摘要:

Forty‐five calves on four veal calf units were monitored during the first four weeks after their arrival. Faecal samples were collected on alternate days and screened for the presence of rotaviruses, bovine coronavirus, Cryptosporidium oocysts, K99 positive strains ofE. coliand Salmonella spp. Rotaviruses and Cryptosporidium were the most commonly detected agents (78% and 60% respectively of the calves). Bovine coronavirus was detected in the faeces of 18% of the calves, whilst K99 positiveE. coliwas only found in 2 samples from one calf. Salmonella spp. were not isolated from any of the 646 faecal samples examined. Shedding of rotaviruses occurred in a bimodal pattern beginning in the first week of the survey. Cryptosporidium oocysts were detected most frequently in the interval between the two peaks of rotavirus shedding. The presence of rotaviruses or Cryptosporidium oocysts in faeces was not strongly associated with scour, nor were combined infections with these agents or the cases of bovine coronavirus infection. The condition of the calves throughout the survey was generally satisfactory.

ISSN:0165-2176    

DOI:10.1080/01652176.1987.9694116

出版商:Taylor & Francis Group    

年代:1987

数据来源: Taylor

摘要:

Fowl were primarily vaccinated with commercial inactivated oil emulsion (10E) Newcastle disease (ND) vaccines and immunity was established by both determination of haemagglutination inhibiting (HI) antibodies and by challenge, over periods similar to the economic life span of the birds. The effect of level of maternal antibodies, route of vaccine administration, and vaccine dose on the vaccination results were studied. In one experiment, immunity provoked by vaccination with 10E vaccine was compared with that obtained by vaccination with live vaccines.

ISSN:0165-2176    

DOI:10.1080/01652176.1987.9694117

出版商:Taylor & Francis Group    

年代:1987

数据来源: Taylor

ISSN:0165-2176    

DOI:10.1080/01652176.1987.9694118

出版商:Taylor & Francis Group    

年代:1987

数据来源: Taylor

摘要:

Antimicrobials given in subtherapeutic levels in feed are credited with having contributed to lower cost of meat, milk and eggs. The practice often is associated with the acquisition of resistant enteric flora by the involved animals, and this may in turn contribute to the human reservoir of antimicrobial resistant coliforms and salmonellae. Associated farm workers may transiently acquire resistant flora and on rare occasions develop salmonellosis. Although irrefutable evidence of growth promotant properties of antibiotics in animal feed was provided 30 to 40 years ago, additional studies on mechanisms of the effect are presently needed. It may be possible to identify factors effective in promoting growth without deleterious effects on flora. A national surveillance programme of antimicrobial utilisation (both subtherapeutic and therapeutic) among food producing animals should be established. Molecular epidemiologic research efforts will need to be undertaken to establish whether genetic information of animal origin importantly contributes to the human environmental pool of antimicrobial resistance. In the meantime, it does not appear that the use of drugs as feed additives, while allowing their unrestricted use for therapy in both animals and persons, wouldfavorably influence the problems of antimicrobial resistance of salmonellosis in human populations.

ISSN:0165-2176    

DOI:10.1080/01652176.1987.9694119

出版商:Taylor & Francis Group    

年代:1987

数据来源: Taylor

摘要:

Developments in the rearing and the health status of meat animals is presented. Attention is drawn to the increase in latent infections, most of which are zoonotic diseases. Such infections escape official ante‐mortem and post‐mortem inspection as it is presently conducted in industrialised countries, which still rely on the classical rules established by Robert von Ostertag. This examination is thus in need of reform.

ISSN:0165-2176    

DOI:10.1080/01652176.1987.9694120

出版商:Taylor & Francis Group    

年代:1987

数据来源: Taylor

摘要:

The results of studies carried out under the leadership of Prof Kampelmacher to elaborate a reliable Salmonella isolation method are highlighted.

ISSN:0165-2176    

DOI:10.1080/01652176.1987.9694121

出版商:Taylor & Francis Group    

年代:1987

数据来源: Taylor

摘要:

The veterinary profession and its contribution to public health should expand in breadth, depth and flexibility to respond to the changing needs of community and society. This longstanding issue is still the subject of controversy between on the one hand those whose scientific activities contribute to our knowledge of food and environmental hygiene, enteric infections, food‐borne diseases and zoonoses in general, and on the other the all too numerous traditionalists (even within the profession) who resist the venture of veterinarians into new territories and resent involvement in public health.

ISSN:0165-2176    

DOI:10.1080/01652176.1987.9694122

出版商:Taylor & Francis Group    

年代:1987

数据来源: Taylor

摘要:

Food‐borne diseases affect the health and welfare of hundred thousands of people and result in considerable economic loss. Salmonella and Campylobacter are by far the most important causes of food‐borne illness. Raw foods of animal origin are the major sources of these pathogens. Mishandling of foods in kitchens contributes to food‐borne disease outbreaks. More education is necessary. But because of the inevitable risk of recontamination of cooked foods in every kitchen, more emphasis should be placed on pathogen‐free raising of food animals and good manufacturing practices during slaughter. This will minimise contamination of raw foods of animal origin, thus reducing the contamination pressure in the kitchen and more effectively controlling food‐borne diseases.

ISSN:0165-2176    

DOI:10.1080/01652176.1987.9694123

出版商:Taylor & Francis Group    

年代:1987

数据来源: Taylor

摘要:

An overview is given of investigations concerning the epidemiology of Salmonella, carried out at the National Institute of Public Health and Environmental Hygiene in Bilthoven, The Netherlands, during the last thirty years. It is made clear that Salmonella, because of its ubiquitous occurrence and its large variety in sero‐ and phage‐types, is the organism of choice to study the epidemiological pathways of pathogens between man, animals and the environment. It is demonstrated that these are in fact the pathways of faecal contamination, and therefore have validity for a larger number of bacterial, and perhaps even parasitic and viral, micro‐organisms. This last statement is illustrated by the presentation of studies on the epidemiology of Campylobacter jejuni.

ISSN:0165-2176    

DOI:10.1080/01652176.1987.9694124

出版商:Taylor & Francis Group    

年代:1987

数据来源: Taylor

摘要:

Water can be a vector of viral disease, but direct virological analysis of water has logistic and practical limitations. Viruses of major importance for water hygiene (e.g. hepatitis and gastro‐enteritis viruses) cannot yet be grown in tissue culture. Therefore, as in bacteriological quality procedures, model organisms are required for the evaluation of virologicalquality of water and the effectiveness of virus removal by water treatment processes. On the basis of published information, the F specific RNA (FRNA) phages have been chosen for this purpose. For the enumeration of the phages a particular Salmonella typhimurium strain with an artificially introduced F plasmid was developed as a host strain and was found to giveaccurate and reliable results. FRNA phages were found in very high numbers (102–105 pfu/ml) in all types of waste water investigated. FRNA phages are seldom found in non‐faecally contaminated waste water. Surprisingly low numbers are found in faeces.

ISSN:0165-2176    

DOI:10.1080/01652176.1987.9694125

出版商:Taylor & Francis Group    

年代:1987

数据来源: Taylor