摘要:

A probability model based on the best estimates we have today for prevalence and infectivity of Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) has been developed. The model is used to compare the two most widely publicized risk reduction strategies: (1) Reducing the number of partners and (2) Using condoms. The results indicate that under almost all conditions of prevalence and infectivity, consistent and careful condom use is a far more effective method of reducing the risk of HIV infection. The analysis is applied to both high and low prevalence groups. In order to test more rigorously the conclusions, infectivity rates ten times higher than now estimated are examined, and infectivity is estimated on a per partner, as well as a per sexual act basis. Epidemic growth of prevalence is estimated to further check our findings. None of these conditions alters our basic conclusion. It is suggested that there is reluctance to publicize such findings about AIDS because they may be used to support having multiple sexual partners. Nevertheless, it is assumed to be more important to protect ourselves from infection than to sustain norms opposed to multiple sexual partners. Thus, our results may prove extremely useful to those who give advice to people concerning risk reduction strategies.

ISSN:0022-4499    

DOI:10.1080/00224498909551525

出版商:Taylor&Francis Group    

年代:1989

数据来源: Taylor

摘要:

Simple models of a closed homosexual population are developed to explore the effect of differentiation of roles in anal intercourse on the size of an AIDS epidemic. Preferential and random mixing among the sex‐role subgroups are modeled via a concept of partnership‐formation rates for pairs of individuals. Models of differing mixing assumptions are compared via a concept of reference reproductive rate. Under the assumption of no risk associated with insertive anal intercourse, explicit epidemic thresholds are determined; epidemic intensity increases with increasing size of the dual‐role (insertive and receptive) subpopulation. Other results indicate that there is a threshold for reproductive rates which determines whether or not random mixing yields a more severe epidemic than a form of segregated mixing, and that for fixed epidemiological conditions, a certain level of like‐with‐like preference, rather than random mixing, yields a worst‐case scenario.

ISSN:0022-4499    

DOI:10.1080/00224498909551526

出版商:Taylor&Francis Group    

年代:1989

数据来源: Taylor

摘要:

Although sexual offenses against children have often been characterized as nonviolent, recent information has indicated that a subgroup of very violent offenders exists. The present study examined details of both familial and nonfamilial sexual offenses against children in order to investigate the type of offense committed, as well as the frequency of violence and aggression. Two trained raters were used to code clinical information which examined offenders’backgrounds as well as details of crimes. Subjects consisted of all in‐patients referred to the Clarke Institute of Psychiatry over a five‐year period who were charged with a sexual offense against a child (29 incest offenders and 37 nonfamilial offenders). The two groups were similar in demographic characteristics, with the exception of the incest group being older and more frequently married. Details of the index offenses revealed that both groups of offenders had penetrated victims in over half the cases, had used physical force (such as beating) in 89% of cases and had used verbal threats in 26% of cases. Victims included a 3‐month‐old infant and seven children between the ages of 3 and 5. Higher levels of physical aggression and verbal intimidation were found among incest offenders. These findings are particularly alarming given that clinical files are often lacking in details of criminal charges and may underestimate the degree of violence in these offenses. The implications of these findings are discussed in terms of generalizability and the myths and stereotypes that surround both the perpetrators and the child victims of sexual assault.

ISSN:0022-4499    

DOI:10.1080/00224498909551527

出版商:Taylor&Francis Group    

年代:1989

数据来源: Taylor

摘要:

This paper describes a prospective study of the sexual behaviors of 20 resident street prostitutes and their clients. Prostitutes were long‐term residents of and practiced street prostitution in their community. They worked full‐time and reported averages of four clients per workday, four to five workdays per week, in an eight‐year career. Sexual behaviors with clients on five to eight workdays were recorded over a seven‐month period. Forty‐nine percent of contacts were with repeat clients. A regular client was defined by prostitutes as one who visited at least once a week. The results of the present study indicate that long‐term sexual relationships exist between some clients and prostitutes. Typically, a regular client had one to three sexual encounters per week with the prostitute, spent several hours with her at a motel (or one of their homes), and was more likely (than the occasional client) to engage in vaginal intercourse. Reported condom use was in the range of 39 to 74 percent.

ISSN:0022-4499    

DOI:10.1080/00224498909551528

出版商:Taylor&Francis Group    

年代:1989

数据来源: Taylor

摘要:

It is a widespread belief that pornography causes negative attitudes toward women, but tests of this belief are contradictory. A large body of research has studied the effect of violent pornography on behavior, but the effects of erotica and violence have often been confounded. Thus, the relationship between pornography and attitudes toward women was assessed in two correlational studies, and the effect of (nonviolent) erotica on attitudes towards women was tested experimentally. The dependent measure was the score on a questionnaire measuring attitudes toward women and women's issues. The questionnaire possessed high reliability; factor analysis indicated a single general factor. Participants included 184 psychology students and 20 patrons at an“adult”theater. Multiple linear regressions indicated that hours of viewing pornography was not a reliable predictor of attitudes toward women in either sample. Patrons of the adult theater, who viewed more pornography, had more favorable attitudes toward women than male or female college students. In Study 3, 75 students were randomly assigned to watch four hours of erotica or four hours of psychology films over five consecutive days. Power analysis indicated a strong test. Manipulation checks showed a difference in students’perception of the erotic nature of the videos, but attitudes toward women were not influenced by type of video.

ISSN:0022-4499    

DOI:10.1080/00224498909551529

出版商:Taylor&Francis Group    

年代:1989

数据来源: Taylor

摘要:

Moralistic intolerance threatens sexual freedom. Sex‐negative ideologies, characterized as Normative and Jehovanist, regard sexuality as dirty—producing moral corruption and creating social disorder. The New Right silences its critics by calling them“permissive”or“secular humanists.”Although they flout therule of reason, unjust sexual laws remain as a heritage of antisexual ideologies. Most Americans favor tolerance of sexual variations and lifestyles. Yet they remain confused about their moral grounds, cowed into a spiral of silence. Sexual freedom is justified by the universal ethical principle of concern and respect for persons. Rawls’theory of justice provides an ethical framework for justifying equal liberty and equal justice for sexual minorities. Responsible sexual choices are grounded by reasoning from universal ethical principles about self, partner, and society.

ISSN:0022-4499    

DOI:10.1080/00224498909551530

出版商:Taylor&Francis Group    

年代:1989

数据来源: Taylor

摘要:

In Nahmias (1989), a mathematical model was developed for the spread of AIDS by a female prostitute, which assumed that the numbers of visits of a given client to that prostitute had the geometric distribution. However, the geometric distribution gives incorrect results in some cases. In this note, we consider a normal distribution for the number of visits and show how the expected numbers of clients to which she transmits the virus changes as a result.

ISSN:0022-4499    

DOI:10.1080/00224498909551531

出版商:Taylor&Francis Group    

年代:1989

数据来源: Taylor

摘要:

The development of AIDS interventions for adolescents is hindered by the lack of data on the conditions that influence high‐risk sexual behavior. We examined psychosocial correlates of condom use and multiple partner sex for a sample of sexually‐active heterosexual adolescent women. Respondents reported higher levels of vaginal intercourse than the“average”adolescent. A minority were engaging in anal intercourse. Condom use was associated with perceived enjoyment of condoms and communication skills. Number of sexual partners was associated with susceptibility beliefs, social norms, and sexual communication skills. The findings support the general observation that AIDS interventions with adolescents should build sexual communication skills, address motivational issues, and teach people how to enjoy safe‐sex activities.

ISSN:0022-4499    

DOI:10.1080/00224498909551532

出版商:Taylor&Francis Group    

年代:1989

数据来源: Taylor

摘要:

Theories of gender transpositions are fundamentally flawed because they often fail to comprise biological, social, familial, and cultural variables which influence the development of sexual behavior and identities in humans. These theories are reminiscent of 19th century views of sexuality which relied on the notion of biological determinism. This approach has been considered reductionistic and has led to conclusions that variations of human sexual expression, such as homosexuality, are deviations from the heterosexual norm. That heterosexuality is considered to be the norm originates from the equation of sexuality to reproductive biology in biomedicine. While there is an impressive body of information on hormonal influence on sexual brain differentiation, prenatal life, and later sexual motor behavior in lower mammals, these findings have not been clearly replicated in primates or humans. Yet, there have been forceful extrapolations to the human from lower mammals (e.g., theories of gender transpositions). Upon critical analyses of hormonal theories of heterosexuality and transsexualism, there are no robust data to support the role of hormones in the development of these behaviors or identities among humans. While an understanding of the etiology ofthesephenomena, including heterosexuality, is intriguing, we need to be cautious in our zeal to find simplistic explanations and not to retreat to oversimplified notions.

ISSN:0022-4499    

DOI:10.1080/00224498909551533

出版商:Taylor&Francis Group    

年代:1989

数据来源: Taylor

摘要:

The present paper describes an eight‐week psycho‐educational group model that is easily adaptable to any agency that is concerned with a comprehensive package of services for counseling HIV + persons, as well as for others involved in the long‐term management of issues related to the health threat presented by HIV infection.

ISSN:0022-4499    

DOI:10.1080/00224498909551534

出版商:Taylor&Francis Group    

年代:1989

数据来源: Taylor