ISSN:0199-8595    

DOI:10.1080/01998595.1997.10530379

出版商:Taylor & Francis Group    

年代:1997

数据来源: Taylor

摘要:

Electromagnetic fields (EMFs) from fluorescent lighting, particularly the magnetic component of the EMF, are an unrecognized problem in the interior environment of buildings, often mistaken for other problems such as bad indoor air quality. Facility managers and energy engineers must recognize this problem. Both core coil and solid-state electronic ballasts give off EMFs. The change in the lighting industry from core coil ballasts to solid-state electronic ballasts had changed the nature of the problem, not always for the better. The solution to the problem of EMFs from fluorescent ballasts is to reduce them, particularly the magnetic component of the EMF, and to use appropriate shielding materials. This article also provides a number of anecdotal reports of the serious nature of the problem, which can no longer be ignored by the lighting industry.

ISSN:0199-8595    

DOI:10.1080/01998595.1997.10530380

出版商:Taylor & Francis Group    

年代:1997

数据来源: Taylor

摘要:

Traditional accounting and product costing methods usually take energy costs, put them into the category of overhead, and then allocate these costs based on the product's labor usage rate. Often, this does not correctly assign the true energy cost to a given product or cost center. A more modem approach is activity-based costing which identifies specific cost drivers and then allocates costs based on the details of the facility's equipment, operation and product mix. This article will apply the activity-based costing methodology to allocating energy costs in a manufacturing environment. Energy costs at Double Envelope Corporation, located in Gainesville, FL, are used as an example of this new method. To the authors' knowledge, this is the first article to specifically apply the principles of activity-based costing to detailed energy costing and energy management in an actual manufacturing company.

ISSN:0199-8595    

DOI:10.1080/01998595.1997.10530381

出版商:Taylor & Francis Group    

年代:1997

数据来源: Taylor

摘要:

This article provides the information necessary for commercial and industrial facility managers to consider and evaluate solar applications. The objective of the article is to help facility and energy managers determine the cost and value of potential solar applications for commercial and industrial facilities. Technologies discussed include solar water heating for domestic, service, process and pool heating; solar lighting; and solar electric photovoltaic and wind energy systems.

ISSN:0199-8595    

DOI:10.1080/01998595.1997.10530382

出版商:Taylor & Francis Group    

年代:1997

数据来源: Taylor

摘要:

This article selects 18 commercial lighting demand-side management programs of electric utilities in the United States and evaluates their performance. It first uses four conventional measures, i.e., rate impact measurement, total resource cost, total utility cost, and total customer cost, to analyze the costs and benefits of each program. Although all programs achieve good benefit to cost ratios under each measure, the rankings are not always consistent, i.e., a program's ranking in one measure is not always the same as in another measure. To provide a unified basis for comparison, we use a mathematical programming model—the data envelopment analysis (DEA) model—to integrate the results of these four conventional measures for each program. Based on the DEA results, programs of Southern California Edison, New York State Electric & Gas, and Potomac Electric Power produce the best overall performance, followed by Central Maine Power, Pacific Gas & Electric, and Central Vermont Public Service. Finally, this article discusses the implications of the DEA results, which can serve as an effective means for performance benchmarking.

ISSN:0199-8595    

DOI:10.1080/01998595.1997.10530383

出版商:Taylor & Francis Group    

年代:1997

数据来源: Taylor

摘要:

The Berkeley Campus of the University of California has more than 100 buildings of varying age and function, comprising nearly 9 million square feet. The campus electrical bill has been continually climbing and is approximately $1 million/month. In 1986 funding was obtained from a State of California bond issue to embark upon a 6-year program to improve the energy efficiency of the lighting in around 60 state-supported buildings. We completed the $6 million project using a novel project management system, which has resulted in the successful installation of over 87,000 high-frequency ballasts, 16,000 optical reflectors in delamped luminaires, and many other energy-saving devices. This has resulted in a 25 percent to 40 percent decrease in lighting energy use. In order to maximize lighting energy efficiency, survey results must be used to individually analyze spaces and specify retrofits tailored to the requirements of the different spaces. This article describes our approach and methods.

ISSN:0199-8595    

DOI:10.1080/01998595.1997.10530384

出版商:Taylor & Francis Group    

年代:1997

数据来源: Taylor