摘要:

Tetanus toxoid (TET) was used as an immunogen to explore regulatory events occurring after secondary immunization in man. Changes in dose‐response patterns, kinetics, and frequency of antigen‐ reactive cells in the peripheral blood, and the serum antibody titres were studied. The most striking feature of these studies was the finding that immediately after immunization, a brief period of decreased responsiveness preceded the expected amplification of antigen‐specific humoral and cell‐mediated responses. One day after immunization serum antibody levels declined to approximately half their initial values before the expected increase in titre These results could not be explained by the formation of antigen‐antibody complexes. Lymphoproliferative responses were also depressed 1 day after immunization but increased in both magnitude and sensitivity from 7 to 28 days after challenge. A decrease in thymidine incorporation evident at supraoptimal antigen concentrations also became progressively more prominent during this interval Cell mixing experiments documented the presence of a radioresistant population present 1 day after immunization capable of suppressing TET‐specific lymphoproliferative responses of autologous lymphocytes obtained before immunization. These suppressors are preferentially activated at high antigen concentrations. Limiting dilution analysis revealed a 30‐fold increase in TET‐reactive proliferating cells by 28 days after immunization. Expansion occurred first in cells recognizing high antigen concentrations and subsequently in cells rccognizing lower doses. Taken together, these findings present a consistent if somewhat counterintuitive picture of some of the regulatory processes accompanying booster immunization. The earliest detectable event appears to be the application of an active suppressor mechanism, release from which signals initiation of those processes classically associated with an ana

ISSN:0300-9475    

DOI:10.1111/j.1365-3083.1984.tb01004.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1984

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

The complement system was examined in two patients with systemicNeisseria meningitidisinfections, both of whom had reduced or nondeteclable CH50as analysed by both pathways. C3 measured by conventional technique revealed 19% anti‐C3c‐reactive protein in the plasma of patient 1 and 3% in patient 2. Patient 1 had circulating C3b but no detectable C3c, C3d, or C4d, whereas patient 2 had normal levels of C3c and C4d and strongly elevated levels of C3d. Factor B analysis revealed no demonstrable native factor B and small amounts of Bb in patient 1 and normal concentration of native factor B plus trace amounts of Bb in patient 2. The depletion of C3 in both patients was due to uncontrolled activation caused by complete factor I deficiency (patient 1) and circulating C3 nephritic factor (patient 2). Both parents of patient 1 had factor I concentrations below (mean‐2 SD) that seen in normal healthy individuals (n= 20). Circulating immune complexes (IC) were demonstrated in patient 1 only, whereas serum from both patients had strongly reduced capacity to solubilize preform

ISSN:0300-9475    

DOI:10.1111/j.1365-3083.1984.tb01005.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1984

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Monoclonal antibodies againstEscherichia colitype 1 pili and the K13 capsular polysaccharide strongly influenced the interaction between human polymorphonuclear leucocytes (PMNL) andE. coli06:K13:H1. Bacteria with type 1 pili, associated with the neutrophils, caused a metabolic activation but were not ingested. Addition of monoclonal antibodies to type 1 pili resulted in increased association, but also phagocytosis and metabolic activation of the granulocytes. Monoclonal antibodies against the Kl3 polysaccharide strongly stimulated phagocytosis, especially of the type 1 piliated bacteria, suggesting a synergistic effect between binding of type 1 pili and the Fc part of the capsular antibodies to the PMNL. Addition of D‐mannose inhibited the opsonization of type 1 piliatedE. coli06:K13:H1 in the presence of both type 1 pilus antibodies and capsular antibodies. Monoclonal anti‐idiotypic (anti‐anti‐capsular) antibodies reduced the association with the PMNL of the bacteria preopsonized with anti‐capsular antibodies. The bacterial ingestion and the metabolic activation of the PMNL were also reduced, suggesting a role for anti‐idiotypic antibodies in specific modulation of i

ISSN:0300-9475    

DOI:10.1111/j.1365-3083.1984.tb01006.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1984

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Plasma cells synthesizing rheumatoid factors (RF) were identified by fluorescent staining of sections of synovium and macrophage‐depleted cells from dispersed synovial tissue. The latter avoided problems related to sampling errors in studying tissue sections and in the uncertainty raised by the staining of macrophages with intracellutar complexes. Plasma cells producing IgG predominated, and seropositive patients had a higher proportion of IgM producers than seronegative subjects. None the less, in both groups of patients more than 90% of the IgM plasma cells were synthesizing RF. whereas the corresponding figure for IgG was between 50% and 60% Only around 10% of IgA plasma cells were positive for RF. The high percentage of IgM plasma cells making RF would lend to argue for an IgG‐specific response and against direct polyclonal activation as the stimulus. The percentage of IgG‐producing cells positive for RF is also consistent with a dominant response to IgG. Accepting the difference in the relative proportion of total IgM‐ to IgG‐producing plasma cells in seropositive as against seronegative patients, the close similarity between the two groups in the fraction of cells making RF favours Ihe view that the two groups have a comparable underlying immunopathology dependent on IgG autosensitization. From the technical standpoint, the dispersed cell method gives results in line with those obtained with sections but which are easier to read, whereas the fluorescent techniques described give clear and reproducible results for the detection of RF of different heavy‐ch

ISSN:0300-9475    

DOI:10.1111/j.1365-3083.1984.tb01007.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1984

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Human monocyles release cytostatic protein factors (CF) upon activation with lymphokines und lipopolysacchairide. CF has been purified from monocyte supernatants by ion‐exchange chromatography. chromatofocusing and gel filtration, and this resulted in a 10,000‐fold reduction in the amount of protein in the purified CF preparation compared to the amount in the monocyte supernatant. About 5% of the eytostatic activity was recovered after purification. CF constitutes a population of proteins heterogeneous with respect to ionic charge and differing in their isoelectric points, since CF eluted as a broad peak both upon ion‐exchange chromatography and chromatofocusing. The isoelectric points of the CF proteins were determined by chromatofocusing to be between 6.0 and 5.0. The molecular weight of CF as determined by gel filtration was in the range of 45,000 to 35,000 daltons. Only one monocyte‐secreted protein with a molecular weight of 40,000 was detected upon sodium dodecyl sulphate‐polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis of proteins in the purified CF preparations obtained after the final gel filtration step, und this protein may consequently be CF. If the 40,000‐dalton protein is CF. one may estimate that about 106monocytes produced roughly 0.1 μg CF upon activation and that significant cytostasis may be detected with less than nanogram quan

ISSN:0300-9475    

DOI:10.1111/j.1365-3083.1984.tb01008.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1984

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Pregnant mice were stimulated by heterologous erythrocyte and protein antigen, and the active immune responses of their offspring as measured by plaque‐forming cells (PFC) were investigated. In offspring derived from mothers immunized by a suitable amount of T‐dependent antigen, clear‐cut suppression of development of specific PFC in spleen was observed over a significant period after delivery. The mechanism of this suppression was investigated, and the following results were obtained. When the heterologous erythrocyte was used as antigen, the more the specific PFC developed in the mother spleen, the stronger the suppression of PFC observed in their offspring. However, it is worthy of note that passive administration of antibody to pregnant mice did not induce suppression in their young. In case of the protein antigen ovalbumin (OVA), pregnant mice had to be injected with a suitable amount of antigen, along with aluminium hydroxide, for either primary or secondary stimulus to induce the suppression of specific PFC in their offspring. Soluble OVA administered to pregnant mice was not effective for inducing suppression in the offspring. Based on these results, some possible mechanisms are discussed concerning specific PFC suppression in the offspring when pregnant mice are stimu

ISSN:0300-9475    

DOI:10.1111/j.1365-3083.1984.tb01009.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1984

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

The expression of MHC class II antigens (Ia) on rat liver non‐hepatocytic cells was analysed by theStaphylococcus aureusrosette method using monoclonal antiserum to the common part of the class II molecules. Of the non‐hepatocytic liver cell population, the passenger lymphocytes and monocytes were strongly anti‐Ia binding but the most reactive were large mononuclear cells, morphologically macrophages. The characteristics of the strongly Ia‐positive cells of rat liver were tested with different‘macrophage markers'. Of the macrophage‐like cells, 55% were Ia‐positive in theStaph. aureusrosette 84% had intracytoplasmic lysozyme, 100% of them were positive for α‐naphthyl acetate esterase (ANAE) reaction, and 92% had Fc‐receptors on the cell surface. As functional tests of macrophages, phagocytosis and adhesion were used: 79% of the cells were able to phagocytose antibody‐coated human red cells and 56% of the cells adhered on glass. As most of the tested cells were positive for the markers the results demonstrate that the most antigenic component of rat liver has the characteristics of macrophages and thus the strongly Ia‐positive cells are probably liver tissue macr

ISSN:0300-9475    

DOI:10.1111/j.1365-3083.1984.tb01010.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1984

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Intravenous injection of haptenized syngeneic lymphoid cells in the mouse induced a suppression in vivo against any immunogen carrying this hapten, introduced as a second antigen. Suppression was observed against any epitope on such a haptenized immunogen, thus largely excluding cross‐reactions at the level of antigen‐binding or idiotypy. However, when cells from such suppressed mice were assessed in vitro, it could be shown that significant T‐helper activity had been induced by the same procedure, which in vivo resulted in suppression only. Thus, concomitant induction and persistence of hapten‐specific suppressor and helper T cells is a result of the present immunization protocol. Both phenomena express the conventional requirements for physical linkage between hapten and immunogen to have an impact on the antibody response against the epitopes of the carrier. It is thus likely that the observed suppression/help in the present system does function at the level of handling the intact im

ISSN:0300-9475    

DOI:10.1111/j.1365-3083.1984.tb01011.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1984

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

A haemolytic plaque assay was adopted to detect release of lactoferrin and mycloperoxidase (MPO) from single neutrophils. Target erythrocytes coated with protein A were bound as a monolayer by poly‐l‐lysine to the surface of plastic dish. Secreted lactoferrin and MPO induced plaque formation dependent on the reaction with complement and specific antiserum producing lysis of the protein‐A‐coated sheep red blood cells Lactoferrin was found to be released spontaneously from a fraction of neutrophils while MPO was released only after phagocytosis, reflecting different mechanisms for degranulation of MPO‐containing azurophil and lactoferrin‐containing specif

ISSN:0300-9475    

DOI:10.1111/j.1365-3083.1984.tb01012.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1984

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Mouse macrophages were cultured on chemically modified plastic dishes. On dishes covered with immobilized glycans, the macrophages were stimulated as judged by increased14C‐glucosamine incorporation, increased cytostatic and cytolytic capacities and by morphology as seen by scanning electron microscopy. The corresponding soluble glycans did not have the capacity to stimulate macrophages as measured by these criteria. Plastic surfaces covered with polyethylenimine showed stimulation of the macrophages with regard to some of the parameters measured. These results may indicate that the stimulation is a multistep process and that, contrary to earlier findings, it is not a prerequisite for stimulation that the glycan be intracellular. The results support the idea that a fixed steric arrangement of glycans is necessary for the stimulation of macrophages in vitr

ISSN:0300-9475    

DOI:10.1111/j.1365-3083.1984.tb01013.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1984

数据来源: WILEY