摘要:

Design and economics, two of the most important essentials in the development of spray drying, and the limits of the product to be dried are evaluated. Various methods of heating ‐ direct gas firing, indirect thermal fluid liquid phase heating and indirect air/air shell and tube heaters are described in detail and the particular advantages of each method assessed. Types and shapes of drying chambers showing a wide size variety including the tall form drier are outlined. The financial aspect in the need for efficient separation of milk powder from the airstream is considered and tables given showing how saving of fuel can be effected. (Editor's summar

ISSN:1364-727X    

DOI:10.1111/j.1471-0307.1976.tb00431.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1976

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Agriculture in the North‐West is based on the majority of the land available for food production being best suited for grass production and consequently livestock farming is practised of which dairying is the main enterprise. The loss of agricultural land for industrial development, and the consequent increase in the population of Lancashire, Merseyside and Greater Manchester to five million people, whilst providing markets for locally grown produce, also causes problems to farming. Cowshed milking systems are commonly found though there is a continuing progress towards loose housing and parlour milking. The farm structure on the upland dairy farms is a limiting factor to herd expansion. The future for increased milk production lies in improving milk yields per co

ISSN:1364-727X    

DOI:10.1111/j.1471-0307.1976.tb00432.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1976

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

The development of the Common Agricultural Policy in relation to the dairy sector and its progress since 1968 are discussed, showing the intricacies of the pricing policy and the need for stabilization of the markets. Export of dairy produce with the various schemes adopted to enlarge the market, general consumer subsidies, and structural measures are described. The difficulties implicated in the skim milk surplus in major dairying countries and the limited markets are examined, world problems in the dairy sector are outlined and the need for a sound and constructive policy emphasized. The paper also stresses the importance of finding solutions for effective use of resources. (Editor's summary)

ISSN:1364-727X    

DOI:10.1111/j.1471-0307.1976.tb00433.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1976

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

The paper examines the changes in yields and dairy cow numbers in recent years and considers the likely economic prospects for investment in modern dairy units. With full Community prices applied in the UK at a realistic rate of exchange, dairying would be very profitable. In spite of the setback between 1973 and 1975 the milk output objective of the Government's White Paper ‘Food from Our Own Resources' should be reached in the first half of the 1980s. Liquid milk consumption will be fairly stable in the future, but with the higher prices under the Community régime the butter market will contract. A modest increase in cheese consumption will continue. Higher milk production in the UK and a reduced market will increase self‐sufficiency. In spite of the European surplus in the dairy sector the competitive strength of the UK industry at Community prices is substantial and it is economically right for it to ex

ISSN:1364-727X    

DOI:10.1111/j.1471-0307.1976.tb00434.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1976

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

An attempt has been made in this paper to give a brief glimpse of the way the dairy industry in New Zealand is structured in order to maximize the return to the milk producer. The industry being co‐operative, the producer of milk is also a shareholder in the dairy company to which his milk is forwarded, processed and manufactured. The paper could more properly be entitled ‘The Profitable Production of Milk and Milk Produc

ISSN:1364-727X    

DOI:10.1111/j.1471-0307.1976.tb00435.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1976

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

The various types of detergents, detergent sanitizers and sanitizers available on the market are first discussed with specific reference to the advantages and disadvantages of certain components. The cleaning operation is then broken down into various economic factors. The use of water and reclaimed water is detailed with hints on water‐saving techniques. The energy factor is discussed with the pros and cons of hot versus cold cleaning. Concentrations and the automatic control of solutions are also covered, together with correct methods of detergent application and the reclaiming and re‐use of detergent solutions. Finally, the problems of effluent discharge are covered and two forms of treatment outli

ISSN:1364-727X    

DOI:10.1111/j.1471-0307.1976.tb00436.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1976

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

The changes in the pattern of milk distribution since the 1930s are sketched, including the incidence of ‘other goods' sales. Changes brought about by the supermarket era and the permanent problem of labour shortage and ability were illustrated, with some comments on the difficulties of the present ‘throw‐away’ glass age. It is suggested that the maintenance of doorstep delivery is of great importance to the industry and this will be helped by the delivery of refrigerated milk in non‐returnable containers throughout

ISSN:1364-727X    

DOI:10.1111/j.1471-0307.1976.tb00437.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1976

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

The complex nature of the work force of the dairy industry and the problems in promoting efficiency and effectiveness are reviewed and the techniques of work study and work management evaluated. The contribution of a participative management approach involving all members of the work force is outlined and the need for the maintenance of a consistent personnel policy stressed. The problems of recruitment and the need for encouragement and training of school leavers and graduates is examined and the importance of regular appraisals as an integral part of their development emphasized (Editor's summary).

ISSN:1364-727X    

DOI:10.1111/j.1471-0307.1976.tb00438.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1976

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

A commercial mixed strain starter culture which had been used for over 10 years without producing ‘slow cheeses’ in a factory produced a clear zone of inhibition surrounded by small plaques. Isolates from this culture proved to be lysogenic strains which released temperate phage after UV irradiation and induction. The phage susceptible indicator strain was successfully lysogenized by the temperate phages and then shown to produce phage after UV irradiat

ISSN:1364-727X    

DOI:10.1111/j.1471-0307.1976.tb00439.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1976

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:1364-727X    

DOI:10.1111/j.1471-0307.1976.tb00440.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1976

数据来源: WILEY