摘要:

Characterizing the epidemiology of HIV-1 infection in Northern Thai opiate users is important in developing control strategies in this ethnically diverse and culturally distinct region. A cross-sectional survey of drug users first admitted between 1993 and 1995 at the Northern Drug Dependence Treatment Center, Mae Rim, Thailand, was conducted. Patients (n= 4197) were interviewed at intake about their history of drug use when they provided serum specimens for HIV-1 antibody testing. The HIV-1 prevalence was 18.6%, with men having a fourfold higher prevalence than women. Wide diversity in HIV-1 prevalence was seen by ethnicity; the HIV-1 prevalence among Thai lowlanders was four times greater than that among ethnic minorities(hill tribes). Differences in HIV-1 prevalence were the result of differences in opiate use; hill tribes frequently smoked or ingested opium, whereas Thai lowlanders injected heroin. The high HIV-1 prevalence suggests that preventive interventions for risk reduction are urgently needed in these populations. Education about the risks of injection drug use (IDU) as well as information concerning needle disinfection and expansion of drug treatment are required to reduce the risk of HIV-1 transmission associated with sharing injection equipment. Further, increasing sources of sterile needles should be considered for active users, especially for those in more remote settings.

ISSN:1077-9450    

出版商:OVID    

年代:1998

数据来源: OVID

摘要:

Cryptosporidiumcauses a debilitating illness in immunocompromised individuals, yet the source of sporadicCryptosporidiuminfections is unknown. Because early cases of cryptosporidiosis were associated with animals, and pets are a source of companionship to individuals with AIDS, determination of the risk of cryptosporidiosis associated with pets is important. To assess this risk, we conducted a case-control study of HIV-infected individuals with and without cryptosporidiosis. No statistically significant difference in the rate of overall pet ownership, cat ownership, or bird ownership was found between the two groups. Dog ownership reached borderline statistical significance; 15 of 48 (31%) cases owned a dog, compared with 17 of 99(17%) controls (odds ratio [OR] = 2.19;p=.05; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.9-5.3). No statistically significant differences between cases and controls were found in the frequency of surface water ingestion, rural exposure, travel history, or contact with diarrheic individuals. Our findings indicate that pets do not represent a major risk factor for acquisition ofCryptosporidiumfor HIV-infected individuals. Whether dog ownership presents a minimal risk for cryptosporidiosis needs further investigation.

ISSN:1077-9450    

出版商:OVID    

年代:1998

数据来源: OVID

摘要:

The objective of this study was to evaluate the cost-effectiveness of an HIV prevention intervention for gay and bisexual male adolescents. The intervention included individualized risk assessment and counseling, peer education, optional HIV testing, and referrals to needed services. From 1989 to 1994, 501 male volunteers, 13 to 21 years of age, who self-identified as gay/bisexual or as having had sex with men, completed preintervention and postintervention surveys to assess changes in HIV risk behavior. An HIV transmission model was constructed to project the HIV seroprevalence in the target population over a 10-year period from the self-reported number of partners for unprotected anal intercourse. Cost-effectiveness was analyzed from a societal perspective. Total costs of the intervention, including medical treatment costs saved, were projected to be $1.1 million U.S. for the 10-year period. The number of HIV infections averted and the quality-adjusted life years (QALYs) saved were projected to be 13 and 180, respectively. An incremental cost-effectiveness ratio was projected to be $6180 U.S. per QALY saved. The intervention was found to be cost-effective from the societal perspective. In addition, HIV prevalence in the target population was projected to be 6.1% without and 5.6% with intervention by the end of the 10-year period. This study highlights that an HIV prevention program can be cost-effective even if the effects on behavior are partial and short term.

ISSN:1077-9450    

出版商:OVID    

年代:1998

数据来源: OVID

ISSN:1077-9450    

出版商:OVID    

年代:1998

数据来源: OVID

ISSN:1077-9450    

出版商:OVID    

年代:1998

数据来源: OVID

ISSN:1077-9450    

出版商:OVID    

年代:1998

数据来源: OVID

ISSN:1077-9450    

出版商:OVID    

年代:1998

数据来源: OVID

ISSN:1077-9450    

出版商:OVID    

年代:1998

数据来源: OVID

ISSN:1077-9450    

出版商:OVID    

年代:1998

数据来源: OVID

ISSN:1077-9450    

出版商:OVID    

年代:1998

数据来源: OVID