要:

AbstractMost demographers and quantitative historians are of the opinion that family limitation was unknown to most Europeans prior to the nineteenth century. But, by looking at the practice of abortion in pre‐industrial England, it is possible to question such an assertion. The evidence provided in the writings of doctors, herbalists, midwives, and lawyers makes it clear that not only were herbal abortifacients available, but that their use was not impeded by the types of legal restrictions which were set in place during the nineteenth century. The recourse of both single and married women to abortion suggests that they did not stoically accept every pregnancy and that well before the nineteenth century the idea of controlling one's fertility was“thinkable.”

ISSN:0022-4499    

DOI:10.1080/00224498109551117

出版商:Taylor&Francis Group    

年代:1981

数据来源: Taylor

摘要:

AbstractLate nineteenth‐century America, characterized by intense mobility and change, produced anxious social orphans who were cut off from many traditional ties, left almost completely ungoverned and unprotected by the state, and set adrift in the complex new cities. Family and church could no longer provide stable bases for support and moral direction. Many people, in their search for individual and social blueprints, turned to less immediate advisors, purchasing in great quantities advice books and pamphlets written primarily by physicians and popular health and science writers. This essay deals with the ideological range and boundaries of that portion of“advice literature”which dealt with sexuality.

ISSN:0022-4499    

DOI:10.1080/00224498109551118

出版商:Taylor&Francis Group    

年代:1981

数据来源: Taylor

摘要:

AbstractBritish moral reformers, under the leadership of Josephine Butler, Henry J. Wilson and James Stansfeld, successfully campaigned for the repeal of the Contagious Diseases Acts. These Acts had introduced a military system of regulated prostitution into England modeled on state regulated prostitution utilized on the Continent from 1864 to 1869. These initial antiprostitution agitations later took the form of a social purification movement.Repeal in 1886 left the British Army in India in noncompliance with Parliamentary efforts at abolition. In 1891 American members of the World's Woman's Christian Temperance Union undertook a sociological investigation of Indian military cantonments—the Abolitionist cause had been extended to the United States and the Continent. Based on these reports, reformers at home were able to extract admissions from the military and government that the system continued in existence. Nevertheless, the British Army reorganized its program, according to subsequent investigations, into neoregulationism. During World War I, the British Army in India finally abandoned its neoregulationist policy.Symbolic reform was another matter. British reformers met with successes in introducing social purity into Indian social reform. Future campaigns against temple prostitution and Indian social progress grew from these efforts.The American experience with the Philippines was a logical extension of reform policy toward India. Failures paralleled those of British and Indian reformers. As in the case of British reform, there was a redirection of efforts to antiopium and antigambling reforms. Generally, anti‐vice reforms were instrumentalities contributing to early efforts at“modernization.”

ISSN:0022-4499    

DOI:10.1080/00224498109551119

出版商:Taylor&Francis Group    

年代:1981

数据来源: Taylor

摘要:

AbstractMuch early sexological research, indeed the very concept of sexology, was the work of German Jews. Hitler's rise to power first curtailed, then prevented, and finally destroyed all German sex research and a flourishing sex reform movement. Once the scientific and scholarly study of sex had come to an end, the sexual ideology‐of Nazism, which was antisemitic, antifeminist, and homophobic, could easily be put into practice. The official persecution of German homosexuals between 1933 and 1945 is discussed as a typical policy of a régime which rejected the rational and critical approach to sexual questions.

ISSN:0022-4499    

DOI:10.1080/00224498109551120

出版商:Taylor&Francis Group    

年代:1981

数据来源: Taylor

摘要:

AbstractThe hypothesis presented in this article is that fear of disaster and fear of certain modes of sexuality are intimately linked. Throughout most of human history, disaster was, in essence, the result of the actions of God or nature; either gratuitous or as a punishment for a sinning mankind. Sodom and Gommorah was the classic biblical example of this interrelationship. With the coming of the French and the Industrial Revolutions, man‐caused disaster came to the center of the stage and this brought in its wake changing attitudes towards sexual deviant behavior. By examining the changing images of disaster the authors seek to explain the concern with sodomy and masturbation in the early and mid‐nineteenth century.

ISSN:0022-4499    

DOI:10.1080/00224498109551121

出版商:Taylor&Francis Group    

年代:1981

数据来源: Taylor

ISSN:0022-4499    

DOI:10.1080/00224498109551114

出版商:Taylor&Francis Group    

年代:1981

数据来源: Taylor