ISSN:0022-4499    

DOI:10.1080/00224499509551788

出版商:Taylor&Francis Group    

年代:1995

数据来源: Taylor

摘要:

This study was based on data collected from 87 men during and immediately following participation in a counseling program aimed at assisting them to reduce sexual behaviors associated with high HIV risk. All the men reported having engaged in same‐gender anal or oral sex without condoms during the year prior to enrollment. Three‐month retrospective reports of sexual behavior, solicited just after participation, were compared with reports collected weekly during the same three‐month period. Accuracy of recall over an ensemble of 10 behavior items was quite low, with amount of error positively associated with behavior frequency. In general, exaggerated reports were associated with low‐frequency behavior and underreports with high‐frequency behavior. Because of observed differences in the average frequency of occurrence of the various specific types of sexual behavior, adjustment for event frequency was required to provide adequate analysis of between‐behavior differences in memory error. Estimated functional relationships between behavior frequency and average memory error illustrated that for sexual activity occurring between 1 and 20 times in the three‐month period, there was a significant association between the HTV‐risk level of a behavior and the average extent to which the behavior was forgotten (i.e., underreported). After event‐frequency adjustment, anal activity without condoms—the behavior believed to entail the highest level of risk for HIV transmission, and the behavior about which the counseling program provided the least ambiguous cues regarding risk—was associated with the greatest underreporting error, and the ensemble of unprotected behaviors (i.e., those unaccompanied by condom usage) involved significantly greater underreporting than did protected behaviors. Error rates over the ensemble of behaviors were strikingly low for zero‐frequency events, suggesting the utility of dichotomous ever/never measures in research evaluating activity levels and behavior change. Other analysis techniques for reducing potential recall bias, allowing finer evaluations of behavior frequency and change, were also discussed.

ISSN:0022-4499    

DOI:10.1080/00224499509551789

出版商:Taylor&Francis Group    

年代:1995

数据来源: Taylor

摘要:

We examined risk factors for HIV and changes in condom use among heterosexual adults (N= 987) over three waves of data from the AIDS in Multi‐Ethnic Neighborhoods (AMEN) cohort survey (1988–89, 1989–90, 1991–92). We found that respondents had maintained increases in condom use reported at Wave 2, but the overall picture is one of condom use having plateaued (and possibly decreased; see sales data). The self‐report condom use data parallel national data on condom sales for 1990 to 1992. Changes in condom use between Waves 2 and 3 were unrelated to social class, race / ethnicity, and age. Men and people without primary sexual partners were the most likely to report gains in condom use from Wave 2 to 3. At‐risk people did not show changes in condom use with primary sexual partners. People with multiple sexual partners at Waves 2 and 3 also did not change in condom use. However, people who acquired risk by Wave 3 showed significant increases in occasional condom use. The results call for renewed efforts to facilitate condom use (and HIV testing) among the chronically at risk and those at‐risk individuals who enter“monogamous”relationships.

ISSN:0022-4499    

DOI:10.1080/00224499509551790

出版商:Taylor&Francis Group    

年代:1995

数据来源: Taylor

摘要:

A minority of men who have sex with other men continue to engage in unsafe sex practices. Evidence suggests that some may do so because they falsely believe themselves capable of selecting HIV‐negative (i.e.,“safe”) sex partners while“cruising,”or while searching for anonymous sex. I explored this idea further by looking at reported strategies, or“partner‐screening procedures,”perceived as effective for identifying“safe”partners. Thirty‐five men who sought other men sexually by cruising were interviewed in depth, and a typology of seven partner‐screening procedures was constructed from their accounts of how they identified high‐risk or low‐risk partners. Operational definitions of each procedure were formulated, examples of how each procedure was used are given, and frequencies of those who used or advocated using them are reported. Virtually all participants strongly preferred HIV‐negative sex partners, and 77% believed that casual sex partners can be screened to some extent by gathering information about them. Although most used or advocated using partner‐screening procedures as an additional means of HIV avoidance, some respondents reported using them as the only means of protection when they believed that they had successfully identified an HIV‐negative partner. It is suggested that partner‐screening procedures, and the beliefs behind them, are unanticipated products of contradictory AIDS‐prevention messages. Further research is recommended to learn the extent to which the procedures are used, which social and psychological factors may be associated with those who use them, and how their use varies among setting and circumstance. I also recommend that research be extended to men and women seeking other‐gender partners.

ISSN:0022-4499    

DOI:10.1080/00224499509551791

出版商:Taylor&Francis Group    

年代:1995

数据来源: Taylor

摘要:

Previous theories of gangs have largely ignored a crucial aspect of the motivation young males have for joining gangs: a desire for increased sexual access to females. We first argue that an understanding of the evolutionary psychology of sex and reproductive competition can account for the typical age and sex compositions of gangs. We then review the anecdotal evidence from the gang research literature concerning the role of sexual access to females in the motivation of males who join gangs. Finally, we present an analysis of a unique study of a sexually transmitted disease (STD) outbreak that occurred in Colorado Springs, Colorado, between 1989 and 1991. This analysis revealed that the 57 male gang members involved in the outbreak had a significantly (p<.03) higher average number of sex partners than did the 63 male non‐gang members who were also involved in the outbreak.

ISSN:0022-4499    

DOI:10.1080/00224499509551792

出版商:Taylor&Francis Group    

年代:1995

数据来源: Taylor

摘要:

Browne and Finkelhor (1986) cautioned that it is important that child abuse researchers not exaggerate or overstate the intensity or inevitability of negative consequences for children or adolescents who experience sex with adults. In recent years a number of researchers have argued that this problem has been increasing, with negative repercussions. The purpose of the current research was to analyze possible overstatement (i.e., bias) from one important source: human sexuality textbooks. To assess bias, a review of the literature on correlates of adult‐child and adult‐adolescent sex was first conducted to determine the criteria with which to make judgments. This review revealed that findings from clinical and legal samples, which typically indicate highly negative correlates, do not generalize beyond clinical/legal populations. Three nationally representative samples and a large number of college samples indicate that correlates are much less negative in the general population. Based on the criteria that emerged from the review, 5 coders made 14 judgments concerning biased reporting and invalid inferences for each of 14 current human sexuality textbooks. Results were that 9 textbooks presented highly biased information, 3 textbooks were moderately biased, and 2 were unbiased. Bias in reporting correlates was indicated by an overreliance on findings from clinical and legal samples, exaggerated reports of the extent and typical intensity of harm, failure to separate incestuous from nonincestuous experiences, failure to separate experiences of females from those of males, inaccurate discussions of sex differences in reactions, inappropriate generalizations, and inappropriate causal attributions. I concluded that the overreliance on using reports from clinical and legal samples resulted in many of the other biases. Problems that may arise from these biased presentations were discussed.

ISSN:0022-4499    

DOI:10.1080/00224499509551793

出版商:Taylor&Francis Group    

年代:1995

数据来源: Taylor

摘要:

Although our societal attitudes about sexuality continue to be dominated by the religious view that sexual desires are to be restrained and sexual pleasures to be avoided, the degree to which religiosity actually influences the sexuality of women remains a matter of conjecture. The purpose of this investigation was to ascertain the relationship, if any, between religiosity and the sexual behaviors and sexual satisfaction of women. An anonymous questionnaire concerning sexual attitudes, sexual behaviors, and female sexual response was administered to 868 female professional nurses in 15 states. Significant differences were found between the degree of religiosity and the age at initiation of sexual intercourse and attitudes toward masturbation. Similar to earlier findings, there were no significant differences in sexual satisfaction between women with high‐frequency and low‐frequency church attendance.

ISSN:0022-4499    

DOI:10.1080/00224499509551794

出版商:Taylor&Francis Group    

年代:1995

数据来源: Taylor

摘要:

Prevalence data on the social distribution and AIDS‐related risk behavior of men who have sex with men are presented from two national probability surveys [General Social Survey (GSS) and National Health and Social Life Survey (NHSLS)] and a probability survey of urban centers in the U.S. [National AIDS Behavioral Surveys (NABS)]. Men residing in large cities, the highly educated, and Whites were more likely to report sex with men. In the urban sample (NABS), one third reported sex with women. In addition, minority men were more likely to report sex with men and women. More than half of the men with an HIV risk factor reported consistent condom use. The surveys were based on two different modes of interviewing (self‐administered and telephone), conducted independently of each other and by different organizations. The prevalence estimates from these surveys are consistent with each other and with other population‐based surveys in the United States and Europe. We discuss these data in light of the ongoing debate among sex researchers about how to interpret current population estimates of homosexual behavior compared to estimates reported by Kinsey and his colleagues (1948 and 1953). We discuss some possible sources or explanations for this difference (sampling, reporting, change over time). What we found, taking into consideration conceptual and definitional issues, is that the difference may not be as large as it at first seems. We also discuss our findings on the social distribution and sexual risk behavior of homosexual and bisexual men residing in the major urban centers of the U.S. and implications for strategies needed to combat the AIDS epidemic.

ISSN:0022-4499    

DOI:10.1080/00224499509551795

出版商:Taylor&Francis Group    

年代:1995

数据来源: Taylor

ISSN:0022-4499    

DOI:10.1080/00224499509551796

出版商:Taylor&Francis Group    

年代:1995

数据来源: Taylor

摘要:

The nose knows: Pheromones and human sexualityThe Scent of Eros: Mysteries of Odor in Human Sexuality.By James Vaughn Kohl and Robert T. Francoeur. New York: The Continuum Publishing Company, 1995, 276 pages. Hardcover, $24.95.What the British knew about sexThe Facts of Life: The Creation of Sexual Knowledge in Britain, 1650–1950.By Roy Porter&Lesley Hall. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1995, 415 pages. Cloth, $35.00.A brief reference guide to the kaleidoscope of heterosexualityHeterosexuality.By William H. Masters, Virginia E. Johnson, and Robert C. Kolodny. New York: Harper Collins, 1994, 595 pages. Hardcover, $27.50; Paper, $16.00.Science and media: Queer bedfellows and troubled sleepThe Science of Desire: The Search for the Gay Gene and the Biology of Behavior.By Dean Hamer and Peter Copeland. New York: Simon&Schuster, 1994, 272 pages. Hardcover, $23.00.Discourse creationismThe Invention of Heterosexuality.By Jonathan Ned Katz. New York: Dutton, 1995, 291 + xi pages. Cloth, $22.95.Fighting for their lives: Women confront the AIDS epidemicWomen Resisting AIDS: Feminist Strategies of Empowerment.Edited by Beth E. Schneider and Nancy E. Stoller. Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 1994, 339 pages. Cloth, $54.95; Paper, $22.95.

ISSN:0022-4499    

DOI:10.1080/00224499509551797

出版商:Taylor&Francis Group    

年代:1995

数据来源: Taylor