摘要:

Register, 1932. CORRIGENDA ET ADDENDA. Page 31. Colgnte, Reginald Thomas,-address : The Biscuit Factory.Reading. 38. Lewis, Bertram Arthur,-add M.A. (Liv.). 42. Smith, Robert Christie,--add Middlewich, to address. 93. Good, William,4ddress : 72, Gardner Road, Prestwich ; Research Dept., Chloride Electrical Storage Go., Ltd. 105. Smith, William, add B.Sc. (Lond.), and address CardiganHouse, instead of 1, Wilton Place. 110. Bird, Charles Lawrence,--for B.Sc. (Lond.) read B.Sc. (Leeds). 112. Brame, Professor John Samuel Straff ord,-add C.B.E. 117. Crow, Alexander,-address : 144, Doyle Gardens. 119. Dewar, Alexander Hugh,--Chaimn and Managing Director, Greenwich Inlaid Linoleum Co., Ltd. 125. Gibson, Professor Charles Stanley,--ccdd Sc.D.(Cantab.). 127. Grinling, George Noel,-address : British Fruit Co., Ltd., Lady Dane Cannery, Faversham, Kent. T.N., Faversham 333. Factory Ma,nager. 137. Lucas, Edward William,-for Managing Director, read Director. 145. Pollett, William Francis Ogilvie,-address 2, Greenham Road. 148. Samson, Abraham,--address : 19, Mayfield Gardens. 153. Xtokoe, Hector Vivian Thur1beck.-transfer to p. 189 under “Mitcham,” and delete “S.W.19.” 163. Ackroyd, Herbert,--for B.Sc. (Leeds), read M.Sc. (Leeds). 170. Bloxam, Hugh Charles Loudon,-T.N., should read Newcastle 24806; for Public Analyst’s Laboratory read Public Analysts’ Laboratory. 171. Dunn, John Thomas,--for Public Analyst’s Laboratory, read Public Analysts’ Laboratory. T.N. should read, Newcastle 24806.Add 0Jicial Agricultural Analyst. 171. Martin, Nicholas Henry,-address : 27, Akenside Avenue. 199. Munns, Denis Johnstone,-for Rise, read Road. 200. Raybould, William Edward,--for Office, read Coppice. 202. Woodhouse, Dennis Leyton,--ccdd Ph.D. (Birm.). 203. Woolvin, Clarence Sydney,--for M.Sc., read B.Sc. (Bim.). 211. Corby, Frederick James,-Works Chemist, British Dyest@Corporatiou. 211. Gray, Harold Heath,--for B.Sc., read M.Sc. (Manc.). 217. add Lloyd, Trevor Wyndham, A.Met. (Sheff.) 16, FulneyRoad, Nether Green. Admiralty Inspection Dept., Chemist. A. 1928. 241. Kay, John Louden,-deEete Junior. 243. Watson, John Adam,--add * 279. Bishop, Robert Odell,--for A.C. G.I., read A.C.G.F.C. 281. Tidy, Sydney George,--for A.C.G.I., read A.C.G.F.C. 311. Edwards, John,-ddete from ‘< Addresses Required” and transfer to p. 62 under Bristol--as follows: Edwards, John, B.Sc. (Birm.), M.I.Chem.E., The Grange, 143, Westbury Road. T.N., Westbury-on-Trym 66917. Manager,FVilliarn Butler & Co., (Bristol), Ltd. A.1917. 312. Archard, Theodore Edward,-address: 11, Worple Avenue. 315. Buchanan, George Hotchkies (not Hotchkiss)--address 9, Mungal Place, Bainsford, Falkirk, Stirlingshire. 330. McGechie, William Thornhill Berrie,-jor McGeckie, read McGechie.

ISSN:0368-3958    

DOI:10.1039/JG932560X001

出版商:RSC    

年代:1932

数据来源: RSC

摘要:

THE INSTITUTE OF CHEMISTRY OF GREAT BRITAIN AND IRELAND. FOUNDED 1877. INCORPORATED BY ROYAL CHARTER, 1885. JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGS. 1932. PART 11. Issued under the supervision of the Publications Commit tee. RTCHARD B. PILCHER, Registrar and Secretary. 30, RUSSELLSQUARE, W.C. I.LONDON, April, Ig32. Publications Committee, 1932-33, LEWIS EYNON (Chairman), G. C. CLAYTON (President), 0. L. BRADY, J. C. A. BRIERLEY, H. V. A. BRISCOE, R. BRUCE, W. F. BUIST, W. J. A. BUTTERFIELD, R. M. CAVEN, F. D. CHATTAWAY, A. COULTHARD, W. R. FEARON, P. F. GORDON, I. M. HEILBRON, H. H. HODGSON, J. R. JOHNSON, PATRICK H. KIRKALDY (Hon. Treasurer), D. JORDAN LLOYD, H. M. MASON, W. D. ROGERS, E. RUSSELL. Offlcers and Members of Council, 1932-33.PRESIDENT : GEORGE CHRISTOPHER CLAYTON, C.B.E., PH.D., M.P. VICE-PRESIDENTS : FREDERICK DANIEL CHATTAWAY, M.A., D.Sc., F.R.S. LEWIS EYNON, B.Sc. GEORGE GERALD HENDERSON, D.Sc., F.R.S. EDWARD HINKS, M.B.E., B.Sc. BERNARD FARMBOROUGH HOWARD. ARTHUR SMITHELLS, C.M.G., D.Sc., F.R.S. HONORARY TREASURER : PATRICK HENRY KIRKALDY. MEMBERS OF COUNCIL: OSCAR LISLE BRADY, B.A., D.Sc. :LONDON. JESSE CARL ALBERT BRIERLEY, M.Sc. : NORTHERNIRELAND. HENRY VINCENT AIRD BRISCOE, D.Sc., A.R.C.S. :NEWCASTLE-UPON-TYNE. ROBERT BRUCE, N.C.: EDINBURGHAND EASTOF SCOTLAND. WALTER FERGUSON BUIST, B.Sc. : LIVERPOOLAND NORTH-WEST COAST. WILLIAM JOHN ATKINSON BUTTERFIELD, M.A. : LONDON. ROBERT MARTIN CAVEN, D.Sc.: GLASGOW. NORMAN MEDERSON COMBER, D.Sc., A.R.C.S. :LEEDS. ALBERT COULTHARD, PH.D. : MANCHESTER. CECIL HENRY DESCB, D.Sc., F.R.S. : LONDON. CHARLES DORfiE, &LA., D.Sc.: LONDON. ALBERT EDWARD DUNSTAN, D.Sc. : LONDON. FRANK GEORGE EDMED, O.B.E., B.Sc., A.R.C.S. : PORTSMOUTH. WILLIAM ROBERT FEARON, M.A., Sc.D.: IRISHFREESTATE. ARTHUR GEORGE FRANCIS, B.Sc. : LONDON. PETER FERGUSON GORDON, PH.D. :GLASGOWAND WESTOF SCOTLAND. RICHARD HENRY GREAVES, D.Sc. : LONDON. ISIDOR MORRIS HEILBRON, D.S.O., D.Sc., F.R.S.: LIVERPOOL. HENLEY, THE RT. HON. FRANCIS ROBERT, LORD, &LA.: RUGBY. LEONARD ERIC HINKEL, D.Sc.: WALES AND THX COUNTYOF MONMOWTH. HERBERT HENRY HODGSON, M.A., B.Sc., PH.D. : HUDDERSFIELD. JOSEPH ROBERT JOHNSON : BIRMINGHAMAND MIDLANDS.GEORGE KING, M.Sc. : BIRMINGHAM. PERCY LEWIS-DALE, P1r.D. : CREWE. DOROTHY JORDAN LLOYD, M.A., D.Sc. :LONDON. HARRY MALKIN MASON, M.Sc. :NORTH-EASTCOASTAND YORKSHIRE. WILLIAM JOHNSON SMITH NAUNTON, M.A., PH.D. : MANCHESTER. GEORGE HENRY PERRY, O.B.E., B.Sc., A.R.C.S.: LONDON. ERIC KEIGHTLEY RIDEAL, M.B.E., D.Sc., F.R.S. : CAMBRIDGE. BERT PD SEY RIDGE, PH.D.: MANCHESTER. WIILLIAM RINTOUL, O.B.E. :ARDROSSAN. WILLIAM HENRY ROBERTS, M.Sc. : LIVERPOOL. WILLIAM DAVID ROGERS, B.Sc.,A.R.C.S. :MANCHESTERANDDISTRICT. EDWARD RUSSELL, B.Sc. : BRISTOL COUNTIES.AND SOUTH-WESTERN SAMUEL SMILES, O.B.E., D.Sc., F.R.S.: LONDON. GEORGE STUBBS, O.B.E. :LONDON COUNTIES.AND SOUTH-EASTERN JOCELYN FIELD THORPE, C.B.E., D.Sc., F.R.S.: LONDON. EDWARD JOHN WAY: THE OVERSEASDOMINIONSAND ELSEWHERE: ABROAD.JOHN WEIR, M.A., B.Sc., PH.D.: ARDROSSAN. so DATES OF COUNCIL MEETINGS: 1932: APRIL 22~~ & 29~~. 1932: NOVEMBER 18~~. MAY 27~~. DECEMBER 16~~. JUNE 17~~. 1933: JANUARY 20TH & 27~~. JULY 22ND. FEBRUARY 17~~. OCTOBER 21s~. CENSORS: 1932-1933 THE PRESIDENT, EX-OFFICIO. ALFRED CHASTON CHAPMAN, F.R.S., GEORGE GERALD HEN- DERSON, LL.D., F.R.S., SIR HERBERT JACKSON, K.B.E., F.R.S., ARTHUR SMITHELLS, C.M.G., D.Sc., F.R.S. Committees for 1932-33. Chairman* FINANCE AND HOUSE COMMITTEE : THE PRESIDENT, WITH 0. L. BRADY, A. E. DUNSTAN, L. EYNON, A. G. FRANCIS, H. H. HODGSON, PATRICK H. KIRKALDY,* G. H. PERRY, G. STUBBS, AND J.F. THORPE. LEGAL AND PARLIAMENTARY COMMITTEE : THE PRESIDENT,* WITH CHARLES DORfiE, A. E. DUNSTAN, F. G. EDMED, I. M. HEILBRON, LORD HENLEY, B. F. HOWARD, PATRICK H. KIRKALDY, P. LEWIS-DALE, G. H. PERRY,B. P. RIDGE, W. H. ROBERTS, E. RUSSELL, AND G. STUBBS. NOMINATIONS, EXAMINATIONS AND INSTITUTIONS COMMITTEE : THE PRESIDENT* AND COUNCIL IN COMMITTEE. (VICE-CHAIRMAN:PATRICK H. KIRKALDY.) PUBLICATIONS COMMITTEE : THE PRESIDENT, WITH 0. L. BRADY, J. C. A. BRIERLEY, H. V. A. BRISCOE, R. BRUCE, W. F. BUIST, W. J. A. BUTTERFIELD,R.M. CAVEN, F. D. CHATTAWAY,A. COULTHARD, L. EYNON,* W. R. FEARON, P. F. GORDON, I. M. HEILBRON, H. H. HODG-SON, J. R. JOHNSON, PATRICK H. KIRKALDY, D. JORDAN LLOYD, H. M. MASON, W. D. ROGERS, AND E.RUSSELL. 81 SPECIAL COMMITTEES. BENEVOLENT FUND COMMITTEE: THE PRESIDENT, PATRICK H. KIRKALDY (HoN. TREASURER), * THEFINANCE AND HOUSE COMMITTEE, WITH T. COCKBURN (GLASGOW),H. G. COLMAN, A. COULTHARD (MANCELESTER), W. H. GIBSON (N. IRELAND), E. 31. HAWKINS, W. McD. MACKEY (LEEDS),C. PROCTOR, G. RUDD THOMPSON (SOUTH WALES), AND A. W. M. WINTLE (BRISTOL). (In the case of Section rspresentatives, the names of their respective towns or districts are inserted.) PUBLIC APPOINTMENTS COMMITTEE: THE PRESIDENT, WITH F. W. F. ARNAUD, F. D. CHATTAWAY, H. E. COX, C. H. CRIBB, CHARLES DORaE, B. DYER, F. G. EDMED, A. V. ELSDEN, G. D. ELSDON, A. G. FRANCIS, R. H. GREAVES, ERNEST M. HAWKINS, E. HINKS,* H. H. HODGSON, L. H. LAMPITT, S.E. MELLING, A. MORE, WM. PARTRIDGE, G. H. PERRY, W. H. ROBERTS, G. STUBBS, J. F. TOCHER, J. A. VOELCKER, AND E. J. WAY. PEDLER FUND CQMMITTEE : TEE PRESIDENT,* PATRICK H. KIRKALDY (VICE-CHAIRMAN), WITH E. R. BOLTON, Ir. v. A. BRISCOE, H. G. COLMAN, CHARLES DORGE, G. D. ELSDON, J. J. FOX, C. S. GIBSON, G. G. HEN-DERSON, E. MINKS, L. H. LAMPITT, MISS D. JORDAN LLOYD, T. MACARA, T. SLATER PRICE, F. L. PYMAN, E. K. RIDEAL, S. SMILES, J. F. THORPE, AND F. J.WILSON. APPOINTMENTS REGISTER COMMITTEE : TEE PRESIDENT, WITH E. It. BOLTON, 0. L. BRADY, F. G. EDMED, L. EYNON, P. F. GORDON, H. H. HODGSON, B. F. HOWARD,* G. KING, PATRICK H. KIRKALDY, AND D. JORDAN LLOYD. JOINT COMMITTEE OF REPRESENTATIVES OF THE INSTITUTE AND OF THE BOARD OF EDUCATION: TEEPRESIDENT,*WITH H.V. A. BRISCOE, J. E. COATES, L. EYNON, E. M. HAWKINS, J. HAWTHORNE, G. G. HENDERSON, PATRICK H. KIRKALDY, G. T. MORGAN, R. H. PICKARD, T. SLATER PRICE, AND A. SMITHELLS. JOINT COMMITTEE WITH SCOTTISH EDUCATION DEPARTMENT : THEPRESIDENT, WITH R. BRUCE, R. M. CAVEN, P. F. GORDON, F. W. HARRIS, G. G. HENDERSON, N. PICTON, T. SLATER PRICE, AND J. WEIR. JOINT COMMITTEE WITH MINISTRY OF EDUCATION FOR NORTHERN IRELAND : TEE PRESIDENT, WITH J. C. A. BRIERLEY, W. H. GIBSON,H. GRAHAM, J. HAWTHORNE, G. T. MORGAN, AND T. SLATER PRICE. BOARD OF EXAMINERS FOR THE ASSOCIATESHIP AND FELLOWSHIP, 1932-33 Chairman :THE PRESIDENT. Three representatives of the Nominations, Examinations and Institutions Committee.Examiners for the Associateship : *JOHN JACOB FOX, O.B.E., D.Sc. (LoND.). ROBERT ROBINSON, D.Sc. (MANc.), F.R.S. Examiners for the Fellowship : Branch A.-INORGANIC CHEMISTRY:JOHN JACOB FOX, O.B.E., D.Sc. (LoND.). Branch B.-PRYSICAL CHEMISTRY: ARTHUR JOHN ALLMAND, D.Sc. (LIv.), F.R.S. Branch C.-ORGANIC CHEMISTRY: FRANK LEE PYMAN, PH.D. (BASLE),D.Sc. (VICT.), F.R.S. Branch D.-BIOCHEMISTRY: JACK CECIL DRUMMOND, D.Sc. (LoND.). Branch E .-CHEMISTRY (including Microscopy) of Food and Drugs, and of Water: JOHN EVANS. THERAPEUTICS, PHARMACOLOGY,AND MICROSCOPY: GERALD ROCHE LYNCH, O.B.E., M.B., B.S. (LoND.),D.P.H. (ENG.). Branch F.-AGRICULTURAL CHEMISTRY: HENRY ALLEN DUG-DALE NEVILLE, M.A. (CANTAB.),B.Sc. (LoND.). Branch G.-INDUSTRIAL CHEMISTRY(General Chemical Technology) : *JOHN THOMAS DUNN, D.Sc.(DUN.). Examiners in the special sections of Branch G will be appointed as required.* Retires after the April Examination, 1932. HON. AUDITORS, 1932-33 JOSEPH HENRY LANE AND JOHN CHRISTISON WHITE, O.B.E. AUDITOR, 1932-33 DAVID HENDERSON, Chartered Accountant. SOLICITORS : MESSRS. MARKBY, STEWART & WADESONS, 5, Bishopsgate, London, E.C.2. BANKERS : THE WESTMINSTER BANK, LTD., Bloomsbury Branch, 214, High Holborn, London, W.C. 1. REGISTRAR AND SECRETARY: RICHARD BERTRAM PILCHER, O.B.E., Chartered Secretary. ASSISTANT SECRETARY : RONALD LESLIE COLLETT, M.A. (CANTAB.),F.T.C. 83 Fifty-fourth Annual General Meeting. TUESDAY, 1st MARCH, 1932.THEFifty-fourth Annual General Meeting of the Institute was held in the Hall of the Institute on Tuesday, 1st March, 1932, at 4.30p.m., Dr. G. C. Clayton, C.B.E., M.P., President, in the chair. THE MELDOLA MEDAL. The President said that his first duty was to present the Meldola Medal, the gift of the Society of Maccabaeans. It was with sincere regret that, on that occasion, they had to deplore the absence of Mrs. Meldola, who had passed away on the 2nd January. It had been a source of ccmfort to her to know that the memory of her husband was held in high honour by the Institute, and it was her pleasure invariably, since the institution of the Medal in 1921,to attend the Annual General Meeting to witness the presentation. The President added that on every such occasion Mrs.Meldola left with the Registrar a cheque for the Benevolent Fund. (Applause.) Her husband had be-queathed to the Institute a sum of 16500 for the general funds, and Mrs. Meldola herself had now bequeathed the Author’s copies of her husband’s works, his medals, a miniature portrait, and a bronze bust. It was fitting, then, that he (the President) should rrmind the members that Professor Meldola, who held the Chair of Chemistry in Finsbury Technical College for 30 years, was Presi- dent of the Institute from 1912to 1915,and that he was eminent as a man of science, not only in chemistry, but in biology and entomology, a man of wide learning, who delighted in his work for the Institute, and was sincerely devoted to the public service.(Having invited Dr. Guy Frederic Marrian to come forward, the President presented him with the Medal.) Continuing, he said that Dr. Marrian had been educated at Tollington School and had entered University College, London , as a student of chemistry in 1923. He had graduated with honours in chemistry in 1925 and proceeded to post-graduate studies in the Biochemical Department under Professor Drum- mond. A year later he had been awarded the degree of M.Sc, 84 in Biochemistry and appointed Assistant in the Department of Physiology and Biochemistry. His promise as a research worker had been recognised in 1927 by the award of a Beit Memorial Fellowship for Medical Research, which he held until his appoint- ment to the post of Lecturer in Biochemistry in 1930.During the earlier part of this period his investigations had been con- cerned with a study of the metabolic disturbances associated with vitamin B deficiency. Later he had become associated with Dr. A. S. Parkes in a long and important series of experimental studies on the physiology of reproduction. The development of this work had led Dr. Marrian to become interested in the chemical nature of the ovarian hormones, and he had embarked on an investigation which had as its aim the isolation of these hormones and the determination of their constitution. The magnitude of the task he had set himself and of his achievement might be judged by the fact that from many hundred litres of urine, obtained from cases of pregnancy, he had succeeded in extracting and isolating IOO mgms.of one of the ovarian hormones as a pure crystalline substance. (Applause.) In 1930 he had been awarded the degree of D.Sc. (London) for these researches. He had since made further important con-tributions to knowledge of the chemistry of these interesting substances, and had thus, at a comparatively early age, attained an international reput at ion. (Applause.) Dr. Marrian, in reply, said that he very greatly appreciated the honour which the Institute and the Society of Maccabzans had conferred upon him in awarding him the Meldola Medal. He might say that ever since he began biochemical research it had been one of his main ambitions to win this medal, and it was, therefore, very gratifying-though he might say very surprising- that he had realised that ambition so soon.Chemists would have heard of the difficulties which cropped up in work of the kind on which he had been engaged. The amounts of material that he had to work with were extremely minute, and he was confronted with that disadvantage all the time. He had never regretted having difficulties to overcome, because when one had a quantity of 50 milligrammes of a substance to identify, and to prepare a whole series of derivatives from it, it was necessary to adopt the most “micro” of techniques, and to be evolving new techniques all the time. He had always felt that work of this kind was an education in laboratory technique, and he believed that it was the sort of work of which every chemist should have 85 experience. (Applause.) He thanked the President for his kind remarks in making the presentation.MINUTES. The Minutes of the previous Annual General Meeting having been published in the Journal, were taken as read and signed. &ANNUAL ACCOUNTS. The President called upon the Hon. Treasurer to submit the Accounts. The Hon. Treasurer (Mi. Patrick H. Kirkaldy) said that, once more he had to preface his remarks with the statement that the Report of Council and the Financial Statement accompanying it contained such full information that there was little he could add. However, he might be permitted to make a few comments on the business of the past year, on the present position and on the future.Turning to the General Accounts, the Hon. Treasurer said that, as the number of Associates had materially increased, it was clear that the subscriptions should have shown a corre-sponding increase ; but, in common with other institutions, the Institute had experienced a lag owing probably to the fact that some members had suffered reductions in salaries as well as increased taxation. Where this had proved to be the case, time had been allowed, and the Finance and House Committee had not recommended the Council to remove any names for the non-payment of subscriptions. It would, however, be necessary to do this in the case of those who continued to ignore notices which were set to them.He (the Hon. Treasurer) had no other comments to offer with regard to the receipts, except to point out that, having now no tenants, the amount derived from the letting of laboratories had been reduced. The items of ordinary expenditure had been kept within reasonable limits, and, having regard to the increasing membership, compared favourably with the average of previous years; but he would direct attention to one item, namely, the completion of this Hall. This had, so far, involved an expenditure of k1,1663s. 3d., the architect’s fees being the only item outstanding. So far the cost had been met out of current funds. (Applause.) He did not know what was in the minds of the architects-he was too young to know-when he said that, he meant that he had not then (1914)an intimate knowledge of the business of the Institute, although a member of 20 years’ standing-when the building was originally planned, but he would remind the 86 Fellows and Associates that the first floor had never been com- pleted as contemplated, owing to the war.The space was occupied by chemists engaged on Government work during the war, and was subsequently rented by the British Photographic Research Association. On the termination of the agreement with that Association, the Council sanctioned €he making of the Hall, and he would add respectfully that he was sure that the Council had done wisely. The Council Room and Library had always been an awkward and even uncomfortable place for meetings when the number of members present was sufficient to fill both rooms; and, in addition, tbe necessity for stripping and resetting the rooms, often between a Council meeting and a lecture, caused great inconvenience.At the end of the year the Institute had a balance at the bank of i566 14s. IId., compared with E502 7s. 7d. at the end of the previous year, but estimated liabilities L593 2s. 2d., compared with L476 gs. 6d. at the end of 1931, and, mainly owing to expenditure on the Hall, the funds reserved for investment (Life Compositions and Entrance Fees), amounting to k856 16s. od., remained uninvested. These matters would be adjusted during the present year; in fact, an investment had already been made to that end. It would be seen from the statement of Assets and Liabilities that the investments of the Institute had depreciated to the extent of over ;tlz,ooosince the end of 1930, but as the values had since appreciated,-and he hoped that they would continue to do so,-and as, further, they had no need to realise any holdings at the present time, this temporary decline need not be viewed with alarm.As the Benevolent Fund was quite distinct from the General Funds of the Institute, he (the Hon. Treasurer) proposed, with the consent of the meeting, to deal with its accounts separately, but, before submitting the motion for the adoption of the Accounts, he wished again to take the opportunity of expressing his thanks, no less sincere because repeated on so many occasions, to his colleagues on the Finance and House Committee for the help and encouragement which he had received at their hands, and to the Registrar, Mr.Collett, Miss Cawston, and Mr. Aiken, for all they had done for him. He had much pleasure in moving: "That the Annual Accounts and the Report of the Auditors be received and adopted, and that our grateful thanks be 87 accorded to the Auditors, Mr. C. E. Bans, Major J. C. White, and Mr. David Henderson, Chartered Accountant, for their services.” Dr. Bernard Dyer, in seconding the motion for the adoption of the Accounts and the vote of thanks to the Auditors, said that he would also like to express, on behalf of the Fellows of the Institute, their thanks for the splendid detailed work so generously and willingly undertaken by the Hon.Treasurer. (Applause.) He (Dr. Dyer) thought that the small attendance at the meeting might be taken as indicative to some extent of the general satisfaction with the way in which the finances of the Institute were conducted. (Applause.) He had much pleasure in seconding the motion for the adoption of the Accounts, and the vote of thanks to the Auditors, to which he hoped he might add a very sincere vote of thanks to the Hon. Treasurer. (Applause.) The President, having invited questions on the Accounts, but there being no response, the motion was put and carried unanimously. THE BENEVOLENT FUND. The President then asked the Hon. Treasurer if he would kindly submit the Benevolent Fund Accounts.The Hon. Treasurer said that he would first like to thank Dr. Dyer very much for his kind words, and to thank the meeting for the way in which they had received them. A pamphlet on the Benevolent Fund had been issued at the end of 1931,but a more detailed statement was incorporated in the Report of Council. Like most other businesses, begging had suffered, but the Committee has done its best to meet all appeals for help, as generously as possible from the funds available. A letter had been received from Dr. Everest, of Huddersfield, and the Benevolent Fund Committee was grateful to him for the interest which he took in the Fund. There had been previous correspondence with Dr. Everest, and, unfortunately, the Committee had not been able to see eye to eye with him, but he hoped it would be possible to clear up any outstanding differences.Dr. Everest said, in the first place, that although very definite assurances had been given that all Donations would be invested (which was quite correct), they had, in fact, been spent on current grants and loans. Thus, he said, on the so-called Annuities Account, where the Committee could properly 88 have spent only the interest, kg8 3s. gd., the Committee had disbursed L398 10s. od. during 1931. Next, Dr. Everest had directed attention to page 25, where the Statement of Assets and Liabilities had the sub-title "Current Account." This was a definite mistake arising from a re-arrangement suggested at the audit.There should have been no sub-title, the statement being a summary of the total resources of the Fund at the 31st December. He (the Hon. Treasurer) was much obliged to Dr. Everest for calling attention to that error. The assets of the Fund-leaving out loans amounting to i978 5s. 8d.-were investments for Annuities Account, the dividends on which provided part of the annuities which were being paid. The value of the investments on 31st December, 1931, was -&,og7 17s. 6d., and included stocks representing holdings valued at j6750 6s. gd., which were transferred from Current Account when it was decided to devote the original Capital Account to annuities. This decision was announced in the Report for 1924-5, when the Current Account was more than able to meet all the claims upon it and had each year previously shown a surplus.The cost of thestock bought since the foundation of the Fund was -&,347 12s. od., and the total donations up to the end of 1930 were E2,167 7s. od. At the beginning of 1931, therefore, the amount invested exceeded the total amount of Donations by k180 5s. od. The interest received from the investments had never been sufficient to pay the annuities granted. The total interest received since the beginning was only L693 2s. zd., while k1,468 5s. od. had been paid in annuities. So long, however, as the total amount invested and in hand on Annuities Account exceeded the total Donations received, the Committee felt justified in affording all the help it could.(Applause.) At the present moment the Committee had funds in hand for the Annuities Account and would invest what was due for investment at the end of 1931; but unless more funds were provided it was clear that it would be impossible to continue on the present lines. The actual annuities,-i.e. regular allowances continued over a period of years, as distinct from grants,-paid during 1931 were to:-one aged Fellow, one aged and infirm sister of a Fellow, one aged and infirm mother and an invalid sister of a Fellow, two widows of Fellows with children, and three widows of Associates with children. These together received k398 10s. od. 89 All were deserving cases which had been most carefully scrutin- ised. In every case, the Committee had made certain that the relatives, if any, were affording what help they could ; otherwise the call on the Fund would have been still larger.For the present year the commitments on the same account amounted to k390 10s. Od. He had to admit that the position was becoming difficult, but if the necessary funds were forthcoming, as he hoped they would be, the Committee would be able to continue on the lines which had been laid down in better times. For the present, the Committee had the imperative duty of providing for these cases, with a possibility of others coming along, but believed that the wishes of contributors would best be fulfilled by giving the help needed, although to do this the actual purchase of stock might have to be, for the present at least, deferred from year to year.Again he wished to express the gratitude of the Committee to Dr. Everest for directing attention to this matter, for it was the duty of the Committee to clear up any points of doubt or difficulty; but he hoped that Dr. Everest and everybody else concerned would extend their sympathy and help to the Com- mittee so far as lay within their power. Speaking generally, he would suggest that the aim should be to ensure that the Fund was in a position to respond adequately to each appeal, rather than to be obliged to give primary con- sideration to what the Fund could afford in each case. So far the Committee had been able to do this, and he (the Hon. Treasurer) could assure the contributors that, compared with what the Committee had learned about the administration of similar funds, if it had erred, it had erred on the side of generosity, while the work of the Fund was carried on by the Officers of the Institute without any expense.The Committee was grateful to all who had contributed, and very glad to find during the present year a very kindly spirit of co-operation in the promotion of “group” contributions from laboratories where several Fellows and Associates were working. In order to prevent any misunderstanding, he (the Hon. Treasurer) hastened to add that “group” contributions were no new thing; several had been in operation for years, but the Committee was glad to note an increased number and, he hoped, for an increasing number this year.He moved that the Accounts of the Benevo- lent Fund, amended by the deletion of the words “Current 90 Account” at the head of the Statement of Assets and Liabilities, be received and adopted. Mr. Charles Proctor, in seconding the motion, said that he need not add anything to what the Hon. Treasurer had so clearly explained. As a Member of the Committee, he could confirm the statement that every case was carefully considered. The Hon. Treasurer, more than anyone else, had the difficult task of deciding between generosity and the amount that could be spared. One point to which the Treasurer had not referred was the amount of loans repaid. He (Mr. Proctor) had always been a little doubtful as to that item, but the fact that one-third of the loans which had been made had been repaid was, he thought, fairly satisfactory.In the future, perhaps, a larger proportion would be repaid. He added that a good many members present were younger than himself; in fact, he was about the oldest member in the Hall; he asked the younger members to consider very carefully the possibility of paying small subscriptions to the Fund during the earlier period of their membership of the Institute, according as their circumstances allowed. He had much pleasure in seconding the motion for the adoption of the Accounts of the Benevolent Fund. The President then invited discussion, but there being no response, the motion was put and carried unanimously. REPORTOF THE COUNCIL.The Report of the Council, having been taken as read, the President delivered his Address (p. 96), and moved “That the Report of the Council for the year 1931-32 be received and adopted.’’ Dr. 0. L. Brady said that it was really a pleasure to be able to second the motion for the adoption of the Report, because he thought that the past year-which had been difficult for many people-had gone extraordinarily smoothly for the Institute, and the Fellows and Associates could look back on it with very considerable satisfaction, especially on the circumstance that only 3 per cent. of the membership was unemployed. Those who had been connected with University teaching for some years, and had been appalled at the enormous output of graduates in chemistry, had really been amazed at the absorptive power of chemical industry and the chemical profession.Considering that London alone had passed out, annually, about 150 graduates 91 with Honours Degrees in chemistry for the last ten or fifteen years, and that this number was greatly increased by the out- put of the other Universities, it was really amazing how the profession had managed to absorb them. There were two matters in connection with the Report on which he would like to remark. He would like to say how much he welcomed any steps that could be taken to bring about some closer co-operation between the various chemical societies. He was glad to hear the President say that he anticipated that, in the near future, further discussions would take place in that direction.As a member of several chemical societies, he felt anxious about the matter because the next year or two would be very difficult for all chemical societies, and especially as a number of them depended to some extent upon the support of teachers of chemistry, who had been hardly hit by increased taxation and reduced remuneration. The other matter to which he would like to refer was the position of the Benevolent Fund. He was a Member of the Council when the Fund was started, and among those who were active in starting it. The Fund was started for humanity's sake, and he thought that the Fellows and Associates would have no cause to complain of the Benevolent Fund Committee so long as it was humane in the administration of the Fund.In these difficult times, he would be prepared to trust them to administer that Fund humanely, even if this meant some departure from the strict letter of the promises made as to the investment of donat ions. Finally, he (Dr. Brady) would like, on his own behalf, and on behalf of the members present, indeed, on behalf of the whole Institute, to thank the President for the excellent way in which he had summed up the work of the past year. (Applause.) The President, having thanked Dr. Brady for his remarks, invited discussion on the Report. Dr. E. F. Armstrong said that he would like to thank the President for his very illuminating address. It was particularly gratifying to know that a Fellow of the Institute had a longer expectation of life than ordinary folk! It would provide an excellent slogan in getting new members-" Join the Institute and live longer! " Obviously, from an economic point of view, at any rate, Scotsmen in the Institute would become life members in future! All of which would no doubt please the worthy Honorary Treasurer.He would like particularly to support the 92 President’s closing remarks, namely, his testimony to the work done by the officers of the Institute. The Institute was, he supposed, about the only technical society that had weathered the storm of the last year so successfully. That could not be mere coincidence; it must be very largely due to the planning and the forethought and the tact of the officers.He would like to emphasise that achievement. (Applause.) The motion for the adoption of the Report was put and carried unanimously. WORKOF THE CENSORS. The President said that, although the work of the Censors was not actually within the scope of the activities of the Council of the Institute, or mentioned in the Agenda, he hoped that he might be permitted to make a few remarks on their work. The duties of the Censors continued to be light and occasional, and such complaints as were received related to certificates used for advertisement purposes, in the majority of cases without the consent of the practitioners concerned. At times these certifi- cates appeared to contain somewhat irrelevant or merely lauda- tory expressions, harmless in themselves, but conveying the impression that they had been given for advertisement purposes.In some cases they were associated with unsuitable printed matter or were reproduced in an objectionable manner, and, in other cases, they were purely scientific formal reports, the publication of which might, in the circumstances, be justified. In general, the Censors had discouraged such publication, feeling that frequent publicat ion of the certificates of any individual practitioner was tantamount to the advertisement of the practitioner himself, and, on that account, undesirable. In this country the high standard maintained among pro- fessional chemists redounded entirely to their credit, and the Censors had the more reason to deplore that certain institutions, the names of whose chemists were not disclosed or known, disregarded the accepted tenets of the profession, solicited for practice, and gave certificates without scientific data for advertisement and exhibition purposes.The President added that he had taken the opportunity to refer to the matter because he felt that, in view of such competition, the genuine practitioner, who had to earn a livelihood by relying on his own knowledge, skill, hardly-won personal experience and good reputation, deserved entire sympathy and encouragement. 93 REPORTOF THE SCRUTINEERS. The President called upon the Registrar to read the Report of the Scrutineers (Messrs. Charles A. Adams and T.W. Glass) on the election of Officers, General Members of Council, and Censors, for the ensuing year. The number of valid voting papers received for the election of Officers was 955. The following were elected .-President: G. C. Clayton (955). Vice-Presidents: F. D. Chattaway (949), Lewis Eynon (gas), G. G. Henderson (951), E. Hinks (950), B. F. Howard (949), Arthur Smithells (949). Hon. Treasurer: Patrick H. Kirkaldy (955). The number of votes cast for General Members of Council was 955. The following were elected :-C. H. Desch (630), A. E. Dunstan (616), J. F. Thorpe (616), I. M. Heilbron (613), W. Rintoul (599), E. K. Rideal (589),A. G. Francis (574),A. Coulthard (567), H. V. A. Briscoe (556),H. H. Hodgson (553),P. Lewis-Dale (553),R.M. Caven (542),J. Weir (542),G. King (541),S. Smiles (537),N. M. Comber (523), Rt. Hon. Lord Henley (514), W. H. Roberts (504), Miss D. Jordan Lloyd (503), W. J. A. Butterfield (497),0.L. Brady, (495),B. P. Ridge (489), W. J. S. Naunton (485), F. G. Edmed (472), C. Dor6e (461),G. H. Perry (457),R. H. Greaves (456), The number of valid voting papers received for the election of Censors was 886. The following were elected:- A. Smithells (617),A. Chaston Chapman (564), G. G. Henderson (515),Sir Herbert Jackson (502). The President said that the Institute was much indebted to the Scrutineers for their work, and that he would like to propose a vote of thanks to them. Mr. Stephenson seconded the proposal. During the reading of the Report, he had wondered how the Scrutineers did the counting, and whether the Institute provided them with a machine, or whether they had to do it in the ordinary way.The vote of thanks was carried unanimously. ELECTION AUDITORS.OF The Hon. Treasurer moved the re-election of Major J. C. White as Auditor. He very much regretted that he was not able to move the re-election of Mr. Barrs, who had been an auditor for some years and had devoted a good deal of time to the work. He was sorry that Mr. Barrs felt compelled to give it up, but he would like to thank him, on behalf of the Institute, for his services as an auditor. He proposed the re-election of MajorJ. C. White as Auditor. 94 Mr. J. B. Wilton seconded the re-appointment of Major J.C. White, and joined with the Hon. Treasurer in expressing thanks to Mr. Barrs for his past services. The motion being put, Major White was declared appointed, and the thanks of the Institute were accorded to Mr. Barrs. Mr. C. E. Barrs said that he would like to thank the meeting for the vote of thanks, and to say what he had said for several years past, namely, that he had always received the greatest assistance and found everything in perfect order. The President invited some member in the body of the hall to nominate a second honorary auditor. Mr. Barrs said that he would like to propose the name of Mr. J. H. Lane. Professor J. C. Drummond seconded the nomination. The motion was carried unanimously. The Hon. Treasurer proposed that Mr.David Henderson, Chartered Accountant, be re-appointed auditor at a fee of 30 guineas. Mr. Henderson had been an auditor for a good many years and was known to a good many of the members present. Dr. E. F. Armstrong said that he would be pleased to second the motion. The motion was carried unanimously. SPECIALBUSINESS. The President, in submitting the special business, said that it was a suggestion for an amendment in the Rules for the election of District Members of the Council. The reason for the alteration was that attention had been called to the fact that if the 1st January fell on a Friday it was not possible to carry out the existing Rules. Although the rules were adopted several years ago, attention had only lately been called to the oversight.He moved the amendments on the agenda as follows:-“That the following amendments in the Rules for the election of District Members of Council be adopted forthwith : (a) That in Rule IV, clause (I), the word ‘third’ before the word ‘Thursday’ be deleted, and that the words ‘next after the third Monday ’ be inserted immediately after the word ‘Thursday.’ (b) That in Rule IV, clause (2), the word ‘third’ be deleted before the word ‘Thursday,’ and that the words ‘next 95 after the third Monday’ be inserted immediately after the word ‘Thursday ’; and (c) That in Rule IV, clause (3) the word ‘third’ be deleted before the word ‘Friday,’ and that the words ‘fiexi! after the third Monday ’ be inserted immediately after the word ‘Friday.’ ” Mr.Bacharach seconded the motion, which was carried unanimously. THANKSTO RETIRINGMEMBERS OF COUNCIL. Dr. Harold G. Colman proposed that the thanks of the Fellows and Associates be accorded to the retiring Members of Council. He said that anyone who had served on the Council knew what a large amount of work the Members of the Council had to per- form. It was far greater in extent than the work of any other Council with which he was acquainted. It meant the sacrifice of a great deal of time for those who were in London, and, with regard to the country members, it meant the sacrifice of time in travelling and frequent correspondence. The motion, having been seconded by Mr. Wilton, was carried unanimously.The President thanked the members for their attendance, and declared the meeting closed. 96 The President’s Address. 1st MARCH, 1932. The Annual Report of Council has been circulated in the JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGS,and I presume that it is your wish that it be taken as read; so that I will now submit the motion that the Report be received and adopted. The Report bears evidence to the work of the Council and of the Local Sections, and to the continued activity of the Institute as a whole. It shows that, on the 29th January, our roll of membership numbered exactly 6,000. This was, in fact, not quite accurate, as we received information subsequently of the loss by death of three further Fellows. However, the balance of the additions and losses recorded in February enables me to say that the membership to-day exceeds 6,000, and thus the Institute is able to record at this meeting continued progress in its work of organising our profession, for the benefit not only of the profession itself, but of the Country and the Empire.With an increasing membership it is natural that our losses by death should tend to increase, but it is distressing to note that no fewer than eleven Associates and one Student, mainly young men, have been cut short in their careers. Among Fellows, I would like to remind you of George FitzBrown, of Widnes, whom I knew not only as a Director of the Broughton Copper Co., but as a man who gave much thought to public affairs in his own district; Sir Thomas Eustace Hill, a medical man and a chemist, late medical officer of health for Co.Durham, and a leader in matters concerning hygiene and public health ; Professor Hinchley, a chemical engineer and teacher, who will be missed by a very wide circle of Fellows devoted to the practical problems of chemical industry; Dr. Alfred Holt, an investigator of a very high order, whose career was cut short far too soon at the age of 54; Dr. C. A. Keane, formerly of Liverpool University, under whom I myself studied, later Principal of the Sir John Cass Technical Institute; Mr. W. Foulkes Lowe, one of the earliest public analysts ; Mr. Walter Francis Reid, chemical 97 engineer and inventor, a Past President of the Society of Chemical Industry; Mr.Henry Droop Richmond, a Past Member of Council, whose work on dairy chemistry was well known; and Professor Alfred John Turner, who achieved a high place among teachers of our science in India. I would also refer to Mr. Ethelbert William Blair, an able investigator, who was killed, at the early age of 36, in the unfortunate explosion at Holton Heath. Several other members died through unfortunate accidents, in no way connected with their employment. However, because the total number of losses by death was higher than usual, and the suggestion has sometimes been made by insurance companies that the premium rates on the insurance policies of chemists should be higher, I have had a few figures prepared, which I think will not be uninteresting.The average age of the Fellows who died was 64.4 years, and of the Associates 35.3 years; the average of the Fellows and Associates, in the aggregate, was approximately 56.6 years, or about 1.0above the present average expectation of life of males in England and Wales. The figures for the past year would be based on too few records to constitute a satisfactory guide, but on taking the available statistics of the previous ten years, 1921-30,I find that the average age of 206 Fellows was 65.3 years, the average age of 64 Associates was 35.8 years, while the average age of 270 Fellows and Associates who died within that period was 57-9 years. I should like to call the attention of those engaged in chemical manufacture to the Model Safety Rules which have been com- piled by the Association of British Chemical Manufacturers, and can be obtained from that Association.These rules give advice with regard to the manufacture and handling of chemicals and instructions for dealing with accidents. The Board of Trade have expressed their approval of these Rules. (See p. 152.) The Report indicates that it is one of the privileges of the President to participate in the celebrations of allied societies and institutions. At the same time, the President, in common with other members, has the duty of representing the Institute on more serious occasions, and I would like to express the thanks of the Institute to those who have acted as delegates and repre- sentatives during the past year.98 I understand that the Joint Committee of the Chemical Society, the Society of Chemical Industry, and the Institute, which had under consideration the possibility of closer co-opera- tion, has, from various causes, temporarily suspended its meetings, but I believe that further conferences between representatives of the three bodies are likely to take place in the near future. As usual on these occasions, I propose to leave the subject of finances almost entirely to the Honorary Treasurer; but it is no mere matter of form or custom when I briefly acknowledge our great indebtedness to him and to his colleagues on the Finance and House Committee for their careful and judicious manage- ment of this part of the business of the Institute.We have suffered a temporary set-back by way of depreciation of invest-ments, and may not receive subscriptions as promptly as usual, but, as the outlook improves, I have little doubt but that stock values will improve and the subscriptions will come in as well as ever. At times like the present, the cares of the Benevolent Fund Committee are doubled, for the appeals are more insistent, and the difficulty of raising money calls for an unusual effort, both on the part of those who endeavour to collect subscriptions and of those who are doing their best to contribute. I cannot do better than remind you of a passage in the pamphlet issued at the close of 1931:-"The Committee asks for help on behalf of widows and children and for those who are aged and past work, or are unemployed, harassed by debt, and in need of the where- withal to support their dependents. The Committee believes that it is largely due to the efforts of the Institute to secure the full employment of its Fellows and Associates that, even in these times, only about three per cent.are known to be without employment. The Fund provides the means whereby those who are not in that unfortunate position can show their sympathy in a practical manner, at but a small sacrifice." At the same time, I cordially endorse the words of thanks and gratitude expressed by Mr. Kirkaldy to all contributors. The Legal and Parliamentary Committee has continued to watch the interests of the profession in matters in which such interests may be affected by legislation.In one important matter the Committee has been obliged to have regard to circumstances beyond its control which have arisen since the last Annual General Meeting, and has advised 99 the Council to postpone the fulfilment of the wishes of the majority of Fellows and Associates on the proposal to petition for a Supplemental Charter with the object of securing for them the exclusive use of a distinctive title. I do not propose on the present occasion to rehearse the arguments for and against this proposal. We have ascertained your wishes, and that is a distinct and definite step. We must postpone further action pending the progress of legislation for the amendment of the Poisons and Pharmacy Acts.In the meantime, we propose to introduce certain amend- ments in the Petition, and to review generally our constitution in the light of present conditions. The amendments, which will be submitted for your approval in due course, may not remove the objections which have been raised to the petition, but will be directed to the elimination of certain passages which have led to misunderstanding. In any event we will inform the Fellows and Associates of further developments. In addition to the further review of the proposed Supple- mental Charter, the Committee has dealt with several matters which are mentioned in the Report. In the House of Lords, the profession was most ably repre- sented by Lord Henley in watching the Pharmacy and Poisons Bill.Although the measure has not yet passed into law, we are no less grateful to him for his valuable help. We have had the pleasure of sending our congratulations to the Australian Chemical Institute on receiving the grant of a Royal Charter. Although at one time I fear that our friends in the Antipodes appeared to have some doubts, I trust that they are now convinced of our good intentions in offering criticisms of their original draft, and that in future we may look for friendly co-operation in our common interests. In the matter of Patent Law Reform, we acknowledge the services of Mr. H. Douglas Elkington, who has very generously spared his time and brought his experience to the work of the Joint Committee.That his help was highly appreciated by his colleagues was confirmed by the invitation later extended to him to join the Patents Committee of the Association of British Chemical Manufacturers. Our co-operation with the Association in the matter of Contracts of Service for Chemists will, I believe, also have good results. The Conference between the representatives of both bodies afforded a unique opportunity for the interchange of 100 opinions, and although the form of Contract has not been pub- lished, it can be supplied in confidence, and will be found to afford useful guidance to those who are particularly concerned in such matters. The meetings and other activities of the Local Sections, both independently and jointly with the Society of Chemical Industry and other bodies, continue to promote valuable co-operation and good fellowship among all concerned with our science and profession, and we are grateful to the local committees and officers who participate in the labours involved.I would like here to express my regret that, owing to my time being so fully occupied in another place, I have not been able recently to accept invitations to visit Local Sections as frequently as I could wish. When I was urged to stand again as a Parlia-mentary candidate, I felt it my duty to accept nomination, and 1trust you will accept my assurance that, so far as I am able, I will watch legislation which may affect the interests of our pro- fession and industry.The Nominations, Examinations and Institutions Com-mittee, which is, in fact, the Council in Committee, has continued its work under the wise guidance of Mr. Kirkaldy-for I must confess that your President is its Chairman only nominally- and has again presented a report bearing evidence of undiminished activity. Although there was a slight decrease in the number of applications and of entries for examinations towards the end of the year, probably due in some measure to prevailing economic conditions, there is good reason to think that a change will be seen in the near future, especially if arrangements can be made, as I hope, for affording facilities for local examinations in Scottish and other distant centres. The Board of Examiners and all who assist this Committee in this important work deserve our best thanks for their services.The Report of the Assessors for National Certificates indicates that the scheme is extending, and proving to be of real value in co-ordinating and raising the standard of instruction provided in technical schools. The Second Pedler Research Scholar has been appointed and has made good progress since he began work, in October last, on the difficult problem entrusted to him. Dr. Levin is working with Professor C. S.Gibson on the accurate determination of 101 very small quantities of calcium and magnesium under varying conditions. The Publications Committee, under the able chairmanship of Mr. Eynon, has well earned our thanks for THEJOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGSand other publications issued by the Institute during the year.Our thanks are also due to Dr. Tocher, Dr. Vargas Eyre and Sir Frank Smith for the three lectures which have been published separately during the past twelve months. Dr. Tocher’s “What is Probable Error ? ”-though possibly beyond the grasp of those who make no claim to be mathematicians-has, I learn, been very greatly appreciated by many whose work calls for the application of statistical methods. Dr. Vargas Eyre’s lecture on “Fermentation ” also received highly favourable notice, and is very representative of the series of Streatfeild Memorial Lectures ; while Sir Frank Smith’s “Chemistry and the Community,” demonstrating the value of research to industry and to the State, finds a very fitting place in the series of S.M. Gluckstein Memorial Lectures. Although in a sense Sir Frank was preaching to the converted, what he had to tell us was pleasant hearing and a high tribute to chemistry, as coming from a distinguished physicist. I am tempted to emphasise the lessons which he would inculcate, and I would strongly advocate, not only the continuance of lectures of this kind, but that they should be given the widest publicity. Sir Frank Smith urged that chemical research was essential for National progress, and even in times such as we are at present passing through, must not be starved on the plea of economy. He called our attention to the wonderful results achieved in recent years,-such as the developments in metallurgy, electric lighting and wireless valves,-all due to fundamental research,- and reminded us of the many processes now in operation, the scientific explanations of which we still remain in ignorance.Now that it seems certain that the Imperial Conference to be held at Ottawa next July will result in increased Empire develop- ment, new fields for scientific research should be opened, and we may then hope to find further work for skilled chemists who should be in demand for Empire requirements. Many parts of the Empire have hardly been explored, and few of them have been considered scientifically; so, I hope, that 102 the Institute will act as the spearhead of Empire development in all matters on which our science has a bearing.I am tempted to recall some of the great changes which have taken place in Chemical Industry since I was first associated with it some 35 years ago. At that time most of the processes were connected with the Leblanc Process for the production of sodium carbonate and caustic soda. Associated with the main processes was the Chance process for the recovery of sulphur from alkali waste, and the chamber process which gave us sulphuric acid from pyrites; this, in turn, by acting on salt, produced saltcake and hydrochloric acid. Then we had the Welldon and Deacon methods for converting the hydrochloric acid into bleaching powder. All these pro- cesses depended on furnace work and required considerable manual labour. Now, thanks to scientific research, nearly all these methods have been superseded.Sodium carbonate is exclusively produced by the ammonia soda process ; caustic soda, either by one or other of the types of electrolytic cell or from ammonia soda. Chlorine is solely produced electrolytically and largely sold as liquid chlorine. Hydrochloric acid, by a complete reversal of the Welldon and Deacon processes, is got by combining the hydrogen and chlorine from the electrolytic cells. Only to the extent that saltcake (sodium sulphate) is required, is hydrochloric acid now produced from salt and sulphuric acid, Nitre cake is largely a thing of the past, nitric acid being obtained by oxidising ammonia with air by means of a platinum gauze. Sulphuric Acid is still made by the lead chamber process, but increasing quantities come from the oleum contact plant, using platinum or other catalytic agents.The SO, for the same, once derived from pyrites, now comes also from sulphur, spent oxide, blende, or, recently, from calcium sulphate. The old chemical plant has been largely scrapped, and in place of hand-worked furnaces we find continuous processes controlled by skilled men giving products purer, cheaper, and more uniform than possible in the past. Then just think of the new processes! the vast range of dyestuffs with all their intermediates, to which are connected the fine chemical and drug industries; the hydrogenation processes, hardening of fats, production of chemicals, oil from coal, etc.- many of them requiring a new technique, high temperatures, high pressures and consequently new material for apparatus ; the 103 synthetic production of ammonia, methanol, acetic acid and many other products ;artificial silk, by several different processes; artificial resin, artificial leather, and non-inflammable films,- all essentially chemical.Coupled with the soap trade, we have margarine, and now the preparation of vitamins. Agricultural chemistry also covers a much wider field and requires a number of skilled chemists. You will appreciate that vastly more is now required from industrial chemists. The work they are called upon to do is intensely interesting and rapidly expanding. They are no longer confined to chemical industry solely, but are required by practi- cally every other industry.I may have told you this story before, but it is rather apt. When I tried to get my first job I applied for a position of chemist at a soap works, and the reply I received was that it had taken them a long time to get rid of their chemist and they had no intention of engaging another! The soap trade now employs an army of skilled chemists. In addition to new problems awaiting solution, there are many that have actually been solved, but the development of which has been unavoidably retarded. The times have not been favourable for making radical changes, involving the scrapping of old plant, or for launching out in new directions. The chemical industry to-day still affords an excellent barometer for industry generally.Chemical products are among the raw materials of practically all industries; so, when there is an increased demand for chemical products, it means that increased production is anticipated. This has been our experience during the last fewmonths, and points to arevival of confidence and a promise of better trade than we have experienced for a long time past. The Public Appointments Committee, under the chairman- ship of Mr. Edward Hinks, has a good record of service in watching the professional interests of official chemists at home and abroad. The Committee deserves special thanks for the preparation of an excellent memorandum, which was submitted to the Government Committee on Food.This, we trust, will receive due consideration when that Committee resumes its deliberat ions. Mr. Bernard Howard, Chairman of the Appointments Register Committee, and his colleagues have viewed with concern the 104 increase in unemployment among chemists. So far as they can ascertain, about 190 (or rather more than three per cent.) of the total membership of the Institute are unemployed at the present time, but every effort is being made to help them. The Committee looks to the Fellows and Associates to make the Register known to employers and to bring suitable vacancies to the notice of the Institute, and we can only hope that, with the return of better times, the present surplus will be speedily absorbed. Incidentally, I would remark that from an article by Dr.Walter Roth, Editor-in-chief of the Chemiker Zeitung, published in the Industrial Chemist for February, I learn that the percentage of qualified chemists on the unemployed list in Germany is at present about 15 per cent. We lose from the Council, at the close of this session, several enthusiastic members who have served the Institute well and whose attendance will be missed; and, in this connection, I would remark, that if from the record of attendance it would seem that some, especially among the country members, have seldom taken an active part in our deliberations, your judgment should be reserved, because you may be assured that all Members of Council are kept fully informed with regard to our proceedings, and, as occasion arises, may communicate their views by correspondence when they feel that they can usefully contribute to our discussions, while they are at all times ready to respond to enquiries regarding matters on which they may be specially informed. Before closing my remarks on the year’s work, I should like to express the thanks we all feel are due to the officers and staff of the Institute.The business of the Institute has been admir- ably conducted and our interests well looked after. This has been a difficult year for many, but members can always count on sympathetic advice from the officers, who are always most anxious to give what assistance they can. 105 Proceedings of the Council. FEBRUARY-MARCH, 1932.Council and Committees, 1931-3932.-The names of the Officers and Members of Council and of the Censors who were elected at the Annual General Meeting, on 1st March, are given on pages 79-80. At the first meeting of the new Council, held on 11th March, the Standing and Special Committees and their Chairmen for the ensuing year were appointed (see pages 80-81). Federal Council for Chemistry.-The Council of the Institute has received the Report (for the year 1931)of the Federal Council for Chemistry, the objects of which have now been defined as follows:- To foster and advance the scientific interests of chemistry in all its branches and to that end (I) to represent the views of British chemists both nationally and internationally; (2) to co-operate with those bodies in Great Britain and the British Empire representing the science of chemistry and to co-ordinate their scientific activity; (3) to enter into scientific relations, and to co-operate with similar bodies in other countries, and, in particular, to act as the representative of the British associations of Chemistry in the International Union of Chemistry.The Report also deals with the work of the Federal Council in connection with the raising of funds for the Faraday Cen- tenary Celebrations and Exhibitions, the Chemical Section of the latter having been organised under a Committee of the Federal Council. The Federal Council has been interested in the question of British Chemical Standards, in the formation of the Chemical Division of the British Standards Institution, and also in the question of abstracting and indexing chemical literature. Professor Arthur Smithells, Vice-president, has kindly consented to continue as the representative of the Institute on the Federal Council for the present year.106 Mrs. Meldola’s Bequest.-The following gifts have been received from the trustees of the late Mrs. Meldola, in accordance with her bequest to the Institute under her Will:- MINIATURE OF RAPHAELMELDOLA,by Lionel Heath. MEDALS. The Royal Society: The Davy Medal. (Gold and Replica, by A. €3. Joyafter N. MacPhail.) 1913. The (Royal) Society of Arts: For his Paper on “The Scientific Development of the Coal Tar Colour Industry.” (Silver by Wyon.) Session 1885-1886.For his Paper on “The Synthesis of Indigo. ” (Silverby Fuchs.) Session 1900-1901. Soci6t6 Chimique de France: Medal of Honorary Membership, Head of Lavoisier. (Silver by Caqu6.) 1911. Turin-Esposizione Internazionale Delle Industrie e del Lavoro : “For Scientific Publications. ” (Bronze by Johnson, Milan.) 191 1. COMMEMORATIONMEDALS. Amedeo Avogadro: Centenary of the Molecular Theory. (Bronze by G.Tua and C. Fait.) 1911. August Bernthsen : Badischen Anilin- und Soda-Fabrik, Ludwigshafen. (Bronze by A. Hartig.) 25th Anniversary. Exposition Universelle Internationale de Paris. (Bronze, silver plated.) 1900. Albin Haller. Professor of Organic Chemistry at the Sorbonne. (Silverby R6n6 Baudichon.) 1910. Guilelmo Koerner : Congratulatory Medal to celebrate the completion of 40 years’ teaching at Milan.(Bronze by Johnson, Milan.) 1910. aeorg Lunge: 70th Birthday Celebration. (Bronze by Hans Frei.) 1909. Henri Moissan: Souvenir Plaque to celebrate the 20th Anniversary of his isolation of Fluorine. (Bronze by J. C. Chaplain.) 1906. Soci6t6 Chimique de France: Jubilee Celebration, Head of Lavoisier by P. Tasset. (Silver by Johnson, Milan.) 1907. Queen Victoria : 60th Anniversary Celebration Medal. (Silver by Wyon.)1897. PROFESSORMELDOLA’SOWN COPIES OF HIS WORKS. Earthquake, Report on the East Anglian, of 22nd April, 1884. RaphaelMeldola and William White. Essex Field Club. Special Memoirs, Vol. I. (London: Macmillan & Co., and Essex Field Club, Buckhurst Hill.) 1885.Photography, The Chemistry of. Raphael Meldola. Nature Series. (London: Macmillan & Co.) Reprinted 1891. Coal and What we get from it. Raphael Meldola. Romance of Science Series. (London: Society for Promoting Christian Knowledge.) 1905. Inorganic Chemistry : The Non-Metallic Elements. Raphael Meldola. (London: Thomas Murby.) 1873. Inorganic Chemistry : The Non-Metallic Elements and Metallic EEementa ; with a Section on Inorganic Analysis. Raphael Meldola. (London:Thomas Murby.) 1874. 107 Chemical Synthesk of Vital Products (The), and Inter-Relutiona between Organic Compounds. Raphael Meldola. Vol. I, Hydrocarbons, Alcohols and Phenols, Aldehydes, Ketones, Carbohydrates and Glucosides, Sulphur and Cyanogen Compounds, Camphor and Terpenes, Colouring Matters of the Flavone Group. (London: Edward Arnold.) 1904.(Only one volume was published.) Papers, including presidential addresses delivered before the Chemical Society, the Society of Chemical Industry, and the Institute of Chemistry, the Essex Field Club, the Entomological Society of London, the Chemical Section of the British Association for the Advancement of Science, and the Society of Dyers and Colourists, and various papers contributed to scientific and educational bodies. Also, in accordance with Mrs. Meldola’s written request :-A BRONZE BUST OF RAPHAELMELDOLA,by Waters, mounted on polished graniOe plinth, and Sheraton pedestal. The Council accepted the bequest and gift with an expression of its sincere appreciation of Mrs.Meldola’s kind thought for the Institute. Institutions.-The Council has added the Portsmouth Technical College to the list of institutions recognised for the training of candidates for admission to the Associateship of the Institute. 108 Local Sections. Aberdeen and North of Scotland.-A meeting of the Section was held in Marischal College, Aberdeen, on 19th February, when Mr. John Caldwell delivered a paper on the subject of ('Our Weather.'' Dr. Tocher, Chairman of the Section, presided. In introducing the main topic of his address-atmospheric depressions-Mr. Caldwell discussed the general characteristics of the average distribution of atmospheric pressure.Observa-tions showed that as a general rule a belt of low pressure lay along the equator, the region of the doldrums, characterised by cloudy skies, sultry weather, and severe rain-storms, while between 30" North and 40" North and between 30" South and 40° South there were belts of high pressure and, further North and South, belts of low pressure. The North-Easterly and South-Easterly trade winds flowed from these belts of high pressure towards the equator, and the areas were characterised by non-periodic phenomena of cyclones and anti-cyclones. The whole system of belts was subject to a seasonal shift, and it would be seen that the British Isles were situated in a belt of low pressure and our weather was characterised by a more or less continuous succession of atmospheric depressions, separated by intervals of relatively high pressure.In an area of low atmospheric pressure-a depression-the tendency was for air to flow in from the surrounding region of high pressure, and for the depression to be filled up. The direction of inflow of air to a depression was influenced, however, by the earth's rotation, and the result was that in the Northern hemis- phere the premier tendency in the filling up of a depression was for air to circulate round the centre of lowest pressure in a counter-clockwise direction. The circulation of air round a depression was in a clockwise direction in the Southern hemis- phere, and it followed that the direction of circulation of air round a centre of high pressure would be the reverse in both cases.109 Wind force, as well as its direction, might be determined from a knowledge of pressure distribution over an area. On a chart where the isobars-lines of equal barometric pressure- were close together, the wind was strong, while light winds were experienced where the isobars were wide apart. Also, the isobars afforded an indication as to the direction of the wind, and areas of depression appeared on a chart as a series of closed isobars approximately oval or circular in shape. By the aid of charts, the lecturer illustrated the sequence of weather conditions that would prevail when a depression passed over a certain point, but the sequence was dependent on the position of that point relative to the path of the centre of the depression.Generally speaking, depressions moved from the south-west to the north-east, but no path, however tortuous, was impossible as the path of the centre of a cyclonic depression. If the changes in barometric pressure at various points were recorded, it might be generally assumed that the depression would move in the direction of greatest barometric fall, but though this rule was not infallible, it was useful in forecasting. Depressions varied in size from 1000miles across to 10 miles or even less-e.g. tornadoes and typhoons were small diameter depressions-and they advanced at variable speeds, though in the British Isles a speed of 20 to 30 miles an hour was usual. In conclusion, Mr.Caldwell made reference to anticyclones and to the polar front theory of Bjerknes, developed in Norway during the war. On the motion of Professor Hendrick the lecturer was cordially thanked for his interesting and topical address. Belfast and District.-At a meeting of the Section, held on 18th February, at the Royal Belfast Academical Institution, Mr. D. A. Derrett-Smith read a paper on “The Fading of Dyed Textiles.” Mr. Derrett-Smith described a method of measuring the colour of dyed textiles, by means of a set of colour filters covering the visible spectrum, in conjunction with the Pulfrich Photo- meter. Having referred to the Ostwald conception of the colour of a coloured surface, in terms of black, white and “full” colour, he exhibited samples of dyed dress linens before and after fading, and discussed their colour curves in some detail.He described several interesting cases of abnormal fading behaviour 110 of mixtures of vat dyestuffs, such as is shown by mixtures of Caledon Jade Green with certain vat Yellows, wherein the green, normally fast when dyed alone, fades out comparatively quickly from the mixture. Finally, he dealt with the standards adopted by the German Fastness Commission for assessing the light fastness of vat dyestuffs. It was suggested as a possible improve- ment that a set of standards should be prepared for each of, say, six colours, covering the visible spectrum. By this means samples would be compared with those of approximately the same colour all through, whereas at present it may be necessary, for instance, to compare the difference between the exposed and unexposed portions of a yellow sample with that between the exposed and unexposed portions of a black or blue dyeing.The necessity was emphasised of keeping the practical aspect of the whole problem of fading well to the fore. Birmingham and Midlands .-At the Chamber of Commerce, Birmingham, on 26th January, 1932,a meeting of the Section was held for a discussion on “The Relation of the Works Chemist to other Members of the Staff.” Mr. A. W. Knapp, who opened the discussion, said that he proposed to deal with the subject by considering the actual process of manufacture, starting with the raw materials and following the process through to the finished article.The first point of interest was the relation of the chemist to the buyers. Where chemical substances were purchased, their properties were expressed by chemical, physical and bacteriological analysis, and the chemist was obviously in a position to advise the buyer. Moreover, in questions of suitablilty and purity of the materials, the chemist should have the power of veto where these did not reach the required standard. In many cases the chemist would be well advised to ascertain the exact uses to which the material was to be put, in order that desirable properties might be assured. Discussing the relation of the chemist to the works’ foreman or manager, Mr. Knapp said that the latter should be the chemist’s good colleague, but not his master or servant.At the works, the chemist should be responsible solely to the directors and to no one member of the staff. He alone understood his work, and he was, like a doctor or a lawyer, a responsible 111 person with specialised knowledge. He was often an inspector of the work of others, and so must be quite free; at the same time he must run what was essentially a service department. The chemist should be willing and anxious to help the works’ manager in any of his difficulties: co-operation with all members of the staff was essential. The consent or refusal to carry out work sent to the chemist by any member of the staff might involve the chemist in difficulties; tact on the part of the works chemist was of prime importance.The relations between the chemist and the engineer called next for discussion. If a firm wished to make the most use of its scientific staff, an adequate recognition of their responsibility was necessary. Many businesses started as an art or a craft and slowly developed into a science. Every chemist should meekly learn all he could from the old artists, craftsmen and experienced workers. As hand production passed to mass production, it became imperative that it should be scientific. This meant the strict obeying of rules by people without special knowledge; it implied that what was known of a process was not simply the result of feeling or taste, but that it had been reduced to hard facts-periods of treatment, temperature and exact details.The chemist was the best man in the works to make records of processes. The chemist and the engineer together could arrange for economic mass production, but, to maintain standards, continual oversight of production by the chemist was necessary. Processes needed careful recording, for there was a tendency in the factory for processes to change; and changes, though con- ceived in innocence, might result in deterioration of the product. The workmen seldom completely understood the processes, but they had an ability to find short cuts, not generally better ways, but easier. In Mr. Knapp’s view, the right man to control the men was the foreman; the right man to control the machinery was the engineer; but the man to control the process should be he who understood it best-generally, he hoped and believed, the chemist.Thus one part of the staff was responsible for the men, another for the machines, and the chemist for the processes. The responsibility for processes seemed very important, but there was some doubt whether chemists had succeeded in convincing directors of this. The chemist’s relation to the sales department constituted an important aspect of his work. By co-operation he could help 112 a great deal, as for example, in supplying information to cus- tomers on the correct use of the products. The chemist’s part in connection with advertising was also touched upon. In conclusion, Mr. Knapp said that it was the duty of chemists to make their department as popular as possible with the staff; he had not touched on some aspects of the subject, but he hoped that his remarks would stimulate others to contribute their views.Mr. George King emphasised the importance of the laboratory as a centre of the social life of the works. The chemist was in direct touch with the men, since processes worked out in the laboratory had ultimately to be reconsidered when put out for large scale operation on the works. As the chemist collected the data, he should be in control of processes until they were accepted as profitable undertakings. Referring to another point made by Mr. Knapp, Mr. King said that he thought no hard and fast rule could be laid down with reference to the execution of work submitted to the chemist by any member of the staff.The highest paid chemist frequently did very little chemistry; it was unwise for the chemist to confine his ambition solely to a purely chemical post in the works. A knowledge of cognate sciences such as biochemistry, physics, engineering, economics, etc., was desirable ;a chemist had a very good chance of graduating into other branches of the business, such as management or even accounting. Just as the chemist should have knowledge of departments other than his own, so directors and heads of departments might well acquire some knowledge of chemistry. The lack of such knowledge sometimes constituted a difficulty, and the chemist must learn to record results and present reports, couched in language intelligible to those with little knowledge of chemistry, and should be able to talk to workmen in language which was intelligible to them.In his relations with the engineer, a spirit of reciprocity was necessary; the chemist should design all chemical plant, the power plant being, of course, the engineer’s province. Unless the chemists’ department made itself popular it would not get that service which enabled the works to be run to the best advantage. Mr. D. W. Parkes said that he agreed with much that had been said with regard to the necessity for the chemist to know something of the work of all departments in the works. He deplored the fact that although the work of the chemist was 113 frequently fundamental to the success of the works, the credit often fell elsewhere.The absence of technical training in depart- mental heads did not permit of a proper appreciation of the inestimable value of a close alliance of science and industry. Mr. J. R. Johnson referred to the status of the chemist in the works; this depended very frequently on his own personality. Many instances could be cited where chemists were kept con-tinually in the laboratory without having access to responsible heads of departments, and were called in only when difficulties arose. The salary of the young chemist was often lower than that of other qualified members of the staff. This was, perhaps, partly due to the fact that he found so much interest in his work that he did not trouble much about finance. There was some danger that this enthusiasm might be exploited, and unfortu- nately a man’s status tended to be judged by his income.The young chemist should endeavour to keep in touch with his professional brethren; one of the simplest and best methods being regular attendance at chemists’ meetings. Mr. F. H. Alcock spoke of the improvement in the status of chemists during the last 35 years, and illustrated his remarks with anecdotes of the difficulties of chemists in past times. Dr. W. Wardlaw, the Chairman, discussed the part played by the universities in the early training of the chemist. They could not impart personality or works’ experience. They could, and did, give efficient scientific training, but some manufacturers made the mistake of expecting young graduates, on entering their business, to show at once results obtained only by practical works’ experience.Messrs. Hewis, Nicholls and others made contributions to the discussion, and the meeting then adjourned. The Midland Chemists’ Dinner-Dance,--organised jointly by the Society of Chemical Industry, the Institute, and the British Association of Chemists,-took place on 6th February, at the Midland Hotel, Birmingham, when Mr. W. A. S. Calder presided over a large gathering. Capt. J. Davidson Pratt, who proposed the toast of the “Midland Chemists,” stressed the importance of the work of the chemist, especially in view of the troublous times through which the country was passing.British Industry needed to be put again in the position of forty or fifty years ago, when it was able to supply goods which nobody else could make. The British chemist had a great part to play in 114 such a development. Chemists had the necessary qualities, but they seemed to lack one important thing: they had not, at present, sufficient influence in high industrial councils. He approved the spirit of co-operation amongst Midland Chemists, and would welcome a similar spirit in the parent organisations. In coupling with the toast the name of the Chairman, he referred to the courage with which Mr. Calder had faced illness and bereavement in recent anxious years, adding that, with his unfailing cheerfulness and ready sympathy, he was an example and an inspiration.Mr. Calder having acknowledged the toast proceeded then to make a presentation, on behalf of Midland Chemists] of a canteen of cutlery, to Mr. George King, whom he congratulated on his approaching marriage to Miss M. Jervis. (Mr. King was also the recipient of a silver salver presented on behalf of members of the Chemical Engineering Group.) Mr. King, in reply, warmly thanked the company. He dealt in some detail with the question of co-operation and unification of chemical societies] and expressed the opinion that the lead in this matter should come from the provinces. The remainder of the evening was devoted to dancing. Bristol and South-Western Counties.-The eleventh Annual Meeting of the Section was held on 16th March, in Bristol University,-Mr.Frank Southerden presiding. The Hon. Secretary’s report, showing that five well-attended meetings had been held during the past session, and the financial statement were received and adopted. The Auditors, Dr. H. F. Dean and Mr. A. E. Jones, were re- appointed, and the Committee was elected as follows: Messrs. Edward Russell, R. D. Littlefield, R. H. Ellis, Dr. E. Vanstone, Mr. E. Lewis and Dr. R. C. Menzies, the two last named filling the vacancies caused by the retirement, by rotation, of Professor W. E. Garner and Mr. Southerden. Votes of thanks were passed to the authorities of Bristol University for the use of rooms for the meetings, and to the retiring members of the Committee, together with an expression of sympathy with Professor Garner in his recent accident.The Chairman gave an address entitled ‘‘Through the Public Eye.” Mr. Southerden submitted that, although the public view of chemistry was rather a crude caricature of the real thing, yet 115 it showed a grasp of the essential feature, namely, that chemistry implied an endeavour, by means of experiment, to understand of what things were made, and how new things were produced. The image conjured up in the public mind by the word chemist was, however, confused and distorted. He traced the causes which had led and still tended to this confusion, and enumerated factors which were leading to clearer vision. With regard to professional chemists, more definite public guidance was desirable, and whilst deprecating any attempt to close the ranks of chemists by establishing a statutory register, or, in any way, seeking to appropriate for professional purposes the plain title chemist, Mr.Southerden expressed the opinion that it would be in the public interest to restrict professional chemical practice in certain spheres of work, where highly specialised knowledge and experience were essential. The introduction of the title Chartered Chemist properly applied would, in his opinion, be of great assistance to that end, by conveying a definite and correct idea to the public. A perusal of the Register of the Institute showed that what might be called ‘‘Chemists-in-fact” worked largely behind the scenes, hidden from the public view, and he suggested that it would be well for chemists more generally to take an active part in public work, to come out into the light of day in order that the profes- sion, and what it did, should become still better understood.Messrs. R. D. Littlefield and E. Russell and Drs. E. Vanstone and A. C. Monkhouse, having expressed their appreciation of the address, a vote of thanks was accorded to Mr. Southerden both for the address and for his admirable chairmanship of the Section during the past two sessions. Edinburgh and East of Scotland.-The fourth meeting of the session was held, jointly with the Edinburgh and Glasgow Sections of the Society of Chemical Industry, in the Pharmaceuti- cal Hall, 36, York Place, Edinburgh, on Friday, 29th January,- Dr.W. 0. Kermack in the Chair. Dr. A. E. Dunstan gave a lecture on (( Liquid Fuels-To-day and To-morrow.’’ Dr. Dunstan dealt, in general, with liquid fuels derived from coal, mineral oil, natural gas and cellulose materials, special emphasis being laid on the past discoveries of petroleum in Texas, California, Oklahoma, Iraq and Persia. He said that 116 there was no likelihood of shortage for many years to come, and referred to the great developments brought about by geophysical prospecting, whereby new possible oil-bearing formations were indicated, by deeper drilling to such depths as IO,OOO feet, by the recovery of natural gasoline from natural gas, by the enormous increase in motor spirit brought about by cracking heavy oil, by more economical methods of refining and by the more scientific utilisation of the various fractions.The production of liquid fuels from petroleum gases was described, including (i) the physical separation of propane, butane, pentane and higher hydrocarbons, and their utilisation as “bottled gas,” and “motor spirit,” (ii) the thermal treatment of natural gas or the cracking of oil at higher temperatures to produce benzol and other aromatic hydrocarbons; and (iii), the milder cracking of light paraffins into olefines and the latter at moderate temperature and high pressure into polymers of very high anti-knock value. He referred to the carbonisation of retortable materials, both at high and low temperatures, and gave special attention to the possibilities of hydrogenation as applied to tars, coal and mineral oil residues.The treatment of water-gas for the production of liquid fuel and the development of fuels for internal combustion engines from cellulosic and fatty materials were shown to be possibilities for the future. The meeting closed with a vote of thanks to the lecturer, proposed by Prof. T. Slater Price. The Annual General Meeting of the Section was held in the Pharmaceutical Hall, 36, York Place, Edinburgh, on 19th February,-Mr. W. R. Guy in the Chair. The Secretary read his report for session 1931-32 and the financial statement for 1930-31, which were approved. The following members were elected to the Committee- Major R.Bruce, Messrs. J. B. Hunter, W. B. Mitchell and J. B, Westwood, while Mr. J. W. Romanes, hon. auditor, and Mr, Walter Smith, hon. secretary, were re-elected to these offices respectively. A vote of thanks was passed to the retiring members of com-mittee, Messrs. L. Fletcher, J. Sandilands, A. Scott Dodd, and J. A. Watson. 117 Following the annual general meeting, Dr. R. Fraser Thomson, of Scottish Dyes, Ltd., gave a lecture on *( Complex Ring Structures in Dyestuffs Chemistry.” Starting with the hydrocarbons pyrene and perylene, the lecturer showed how the Friedel-Craft reaction could be used to derive benzoyl derivatives which, on ring closure with aluminium chloride, gave dyestuffs of importance, such as pyranthrone and the dibenzopyrene-quinones from pyrene and dibenzanthrone and isodibenzanthrones from perylene. The properties of the Bz’ Bzd-dialkoxy-dibenzanthrones were described, and the difference between these and the closed chain ethers was explained.Several of the most remarkable points were mentioned,-the ethylene ether differed by only two hydrogen atoms in a molecular weight of over 500 from the dimethoxy derivative, and yet the properties were entirely different, the one dyeing greenish-blue and the other brilliant green. Pyranthrone and flavanthrone differed profoundly, in that two carbon atoms in pyranthrone were substituted by two nitrogen atoms in flavanthrone, and yet the colour of .the two molecules was fairly similar and the dyeing properties much the same.An interesting discussion followed, in which Drs. Harris, W. 0. Kermack, W. McCartney and Messrs. S. H. Hastie and J. J. Crombie took part. Having dealt with the points raised in the discussion, the lecturer was accorded a vote of thanks for a very interesting paper. Glasgow and West of Scotland.-On 12th February, at the Royal Technical College, Prof. W. L. Bragg, F.R.S., gave an address before a joint meeting of all Glasgow chemical societies, arranged by the Local Section of the Institute. His subject was “The Significance of Valency, as elucidated by a Study of the Solid State.” Following some introductory remarks during which Prof. Bragg explained that he spoke as a physicist whose work had brought him into touch with chemistry, he said:- “The laws of valency govern the associations of atoms into chemical compounds, held together by the inter-atomic forces.Ultimately chemical forces and physical forces are the same, There is no difference between the nature of the force which 118 makes a piece of paper fly to a rubbed amber rod, and the force which holds together sodium and chlorine in rocksalt. “The link which holds carbon to oxygen enables a rope to bear a strain. When the forces are so localised that in the resulting fine-grained atomic association the relative number of atoms involved is expressed by integers, we talk of them as effecting ‘chemical combination.’ “Although more than one type of attractive force can exist in any compound, it is convenient to classify into types.The first is familiar as the force between electrified bodies. The compound consists of atoms, or groups of atoms, which are positively and negatively charged. A salt, composed of metal and acid radicles, is a simple example. In the second type of bond, there is a fusion of the atomic structures which inter- penetrate. A group of atoms is linked by its common electronic system as if it were a large complex atom with many nuclei. Such a linking is universal in organic compounds. The third type occurs in the metals, where electropositive atoms associate into a structure with peculiar properties. Each type of bond has its characteristic valency laws, whose only common feature is that they lead to whole-number ratios between the different kinds of atoms.“In speaking of these problems we must have some mental picture of the atoms. I wish to speak of the wave-pictures throughout. The difficulty of attaching a physical significance to the wave picture is great, but everything is to be gained by thinking in terms of it. The electronic cloud around the nucleus is represented by a wave function, conveniently though approxi- mately split up into separate wave functions equal in number to the electrons in the atom. The spatial distribution of these wave functions, or vibrations, can be calculated and a picture of them drawn. Definite rules tell us the energy of any particular group of wave functions.Any experiment we make to ‘see’ the atom gives a picture of the wave functions. What more can we ask of an atomic model? It is a tool which can be trusted, in the sense that the wave mechanics gives the correct answer to any question set it. “Three pictures* of wave function density, or electronic distri- bution, show the difference in the three classes of interatomic force. The first picture shows the density around sodium and chlorine atoms in a crystal of salt. It will be seen that the * The lecture was illustrated by lantern slides. 119 atomic systems scarcely interpenetrate. Their opposite electric charges cease to pull them closer together as the outer fringes of the atoms come in contact. The next shows the group S, in iron pyrites, where the S atoms are joined by a homopolar or electron-sharing bond.It will be seen how the structures interpenetrate considerably into one another. The last shows the wave functions definitely belonging to each atom in aluminium metal. They are far apart, the space between being occupied by the valency or conductivity electron common to the whole metal. “In the salt each system, whether charged atoms or acid radicle, keeps itself to itself. The whole would fly apart, like atoms of an inert gas, if the systems were not electrically charged. Since they are charged, they tend to pack together so that electro- static energy disappears to the greatest possible extent. “The ordinary rule of valency as applied to a salt, gives the relative numbers of atoms, and in effect states that total positive and negative charges are equal. The actual arrangement of the atoms revealed by X-rays, shows that the laws of valency are more rigid and exacting.It must be possible so to group the atoms that electric charges everywhere cancel out locally in the structure. When geometry forbids such an arrangement, the compound is very unstable or does not exist, although perfectly possible according to the older valency laws. “An interesting feature, unsuspected before the advent of X-ray analysis, is the wealth of forms assumed by acid radicles. They are not necessarily discrete groups of atoms. In calcium metaborate, CaB,04, for example, there is no BO, or B,O, radicle.There are instead endless linear radicles, chains of boron and oxygen ranging right through the solid, linked sideways by calcium. The silicates in which such complex bonds were first found are most striking. Fibrous silicates have endless linear radicles, while platy silicates, like the micas, have sheet or planar acid radicles which are continuous in both directions parallel to the cleavage surface. This necessitates a complete revision of the formulae of such compounds. “The homopolar bond, due to interpenetration of atomic structures, is extremely complicated mathematically, but inter- esting and successful attempts have been made recently to get approximate solutions in the case of complex molecules. A recent paper by Pauling is very fascinating and suggestive.In the approximation the strength of the bond depends upon the 120 overlapping of uncompleted wave functions belonging to each atom. The greater the overlap the larger is the release of potential energy. As in all vibrating systems, the wave functions or characteristic vibrations alter character when distortion of the atom takes place, the new vibrations approximating to linear combinations of the former ones if these are not too widely separated in frequency. Pauling examines which regroupings or linear combinations of the normal wave function lead to new wave functions which have the greatest concentration in certain directions. Such new functions will form with similar ones from other atoms homopolar bonds of great strength since the contri- butions from each atom overlap to the maximum extent.“The great merit of this approach is that it enables us to understand not only the strength but also the relative directions of the valency bonds. The grouping of s and p wave functions to form the tetrahedral bonds of the carbon atom is one of the many examples of its success. “In alloys of metals we have thermal and other evidence of the existence of intermetallic compounds. What is their nature? To what extent are they precise as are other chemical compounds? Perhaps one example which I may describe in a little detail, will illustrate the nature of these compounds. The example is the series of alloys formed when aluminium is added to iron, up to 50 per cent.in atomic ratio. The metals form an unbroken series of alloys, homogeneous at every composition. If we study the system carefully, as has been done recently by Bradley, we find that careful annealing segregates the aluminium atoms into certain preferred positions in the iron lattice. At compositions Fe,A1 and FeAl it is possible to coax the atoms into perfect patterns, where A1 and Fe have definite positions in relation to each other. But quenching destroys the pattern. The intermetallic compound is a most delicate affair, its existence as compared to a random mixture of iron and aluminium is determined by a very small energy difference. This is an extreme case, for other intermetallic compounds are much more hardy.It shows, however, the essentially different nature of the intermetallic compound due to the absence of directed bonds or oppositely charged atoms. All atoms in the alloy are electri- cdly positive, and can to a large extent replace each other. Valency laws in this case are largelygeometrical in their character, and depend on the packing of the atoms together.” 121 A meeting of the Section was held on 26th February in the Ca’doro Restaurant, Glasgow,-Mr. H. Findlay in the chair. Before opening a discussion on *‘The Southern Drift of Industry ” and how it affects the chemist, the Chairman presented the Frankland Medal and Prize for 1931,which had been won by Mr. Geoffrey Dale Muir. To stimulate the discussion the committee had invited the following speakers to give their views on the subject: Mr.MacMillan, of the Scottish Development Board, Mr. T. Ramsay, of the Chamber of Commerce, and Mr. Balderstone, of the National Party of Scotland. Each of the three speakers dealt with the subject from his own particular viewpoint and a general discussion ensued, during which the chemical aspects were freely considered. Dr. Gordon suggested that copies of “Chemists and Divi- dends ” and the “Chemist and Commerce ” should be forwarded to the National Development Board for Scotland. This was agreed to. It was pointed out that the main reason for a meeting of this kind was to draw attention to the advantages that could be derived by a body such as the National Development Board co-operating with professional chemists, and that no industrial development board should be without the services of at least one chemist.Huddersfie1d.-A meeting of the Section was held on 9th February, in Field’s Cafk, when a lecture was given by Dr. A. E. Dunstan on Liquid Fuels.” It is understood that this lecture will be published in due course. (See Edinburgh and East of Scotland, p. 115.) In the discussion which followed, Dr. Dunstan referred to the technical achievement of Imperial Chemical Industries on hydrogenation. Before the lecture a cinematograph film was shown illus-trating the boring for crude oil and the various refining stages. Messrs. W. C. Holmes, Ltd. Engineers, Huddersfield, kindly lent their cinematograph projector for the occasion.122 The twelfth Annual General Meeting of the Section was held in Field’s Caf4 on 15th March, when Mr. H. W. Moss presided over a good attendance. The reports of the Hon. Treasurer and Hon. Secretary were approved. The resignation of the Hon. Secretary, Dr. H. W. Stephen, was accepted with regret, the Chairman and Dr. A. E. Everest referring appreciatively to the work he had done during the past three years. Dr. R. J. Connor was appointed Hon. Secretary, and Dr. H. H. Goldthorpe and Dr. Stephen were elected to the two vacancies on the Committee. On the motion of Mr. C. E. Randolf, a vote of thanks was accorded to the retiring members of Committee, Dr. H. H. Hodgson and Mr. W. D. Scouller. After the business meeting, an address was given by Professor T.P. Hilditch on Some Complicating Factors in Industrial Catalysis.” Professor Hilditch said that catalytic processes afforded particularly good instances of the factors, other than chemical, which were involved in problems connected with modern chemical industry, and emphasised the importance of chemists being prepared to share in the responsibility for these factors, as well as merely being responsible for dealing with the purely chemical problems concerned. It was urgent, in the words of the 1931 Report of the Advisory Council of the Department of Scientific and Industrial Research, that the scientific outlook should be represented “not only among the subordinate staff, but in the high places,” and that would not become the general rule until chemists interested themselves actively by study and mutual interchange of views in the economics, as well as in the chemistry, of manufactured chemicals.As a result of the development of some recent catalytic methods, certain facts were obvious, and it appeared that chemists had not been unduly conspicuous by their representation on the higher commands of the industries concerned. In the first place, a modern catalytic process almost always demanded heavy capital expenditure, and could therefore only be undertaken by a corporation of some magnitude or by a government or municipal undertaking. Secondly, the possible effect of a successful process of the kind had been shown to be far-reaching, and might have repercussions of an unfortunate character on numerous 123 individuals in so-called lower walks of life.For instance, the synthetic acetic acid and acetone industry, followed by synthetic methyl alcohol, had entirely upset the old wood-distillation industry. In the third place, either the tremendous capacity of modern catalytic plants had been underrated, or competition had run mad, and the installations for such manufactures as ammonia, nitric acid, hardened fats, acetone and other com- modities available throughout the world, were far in excess of likely demands in the near future. Finally, the catalytic processes required far less labour than the older processes, so that less employment was available.The combined effect of these various factors might therefore become very serious and continue to add to the difficulties from which industry was suffering. It seemed, therefore, that it was by no means sufficient to invent a process or introduce improvements; it was someone’s business to see that scientific advances were utilised for the general good. Perhaps it appeared rather far-fetched to suppose that the work of the scientist was in danger of being thus mis- understood, but the lecturer quoted several extracts from the Press touching on some of the new catalytic processes, and these illustrated clearly how applied science was misapplied. Progress must continue, and, so far as discovery and invention were con-cerned, it would fortunately be impossible to stop progress. But, if by unintelligent use of applied science, the progress of human welfare and comfort seemed to be impeded, there was a grave danger that science would acquire a bad name with the world at large, and the progress of discovery and invention would be impeded.Neither squalor and dirt nor unemployment and distress should be the result of scientific progress. It was easier to point to these things than to show the way out; it was easy also to allocate responsibility to some extent. In the lecturer’s opinion, the fault was twofold; first, that those who had con- trolled the application of scientific discoveries had not had the requisite foresight and imagination to comprehend whither they were going and what manner of power they were utilising; and second, that those in control had too often not looked far beyond their own personal interest.Professor Hilditch proceeded to illustrate his argument by a discussion of the volatile organic solvents and related com-pounds, which were formerly derived exclusively from the by- products of the distillation of wood, but which are at the present 124 time produced in very large quantities from acetylene, alcohol, water-gas or starch, by a large variety of catalytic methods, including fermentation. Amazing fluctuations in prosperity and policy of these industries had occurred during the past twenty years, owing to the operation of factors which, for the most part, had no direct connection with the chemical processes themselves, and these emphasised the necessity for chemists occupying themselves with matters beyond the actual chemical and technical problems of a business.In conclusion ,Professor Hilditch reminded his audience that a chemist’s primary function was to be thoroughly efficient as a chemist, and that his chief satisfaction and enjoyment should lie in the capable execution of his work. But he urged that his chief duty, after due attention to his efficiency as a chemist, was to arm himself by studying economic and similar problems, to play his part ably in the larger questions, and to exert his in- fluence as opportunity afforded in the wider spheres connected with the application of chemistry to industry.Leeds Area.-A meeting of the Section was held, on zznd February, in the Chemistry Lecture Theatre of the University, Leeds, when Professor F. Challenger gave an address on ‘‘Recent Applications of Microbiological Processes in Pure and Applied Chemistry.” He referred to Wehmer’s discovery, about 1890, that consider- able amounts of citric acid were produced when moulds of various types were grown on solutions of glucose or sucrose. The produc- tion of a branched-chain compound in this process was of consider- able theoretical interest , and the following hypotheses, which had been suggested to explain such a change, were discussed: (I) conversion of the sugar into acetaldehyde and thence, by condensation and oxidation, into citric acid ; (2) cyclisation of glucose, formation of a hydroxydiketocyclopentylcarbinol,and subsequent oxidation ;(3)successive transformation of sugar into parasaccharinic and citric acids; (4) the production of citric acid by a “benzilic acid transformation ” of Pydiketoadipic acid; (5) condensation of acetic and oxaloacetic acids, the latter arising from malic acid.In connexion with the last-named hypothesis, reference was made to the production of fumaric acid from carbohydrates by the moulds Rkixopus aigricans, Aspergillus fumaricus and 125 javanicus, and its reversible conversion into I-malic acid by A. niger, and also to the formation of citric from gluconic acid by A. fumaricus or niger. The significance of oxalacetic or malic acid and acetic acid in the mycological production of citric acid as indicated by the work of Chrzaszcz, was interesting in view of a suggestion made by Raistrick and Clark, in 1919,that the biological synthesis of citric acid occurred in a similar manner.In this connexion, reference was made to the comprehensive investigations of Raistrick and his collaborators on mould metabolism carried out since 1922. Professor Challenger directed attention to the sensitivity of the moulds to slight changes in experimental conditions, and to the interesting observation that in some cases, for example, after much sub-culturing, the usual product was, for some unknown reason, not produced. Other interesting processes discussed were : the production of citric acid from peptone by Penicillium citreo-nigrum and from fruit pulp, gums, wood dextrins, sugars, etc., by enzymes present in the pith of citrus fruits; the formation of tartaric acid from glucose by the enzymes present in aqueous extracts of dormant rye-embryos in presence of hydrogen peroxide ;the conversion of wood into oxalic acid by Coniophora cerebella; the transformation of calcium acetate into succinic and fumaric acids by Rhizopus nigricans. Many of these processes are patented.The formation of succinic, fumaric, and malic acids from sugars by the above moulds is closely paralleled by enzymic changes occurring in the animal body. In America large quantities of gluconic acid, unaccompanied by any other acid, were now produced by the oxidation of glucose through the agency of an organism of the Penicillium Zuteum Ipurpurogenum group.Reference was made to the soil bacteria possessing the remarkable property of utilising as the sole source of carbon, compounds usually regarded as powerful antiseptics, namely, phenol, cresols, naphthalene, and phenanthrene. Phthalic and salicylic acids were probable intermediate breakdown pro-ducts of naphthalene and phenanthrene, respectively. Other soil bacteria, capable of dehydrogenating saturated paraffin hydro- carbons to unsaturated hydrocarbons, were mentioned. After an interesting discussion, in which members of the Physiology Department of the University took part, the meeting concluded with a vote of thanks to the lecturer, proposed by Dr.H. W. Bywaters, seconded by Mr. C. H. Manley. 126 Members of the Leeds Area Section of the Institute were invited to hear an address given under the auspices of the Yorkshire Section of the Society of Chemical Industry on the zrst March, at the Hotel Metropole, Leeds, by Dr. C. J. Smithells, of the Research Staff of the General Electric Company, Wembley, on ‘‘ Photoelectric Cells and their Industrial Applications.” London and South-Eastern Counties .-A further report has been received of the lecture given before the London Section on 20th January by Mr. James Whitehead, K.C. Mr. Whitehead said that he had given as his title “Chemistry and the Law,” but had since discovered that many lectures had been given before the Institute which might be embraced within such a title.He would therefore speak more particularly of the duties of Counsel in relation to the Courts, to expert witnesses, and to lay clients. Thus he hoped to dispel an erroneous idea which was quite generally prevalent and which was stated quite clearly in Westaway’s book on Sciertti$c Method :-“If a barrister has a bad case, does he not set himself deliberately to deceive the jury? does he not use every device known to Rhetoric to appeal to the emotions and to obscure the facts? does he not try to injure the character of his opponent’s witnesses? He is not paid to establish the truth, but to win his case, and, if he does this, no matter how un- scrupulous his methods, few willthink any the worse of him.” This statement was widely divorced from fact.Counsel was, of course, employed as advocate for one party or the other, but it was his duty to assist the Court in arriving at the truth, and any barrister who told a lie in Court or in any way deliberately deceived the Court would very quickly find himself punished by his professional organisation. One of the reasons why Counsel did not see witnesses as to fact before a case was that they did not wish to be acquainted with damaging facts which it would be their duty to bring before the Court. It was the duty of Counsel for the opposing side to apprise the Court of such damaging facts. Another matter, not perhaps generally realised, conduced to the proper conduct of a case.It made no difference whatsoever to Counsel’s remuneration whether he won or lost his case. It 127 was absolutely contrary to the etiquette of the bar for CounseI to accept a different fee if he won a case from that which he would accept if he lost. Westaway’s statement implied, moreover, that the greater part of Counsel’s duty consisted in speech-making, but in fact he spent only a comparatively small part of his life thus. Quite apart from the amount of time spent in chambers in advising his clients, even in Court most of the time was occupied in examining, cross-examining and re-examining witnesses with the object of eliciting the truth. Many of those present were expert witnesses or potential expert witnesses, and he was glad of the opportunity of emphasis- ing to them the importance of stating to their solicitors all the relevant details of the evidence they proposed to give.In particular he would stress the necessity for clarity of definition in terms and phrases used in reports. A particular sentence might be perfectly clear to the writer, but might bear a different interpretation to an outsider, and might result in considerable argument. By attention to such points they would assist in securing that proper co-ordination of the functions of Counsel and witnesses which was essential for the expeditious conduct of litigation. In the conduct of a case Counsel were not infrequently faced with surprises, either pleasant or unpleasant. Some years ago it had been his duty to prove a prior user of a patent for the manufacture of a particular high speed alloy, and he had been instructed that this alloy had been made and sold commercially, but that the workman who would give evidence would not know what were the materials of which the steel was made.He expected, therefore, that he would have the somewhat difficult task of persuading the Judge after this evidence that the method of the patent had been publicly used (although he would not be able to prove that anybody knew what, in fact, were the con- stituents of the steel), because any analyst who was so minded could easily ascertain for himself what those constituents were. Facing up to this situation fairly, and preparing to show the Judge this weak point in his armour, he therefore said to the witness : “I suppose you did not know what was the nature of the ingredients you were putting into this steel.” “Oh, yes, I did, Sir, it was (so and so),” said the witness to the delight of Counsel, and all the efforts of cross-examining Counsel to shake this 128 witness merely confirmed this vital evidence more strongly.In another case it transpired during the evidence that the presence of small quantities of iron as a catalyst was essential for the production of the dyestuff which was the subject of the patent. This evidence was a complete surprise to Counsel seeking to uphold the patent. Mr. Whitehead gave several other examples of cases, the conduct and even the result of which would have been consider- ably altered, if material evidence of which information came to Counsel at a late stage (and in some cases too late) had been available at the proper time.He urged potential witnesses to disclose everything they knew to the instructing solicitors. Things which might not seem at the time relevant to the witness might appear in quite a different light to their legal advisers, and the case they were seeking to support was not infrequently put in hazard by the well-intentioned but misguided withholding of information. In conclusion, Mr. Whitehead dealt with the criticism some- times levelled against the bar and the judiciary that they were not properly equipped scientifically for advocacy or judicial decision of scientific matters.They need only remember the case under the Safeguarding of Industries Act dealing with calcium carbide. One set of highly qualified chemists gave their opinion on oath that calcium carbide was a synthetic organic chemical and other equally qualified chemists said that it was not. Surely, if the referee had been a chemist he would have started with a conviction one way or the other. It was better that he should have no pre-formed views and have his views crystallised by the evidence and by the advocacy of Counsel. Counsel engaged in technical cases, and in particular with patent litigation, were, however, highly quali-fed scientific men as well as good lawyers. Those engaged at the patent bar included chemists, physicists and engineers, graduates of English and continental universities (many with doctorates), who were well equipped to understand the intricacies of scientific matters and explain them to the Court.In the unavoidable absence of Dr. L. H. Lampitt (Chairman), Professor J. C. Drummond presided at a meeting of the Section, held in the Hall of the Institute, on 17th February, when 129 Professor H. E. Armstrong, F.R.S., gave an address-here re-produced verbatim-entitled 6‘ Shifting Sands” Allegory, Analogy, Medley. Silicon and Carbon form the frame work of the world. Our crusted globe is said to have in its sedimentary layer perhaps 60 per cent. of silica, the substance of sand,which youmay remember the Walrussupposed “no seven maids, with seven mops, sweepingit for half a year,” could clear even from the shore along which he and the historic Carpenter were walking on their way to their Colchester feast.I say “historic Carpenter,” because he is the man to whom Huxley alludes, in his lecture On a Piece of Chalk (Collected Essays, Vol. VIII), in saying :-“I weigh my words well when I assert, that the man who should know the true history of the bit of chalk which every carpenter carries about in his breeches-pocket, though ignorant of all other history, is likely, if he will think his knowledge out to its ultimate results, to have a truer and therefore a better conception of this wonderful universe and of man’s relation to it than the most learned student who is deep-read in the records of humanity and ignorant of those of Nature.’’ This passage will surely some day rank as “inspired.” Has any one of you made the least attempt to live up to Chalk? How many have wondered at its beauty-at the history stored up in its perfected whiteness? Huxley’s advice, given in 1868, remains disregarded by the schools up to the present day: probably, there are few in which this essay is read.Chemists once worshipped sand in the bath, It has honour- ably scarred the Sphinx: sand-blasting, in fact, is an age-long natural industry. Strange to say, sand no longer keeps company with lime: mortar seems to be of the past. Watching building operations, you rarely witness the miracle of a heap of lime, within a circle of sand, made to smoke by throwing water over it; instead, you see dirty gray stuff tipped out, maybe from a paper bag, upon a heap of sand, the two with due deliberation mixed together and made into a sludge with water.One of the most useful lessons in chemistry, one that could be given in public almost everywhere, is now all but lost to us. We are told that the police have difficulty to-day in detecting criminals, because they are not allowed to put personal questions to suspected persons, 130 So it is in chemistry; as we walk abroad, suspicions are no longer aroused as they were. When lime is seen, when wetted, to grow hot and smoke, it is pretty clear that it is something else than limestone-a clue is given; if thoughtfully followed up, this easily leads to the discovery of the nature of the crime wrought upon chalk when it is burnt.Unfortunately, Edgar Wallace allowed the motif to escape from his pen-what criminal purpose might he not have put into it. Cement seems to be soulless: all it can do when it is wetted is to subside back into stone without a squeak of any kind. No one thinks of connecting up the slak- ing of lime with the setting of cement, yet maybe in the two operations there is much of a muchness. Roll this poser up in paper, some of you: smoke it as a cigarette. Silica-sand-is begotten of Silicon. The change from one to the other word is small in spelling, yet infinite in meaning. An opportunity, this, to reflect how much more wonderful are words even than chemistry. The art men have developed of expressing themselves is beyond the miraculous. Chemists, I am afraid, are yet far from mindful of the art: they have an astounding way of misusing words and of being misled by them, simply because they are rarely trained to think out their meaning.To be exact in word is to go far towards exactness generally. Philology is the best introduction into chemistry. I say this from personal experience. The reflection leads me to call your attention to a paragraph in Sir A. Quiller Couch’s Fijty Years article in The Times last week:- (( GOODWRITING.’’ “Something solid I do retain of my recollection: that we were all in those early nineties fiercely intent on ‘good writing’ as certain schools of painters from time to time have been intent on ‘good painting.’ I am no praiser of past times: my business, indeed, has come to consist mainly in under- standing my juniors.One thing, however, I shall maintain- that we took trouble with our language. And another thing I shall yet maintain-that to strip the personal out of a poem or a story, to write it down economically and present it objectively, so that it tells itself, is the real gymnastic of any writer’s art.” Silicon is younger brother, next of kin, to carbon in the family of elements-but how different. Biting into oxygen, the one 131 is lifted to the skies, the other becomes the dust at our feet, Our crops feed upon the one product; cereals are held upright by the other: it is doubtful if Silica have any vital function other than that of stiffening stalks, unless it be in some degree con- cerned in the laying dom of starch in the grain.In the crystal state, silica takes rank as a Regal Gem and as a Rotarian in the Polariscope, which seems likely to last longer than Royalty. In the disperse phase, by a series of chain reactions beyond the thermodynamic gyrations even of the Oxford school-in the vulgar tongue, as sand-Sven Hedin has shown us, it has over-whelmed kingdoms and great stretches of land, especially in the East, are made barren by it; yet in these it is piled into forms of beauty as is no other material. As a carpet it is the golfer’s paradise but in banks it is bad for ships.You will realise that in thus speaking of the dispersity of sand, I am doing my best to placate colloid susceptibilities-that I even seek to recognise the lilt in the stilted jargon of the clan. Let me add there is no peroxide snag in silica. Bricks are now made without straw but few without silica. In perfection of feel, sand comes next to living flesh, though it can scarce be grasped. It flows almost as a liquid and so may be used in the hour glass and in hyperbole-we speak of the running-out of the sands of time. It is a substance that has been washed about the world from the beginning of the seas-from the days when water began to fall upon the primitive rocks and erode them. Then the granites fell to pieces and their crystalline contents were sorted out and distributed as two separate sediments-clay and sand, a part going into solution.The clay itself was but silica with certain frills upon it, frills which could be more or less easily torn away-of alumina, of iron, of lime, magnesia, soda, potash and so on. When carbon began its reign and took on the wings of life, certainly not in the sea, the solutions would have been too dilute, selective influences were brought into play. When life came into- the seas, silica and lime were taken out of solution and used as skeletal or protective materials. Two classes of organisms came into existence, typified by the Radiolaria and the Globerigerina. These lived at the surface; at death, they decayed and their remains sank to the ocean floor, eventually forming limestone.Here brute crystalline force and surface attraction came into play: owing to the great area exposed, the minute organisms were dissolved and their substance deposited upon the larger 132 surfaces of spicules from sponges: flints and chert were the consequence and the limestone became purified. Thus it came that the three types of stratified sedimentary rock were laid down that are found the world over-Sandstones, Claystones and Limestones. Everything else seems to have been intrusive. Here and there the triplicate sedimentary succession has been disturbed by the intrusion of heated matter from below the sedi- mentary layer: in this way, heavier elements have been lifted from obscurity, often in isolated localities.As these rocks have undergone subaerial decay, heavy metals have entered into solution, to be deposited here there and everywhere in mineral veins. Nothing has remained steady. Under the influence of pressure and heat, the materials in the deep seated rocks have been rearranged in equilibria determined by the conditions in which they have been placed, Gradually, the metamorphic changes are being deciphered and interpreted by the petro- graphers, and some day we shall have a fascinating picture of silica chemistry-worshipped thus far only in the undefined, money-clad, dull form of silica gel, though admired in opal and agate. Chemists have far too long delayed their attack on this field. Geology is an almost unknown subject in the schools.The petrographic microscope is handled only by the very few, yet it is a most fascinating instrument, of wonderful resolving power. Sermons generally are out of favour to-day; the most neglected are those in stones. Few realise the full force of Wordsworth’s words : “To the solid ground Of Nature trusts the mind that builds for aye.” Chemists need some spur to carry them beyond titrations, to carry them beyond intangible paper abstractions and to see the good in everything, so that they may advisedly turn to the books in the running brooks and in truth listen to the tongues in trees. Our neglect of agriculture and of true mineral chemistry is nothing short of a disgrace to our profession: we have no sense of the service we are most called upon to render to society; we are no longer learning sufficiently how to use our hands and, as to our wits, they are not even wool-gathering. The Institute must mend its examining ways and be practical.Let it ask for real knowledge of the world and its materials, a high degree of preparative skill, some power of using books of reference; above all, the ability to carry out an exact mineral 133 analysis, perhaps also an organic combustion. The rest should be done by us seniors: by the provision of text-books, both safe and sufficient. At an early date, we have to refashion our scheme of instruc- tion, casting out all unessential details, so that the majesty and meaning of the framework of our science may be fully revealed.The holy fire of enthusiasm which formerly burnt fiercely upon our altar now but smoulders under the rubbish piled upon it by academic triflers. We have to cast out the money-changers-to have a clear conception of our duty and of the greatness of our mission. What is the chemist anyway? Having command of the organic element, he is facile princeps the anthropologist. He alone can survey the world's resources with full understanding. He more than anyone can see how dangerously near our social system is to being foundered upon a quicksand. 'Overhanging the future, he sees the alarming spectral light of Phosphorus moving most dangerously towards extinction-the writing upon the clouds: Ohne Phosphor gar kein Leben! Clearly he is the most privileged person upon this earth, if he will only have it so.No one else can so fathom the inner mysteries of the cosmos and of life. These are fast being unfolded before us, as co-ordinated operations of a multitude of simple chemical factors. Let them say what they say-those who are seeking the occult ! We have sufficient occupation in reality and need be in no hurry to regard our account as closed. We know little enough of sand but far less of ourselves-what we are and ought to be. Only the few are worthy to be chemists: the majority probably cannot and never will be able to think chemically, however valuable they may be as artificers. Chemis-try is one of the fine arts-no inelastic, mathematical discipline.It is also probably the most difficult of all the sciences: because it is the most fundamental and comprehensive and because there is so much art in it. To be chemists, we must be every- thing; above all, alive to our essential ignorance of most things and the limitations under which, therefore, we must carry on our work. The neophysicists at the moment axe to the fore, but that is mainly for commercial reasons, because of wireless and the money in electricity. They are dangerous on two grounds-because they are mathematicians and because of their narrow mentality and great electronic conceit. It seems to be impossible for a 134 physicist to be a chemist-mathematics forbids; probably it will be left to the chemist to teach the old necessary physics he once did.The mathematician takes things for granted and the rest follows. The chemist should not take anything for granted: he may opine and seek to prove but never proclaim assent until he knows. This is why so much physical chemistry is outside chemistry. The chemist should seek to reckon himself a whole chemist and nothing short of one; to be able to take generally into account the properties of all the compounds of all the elements and to visualise many things which elude description. From this point of view, chemistry and physics are one science. Specialists are properly spoken of contemptuously as experts-no one can be so dangerous as the specialist. The state of our society gives living proof of this to-day.Experts are everywhere, but there is no connecting tissue of general intelligence: their work lies outside that of the ordinary world and is its great danger. The world is in the unhappy position we now deplore-simply because we have not learnt to think together; because we have allowed certain experts to go too fast ahead: nothing is done methodically. We are making no conscious effort to develop the full understanding of our affairs. Man is necessarily eminently selfish: the art of thinking for others has to be imposed upon him. Looked at from this point of view, our educational system is simply dishonest. The system we have built up is one calculated to promote selfishness and to give employment to a maximum number of people, all bent, through their inability to think, upon interfering with the natural process of learning-all bent on using their ignorance in misleading learners.What has element- ary education (since 1870) meant for the most part? A vast expenditure upon buildings designed by persons called architects, who have no conception what education means; a still larger expenditure upon bureaucratic red-tape administration of the funds; an almost complete failure to consider the nature of the task and of the qualifications required in the teacher. Men of words have ruled the roost and have asked only for words. In no other field has there been so perfect a display of the inability of ignorance to recognise its ignorance. You of the present generation can have no conception of the social change during the past 70 years, the period I can overlook.At the beginning of the period, affairs were in the hands of people of innate ability, who grew up through personal effort under 135 minimum interference from outside, especially from science. To-day, our main effort is to cultivate inability and to work through inability : suddenly, through war, we have discovered this cannot be done. Carlyle had already proclaimed this doctrine when I began my career. You willfind it all in Sartor Resartus and the Lectures on Heroes; in Ruskin also: so-called Science put the Victorian prophets aside. Science is now beginning to see that it must strive to bring them back or itself go under, far more quickly than it has risen into notoriety.We have too long worshipped the American god and American vulgarity: until we get rid of their pictures and have cleansed the world of the baneful influence these exert, there will be no health anywhere. We have equally to redeem our own Press and make it of avail as an instrument of culture. We must get back our moral sense. The rest will follow. As I write this, I receive from Dr. Nicholas Murray Butler, President of Columbia University, New York, an address on The International Mind,which he recently delivered before the Institute of Arts and Sciences of his University. In the opening paragraph he tells his hearers:- “If there is anything which this world of ours needs more than another just now, it is, first, wider horizons and second, deeper and more accurate thinking.” There is no thinking, no thinking in common, of any kind, let alone accurate thinking; if our thinking were accurate, it could not need to be more so.Our one great difficulty is to recognise our ignorance-that we cannot think with any approach to accuracy, if we think at all. None of us can face the terrible complexity of the problems the wide world presents to-day. Yet, as President Murray Butler contends, the nations are inextricably intermixed and interdependent. How can there be an International Mind? The opportunities of forming one are almost nil: the press is not open to thinkers, mainly to wasters. The members of this Institute know full well that there is not even a chemical mind in this country.If we saw our way to bring one about and did, we might then go further and seek for some wider international agreement. We can and must train ourselves for this wider work within our own body. Whether I go to a meeting of the Council of the Chemical Society or to one of the other Committees I waste time upon, the story is the same: blank inability to look facts in the face and 136 little desire to work together. Only in the City, away from science, do I find the wish on Committees to work together-to honest ends without consideration of self; any willingness to accept guidance from those who presumably know best. Their lights may be low and indeed are-but City men act up to their lights.Do we who pretend to be scientific? Our lights seem to me to be rushlights compared with the City wax candles. If we could mate the two, the product might well be a stupendous search-light of irrestible penetrating power. President Murray Butler can see the need of an International Mind, the need of accurate thinking-but makes no suggestion how this is to be brought about. He is not a teacher, neither is he an industrialist; he is a brilliant talker. If he understood the times, he would abolish credits from his University and seek to encourage the art of learning. No art of thinking is taught anywhere to-day. We need nothing short of an educational Paul, but a Paul without sophistry: one who will lead the nations to learn to think and to recognise how few of us can: therefore, to learn, if possible, to know who may be safe leaders and to trust only these.We have had sufficient evidence of unsafe, unscientific leadership in these past few days; of men coming together to do common work, yet revolting immediately an acquired doctrinal prejudice is threatened : because of their unscientific outlook, in other words, their innate inability to use available knowledge. No statesman to-day can deal with the problems of our time rationally who is not conversant with the history of industrial development and the coincident agricultural decadence of Europe and America. Few realise the extent towhich farming is goingout, as the result of mechanical spoliation of great areas; in Canada, Australia and South America, Empire Free Trade may be very desirable, but we must count the cost to our farmers; we cannot grow wheat against Canada and Australia.Australia has only the advantage of space; she has little soil worth speaking of and must, as a rule, pay in fertilisers for what she gains. Canada, however, is drawing upon a great natural fund of fertility-the question she must soon ask herself is to what extent she is justified in allowing over-production and exhaustion of her soil at the expense of future generations. The argument applies to all raw materials. Our own supplies are nearly exhausted. Everywhere, we have to curb the spirit of industrial competition : if we are not to play Old Harry with the World’s resources.This is all the more necessary now that we know that the African 137 continent is mostly exhausted land. New countries are only new to us: all have been grazed from time immemorial. Only the old and cultivated lands are fertile. Already, through ignorance, man has ruined large stretches of South Africa, probably beyond recovery even through afforestation. We must all force our- selves to think and to think together. Nowhere more than in Agriculture is there need of the Man! There has been no agricultural chemist since Liebig; no scientific leadership in agriculture since Liebig and Lawes ; no properly considered plan of action. What has been done is mere pottering compared with what has to be done. Only physical science seems to be organised-but then, it is so much easier than organic.I hope you are reading the FiftyYears articles in The Times. Nothing illustrates the advance made, particularly in engineering industry, so clearly as does that of our Navy-a Navy that has led the world, how entirely you may learn from Mahan. I have seen it all happen, as I can recall the old wooden sailing ships and the first of our ironclads, The Warrior, built in 1860. I saw The Warrior at Gibraltar in 1865, astern of the Marlborough, a great wooden three-decker. I was glad to see models of the two, in the same conjunction, in our Government Pavilion in the Antwerp Exhibition two years ago. During these 65 years, the social world has been recreated. Breech-loading cannon were only coming into existence; gun-powder was still in use but in big chunks for big guns.I remember Sir Frederick Abel’s demonstrations to the Chemical Society of the force of gun cotton, in its earliest days. I was in the great cordite case, soon after the introduction of smokeless powder. I have seen everything happen in electricity from the laying of the first successful Atlantic cable by the Great Eastern, the premature precursor of the modern Atlantic liner. You boys of the Institute have no idea what all this has meant-most of you take everything for granted. The last thing you do is to think how it has all been brought about and the consequences. These are eloquently painted in The Times article (February IIth), on The Navy under Steam, by Admiral Lord Wemyss.Discussing Naval Training, after sketching the rapid growth in ships and armaments, up to the end of last century, he goes on to say :-“The progress of naval education had not been propor- tionate. It was not until the year 1903 that a radical alteration 138 was brought about by a system of common entry for both the executive and the engineering branches, which, in spite of some modifications found necessary from experience, exists to-day and has had the salutary effect of bringing the control of all the elements of a man-o’-war into the same hands: an amalgama- tion of authority very beneficial to general efficiency. At the same time there was introduced a system of education on broader and more general lines than had hitherto existed, a change rendered feasible by a longer period of time spent in the training colleges.” The change was brought about by Admiral Sir John Fisher.He did a magnificent work, the consequences of which are with us to-day. One of his schools (at Osborne) has been closed; the other (at Dartmouth) remains, but is onlya shadow of its first self. I made a point of studying the schools in their early days. They marked a great advance, but the jealousy of the Public Schools prevented their development and extension. Hence it was that, in a letter to The Times, September 26th, 1919,in answer to one of mine deprecating his excessive advocacy of oil fuel, Lord Fisher began :-‘‘ Professor Armstrong I love, because in two concluding paragraphs he goes for the schoolmasters who have wrecked the original educational revolution effected by the establish- ment on Christmas Day, 1902, of the Naval College at Osborne.” It was a proud moment in my life, to be thus noticed by an Admiral and such an Admiral-one who could use words! I do hate the schoolmasters taken collectively ; individually many of them are delightful.They are alike in all countries-mere bookmen. Admiral Fisher was right. The schools must be made practical, in the sense that they must meet the needs of the world. Oxford is our bane; Cambridge runs but a neck short of her. Though devoted to words, corporately blind worshippers of the classics, neither knows the meaning of the word Scientz$c : neither has yet learnt that the world of to-day is a new world, in virtue of the introduction of the experimental method: neither can translate the word experiment into practice.The schools have not yet learnt to construe the term and to teach its application: being untrained, as they are, by their Universities, teachers can only give demonstrations or call on their pupils at times to verijy the statements made to them. They have no conscious understanding of the way in which the doctrine they preach has been established. As a body, the Science Masters in 139 our schools are sterile-if they had the mentality to experiment and any power of thinking for themselves, they could not fail to do much original work: the urge upon them would be irresistible, as it is in all upon whom a scientific afflatus has once descended.Lord Fisher made the Naval Schools suit the needs of the Navy. He made the Engineers-Gentlemen and the Gentlemen of the Quarterdeck-Engineers : a magnificent double qualifica- tion. We need in like manner to make our schools suit general needs. To this end, we must depose Oxford from all control over education-it can only be reformed out of its present existence. Then let us give all the Headmasters five years notice to quit: meanwhile, raise up a set of men to take their place, able to work on Fisher lines. We need to train them to be the equivalent of the engineer on the great ironclad-practical men, able to work the school ship. Further to quote Admiral Wemyss:- ‘‘ The gradual substitution of mechanical power for manual labour was productive of somewhat unlooked-for results.Formerly work involving the use of power had been carried out by parties of men under the supervision of officers or petty officers, who thus had frequent opportunities of exercising some of those qualities of leadership so necessary to efficiency and to the maintenance of discipline. Now that is all changed. Such work is frequently performed by single individuals, manipulat- ing a lever or a valve. These methods afford but little oppor- tunity for the exercise of initiative or judgment and have largely tended to change the independent-minded ‘ Jack Tar ’ of old into the somewhat automatic artilleryman of to-day.” Here we have a concise picture of the effect of mechanisation.Instead of noting the disability under which we labour and seeking to counteract the influence of machinery-and democracy-the schools but intensify it, by worshipping at the shrine of the examination fiend. The effect is not unlike that Admiral Wemyss attributes to ‘ wireless’ :-“Of all the changes imposed upon the Service by the advance of science that which has certainly produced the greatest effect is the introduction of wireless telegraphy. Highly valuable as it has proved itself to be, its use is not with- out an element of harm. Before its installation a ship on going to sea was, from the moment of her disappearance below the horizon, completely cut off from all communication with the 140 remainder of the world.She was ‘in being’ but, as an integral unit of the Fleet, an unknown and uncertain quantity. Thus segregated she was entirely dependent upon herself, and the responsibilities of her captain were necessarily heavier than ever they can be to-day, when he is in constant touch with those who have the power to control his actions and move- ments. Such a possibility of referring to others for decisions inevitably tends towards a decrease of initiative in those on whose shoulders responsibility would otherwise have f allen-a contingency which, as may be well imagined, may lead to much harm.” At a time when we are most in need of leaders we are doing our utmost to nullify the upgrowth of leadership.This is but what has happened in industry through rationalisation and the forma- tion of big combines. The Head is no longer master in his own school: he is at the command of irresponsible examining boards-Pecksniff s personi-fied-without special educational qualifications, only anxious to make money out of the wretched business. There is no room for originality; no room for experiment; not only is ability subject to over-pressure but often misdirected and covered in. The whole system is dishonest-as the leaders well know. There was open confession of this from Eton and Harrow and elsewhere, at the Christmas Headmasters’ Conference. Good fellows as they all are individually and socially, officially they are insufferable ; hopelessly incompetent, because their innate outlook is purely literary-j ust a survival from monastic times.Let us get back to our unholy selves. When are we chemists to set an example and cease from being a disunited rabble, lolling upon sandbanks of insecurity, carrying various sub-species labels, as if we were horticulturists’ varieties, dibbled out to attract unwary buyers? We should stand as a great forest, giving stability to the land wherever we grow. The call is for the man everywhere-he is not to be found, at least among chemists. The call is heard in all countries. Nowhere is it better voiced than in Lowell’s lines :-“More men! More Man! It’s there we fail: Weak plans grow weaker yet by lengthenin’; What use in addin’ to the tail When it’s the head’s in need oJ strengthenin’? ’I We are over-crowding our Higher Schools and Universities 141 with weaklings and ruining all by forcing them to compete for place. No one is allowed the leisure to grow up to his scientific stature.Scarcely any have developed hands. The little-enders are perpetually examining and holding back those who might perchance be big-enders. If there be potential Faradays, they are killed out in the process. We have to devise a system, as effective as that which has revolutionised the Navy, which will make Gentlemen Chemists and Chemists Gentlemen. The Navy selects its material-so must the University. All will first be obliged to take the general “Arts” course and gradually add to their qualification by attending special courses of instruc- tion at arranged intervals.When chemists are thus trained, they will recognise the need of working harmoniously together, instead of splitting up into inarticulate back-patting coteries. Meanwhile, we have to wave our flag of chemistry for all it is worth. I am persuaded that few have formed any conception of the social value of our science. Medical men have had the wisdom to organise in one body. We must follow this example. I see only one place for our future house-BwZiutgton House! If rebuilt, on modern lines, it could accommodate the Royal, Chemical, Geological and Linnean Societies-which properly belong together. It would in no way harm the Antiquarian and Astronomical Societies to be moved away, after the example of the Royal Geographical Society.would even rehouse the Painters. At present, Natural Science has no sufficient foundation and an entirely inadequate social superstructure. Surely there are men with vision enough to enforce a transfer from the shifting sands upon which we now have scarce a precarious foothold. We have to decide how we are to make our appeal. When we approach the Chancellor of the Exchequer, what shall we say to him? His question to us will surely be that I have already asked:-“ What is a chemist anyway? ” What I have said of him will be thought to be mostly rodomontade. What does he deserve of Society, apart from industry? To be aided by the State, he will have to show what is the service to the State he must neces- sarily render.This Institute was founded largely to promote the efficiency of the public analyst-to prevent a very low grade of medical officer of health taking on the work. It was not wanted for any other purpose. The Chemical Society could have met all needs. Unfortunately, the public analyst has not done much more than 142 administer an Act. Everyone knows that the standard of quality laid down for Milk in the Act is far below what it should be. Had the standard been raised, as it ought to have been years ago, through the agency of the Institute, had the subject been fully in- quired into, our milk supply would not so long have remained below what it should be in quality. A Stenhouse Williams would not have died still fighting for its purity.Chemists have done their duty under the Act but, unfortunately, they have lazily remained within it. We shall shortly recognise that Milk is incomparably the most important of all industrial products, that the chief means of raising the standard of our population is milk. A great field of activity is before chemists in milk alone. The highest and most subtle chemistry will needs be devoted to its study-this means an exhaustive study of all agricultural produce. About a hundred and fifty years ago, we had a great sailor, who discovered Australia-one Captain Cook. Opinions will differ as to the value of the discovery. It is certainly a great Continent, full of charm and interest, as I can testify, having be:n one of its circumnavigators.Australians think it “God’s own country”-but they are not chemists. As a chemist, in a strictly Pickwickian sense, I have my doubts. Walrus and Carpenter, if they were to explore it, would not weep merely “like anything’’ to see the quantities of sand-they would weep waterfalls, the more when the Carpenter, mindful of the piece of chalk in his pocket, would find that he had to go far to meet its equivalent- and that phosphorus was not in the picture. No country is likely, in the not distant future, to have more need of chemists who are chemists than Australia: to shift its sands to useful ends. To go back to Captain Cook. However great the value of his geographical discovery, he made a far greater discovery by, as the history books put it, conquering scurvy-the degrading disease of ill-fed humanity, the world over, affecting the poor especially. About 50 years ago, the present Sir Thomas Barlow pointed out that the disease was coming to be a perquisite of the rich, affecting the infants of the well-to-do whose mothers failed to feed them-being no longer under the eye of Queen Victoria and probably ill-fed themselves, perhaps as a consequence of the incoming of the Savoy habit, as a substitute for the underdone Roast Beef of Old England.Like Captain Cook, Physician Barlow 143 resorted to greens and milk and advocated “rawness” in every- thing. Being fond of children, perhaps he had in mind the verse in the Baker’s Tale :-“He remarked to me then,” said the mildest of men, “If your Snark be a Snark, that is right, Fetch it home by all means-you mayserve it with greens.” The chemist should always have his references in order and give credit where credit is due.Nobody outside medicine took any particular notice of Barlow. The hunt for the Snark, in greens and in milk, only set in when Gowland Hopkins, about 1906-12,insisted that there was a something in milk of vital importance. A poorly fed crowd of “chemists,” far too many women among them, who openly professed themselves to be but bits-0-chemists, took up the cry and fed greens, etc., to guinea pigs and rats galore. “Scents” were located in various quarters and alphabetically distinguished but there was no kill-no real huntsmen were in the field.At last the chemist could no longer resist being dared to do something and took up the challenge-but only recently in earnest. Every-one will know how, in the last few weeks, at least three and probably four advitants have been described as definite sub- stances. We have yet to be sure that the descriptions are all correct. The story of the antiscorbutic agent is in some ways the most significant, though it is not yet complete. Captain Cook’s trump card the lemon, the orange, the tomato, the potato and even cabbage, we are assured, contain the alkaloid narcotine. Apparently, it is only present in the unripe lemon and orange, the amount diminishing as ripening proceeds: the ripe fruit contains instead the antiscorbutic agent.This is thought to be methyl-nornarcotine, as this derivative of the alkaloid is a powerful antiscorbutic. Whether or no this prove to be the case, the hunt is started. Vegetable food of all kinds has to be studied with reference to degree of growth and seasonal and climatic conditions, to determine when it is worth eating. Maybe, Mr. Runciman is only justified in shutting out foreign vegetable produce at certain seasons. At what stage of unripe- ness is it safe or desirable to import oranges? When may apples and plums be picked? Is English grown winter lettuce worth eating? Is that raised, say in the Paris area, any better? Must it not come from some region with more sun? The hunt must not be restricted to merely one advitant. Vegetables carry 144 salts and we know not what other things of importance.An illimitable field of necessary action is here spread out for the chemist to cultivate. He has suddenly been made prime guardian of Public Growth and Health. No Chancellor will be able to put us aside when this is our acknowledged mission. It will be the chemists’ office also to protect the public against the mass of misleading, often false, advertisement in the Press and elsewhere: to make clear the way in which the modern advertising agent is too often the enemy of society. Lastly, we have to guard the gates against an arrogant industrialism that would not serve us with greens but with synthetic substituties.On more than one occasion of late, Sir Harry McGowan has talked in public of Synthetic Food in the future-the dream of a Berthelot, in my early days. Against this we have to set our faces with undying hostility. By nature, through long enjoyment of the fruits of the soil, directly or with the aid of the herbiverous animal, man’s life is bound up with that of the plant-if we desert it, we are doomed to die. Little enough of Nature is left to us: at least, let us remain natural feeders. Sir Harry McGowan may well remain satisfied to rob only nitrogen from the air, in the cause of industry and in support of the plant. Even in this he may well find himself beaten by the plant. “To the solid ground Of Nature trusts the mind that builds for aye! ” Manchester and District.-On 11th February, at the College of Technology,-Mr.J. H. Lester, Chairman of the Section presiding-Dr. Arthur Harden, F.R.S., gave a lecture before the Section on 6b Recent Work on Alcoholic Fermentation.” Dr. Harden said that fermentations produced by preparations made from yeast by grinding the cells, drying them, or treating them with acetone or toluene all differed from that produced by the living cell by being very much lower and by being temporarily accelerated by the addition of phosphate. In the presence of fermentable sugars these preparations converted added phos- phates into phosphoric esters of sugars, and at the same time produced an enhanced fermentation of the sugar which was equivalent to the amount of phosphate esterified.The reaction with phosphate was a very complicated one, and there was evidence that the resulting phosphoric esters might vary 145 very greatly in composition without the equivalence between enhanced fermentation and phosphate esterified being disturbed. The products so far isolated were-a fructosediphosphate, a hexosemonophosphate, which was a mixture of a glucosemono-phosphate with a fructosemonophosphate, and at least one other phosphoric ester, the nature of which was not yet known, and a trehalosephosphate. The hexosemonophosphates were probably derived from the enolic form common to glucose, mannose and fructose. The conditions were such that it seemed unlikely that any of the com- pounds isolated was an intermediate compound in the main scheme of fermentation, and it seemed more probable that a coupled or induced reaction occurred, one molecule of glucose being fermented while two phosphoric acid groups were esterified.The inorganic phosphate was removed by esterification ,and the rate of fermentation then sloweddown again and proceeded at arate limited by the supply of inorganic phosphate, which was afforded partly by the hydrolysis of the phosphoric esters and partly by the direct fermentation of the fructosediphosphate (Meyerhof). The accelerated rate of fermentation in the presence of phosphate was of the same order of magnitude as that produced by living yeast, but the rate of regeneration of inorganic phos- phate was comparatively slow, and it was in this feature that fer- mentation by yeast preparations differed very strikingly from that produced by the living cell.Some mechanism was injured by the processes employed in making the preparations, but what this was we did not yet know. A vote of thanks was accorded to Dr. Harden on the motion of Dr. Herbert Levinstein, seconded by Dr. E. Ardern. Dr. Levinstein reminded the members that Dr. Harden had been awarded a Nobel Prize in 1929,and expressed the pleasure of the members on seeing him in Manchester again. Manchester and District Students.-The Annual General Meeting of the Students’ Section was held in the Clarion Caf6 on 5th January, Mr. S. Weir presiding. Mr. J. H. Lester, Chairman of the Manchester and District Section, was elected President for the current year.A vote of thanks was passed to Mr. Sowerbutts on his retire- ment from the position of Honorary Secretary and Treasurer, after two years in office, during which he had placed the Students’ Section on a sound basis. 146 The Committee for the current year is as follows:-J. H. Lester (President) ;J. R. Maddocks (Honorary Members’ Repre- sentative); F. Sowerbutts (Chairman); R. C. Cheetham, G. Ikin, A. M. Keith, R. F. Ramsay, W. B. Walker, S. Weir, G. W. Wilcock, E. Bleasdale (Honorary Secretary and Treasurer). The meeting was followed by a smoking concert and enter- tainment. Fellows and Associates are invited to become Honorary Members of the Students’ Section. Subscription, 5s.Newcastle-upon-Tyne and North-East Coast.-On 18th February, the Section met at Messrs. Tilley’s restaurant, Newcastle, an informal dinner preceding the business of the evening. Dr. A. A. Hall, Chairman of the Section, presided. The Treasurer’s Report for 1931,consideration of which had been unavoidably postponed from the Annual Meeting, was discussed and adopted. Dr. P. L. Robinson initiated a debate on the subject of the title “Chartered Chemist.” After giving a general review of the question he gave it as his opinion that the action of the Council in seeking to acquire this title for members of the Institute, was quite j ustifiable. The Chairman, in the course of subsequent remarks, stated that he did not believe that any special title was necessary, as the general public had come to recognise the essential difference between the chemist and the pharmacist.Mr. N. J. Ivison suggested that, although it was a general impression that the proposed title would be chiefly of benefit to the consultant, the lot of the chemist employed by private companies would also be bettered in the course of time, since in many cases it would be to the advantage of the employers to produce reports signed by a chemist, whose title would indicate that he was thoroughly competent. Mr. G. B. Howarth thought that just as we were accustomed to the use of the terms “accountant” and “chartered account- ant,” so all those who made their living by the practice of chemistrv were entitled to call themselves chemists, and it was J therefore desirable to distinguish the properly qualified man by some such title as Chartered chemist.Dr. A. C. Michie, Dr. W. L. Patrick, Messrs. M. A. W. Brown, P. D. Scott and J. Gordon also took part in the discussion, and 147 although fears were expressed as to the views of other chemical societies on the matter, it was generally agreed that the proposal was worthy of support. On 26th February, at the Royal Station Hotel, Newcastle, the Section participated with memberc of the Chemical Society, Society of Chemical Industry (Newcastle Section) , North of England Gas Managers’ Association, Institute of Metals (North- East Section), Newcastle Chemical Industry Club, and the Northern Coke Oven Managers’ Association, in a joint dinner.Mr. F. P. Tarratt presided over a large and distinguished gathering. Dr. P. L. Robinson, in proposing the toast of “Kindred Societies,” referred to the fact that every Society was interested in the progress of chemistry, and in recording the results of scientific research. It was his personal view that all such societies should be united, and he hoped that Dr. Seligman, whose name he coupled with the toast, would do his utmost to help in bringing this about. Dr. Seligman, in his reply, stated that he believed that unification of societies would come about gradually, and would be preceded by the prior formation of groups of societies having similar objects. He denied that science was responsible for the present state of world affairs; but he thought that in the constant effort to eliminate the human element from industry, we tended to the belief that such elimination was an end in itself.The object of labour saving was not to make fewer people work harder, but to lighten the efforts of all, and to enable them to devote more time to the things of the mind and body. Mr. E. M. Myers proposed the toast of “Local Industrial Development,” and stressed the value of research as an aid in the development, not only of new industries, but of those which had been long established. Mr. J.E. Cowen, in the course of his reply, stated that although there was depression in many industries, yet signs were not lacking that the district was alive to the necessity of inaugurating new manufactures.To these the speaker referred in some detail, mentioning such items as electrical switch gear, vacuum cleaners, Diesel engines and Diesel-electric traction , pulverised fuel machinery, mechanical stokers, and so on. A musical programme was contributed to by Dr. J. T. Dunn, who played some old English airs on the pianoforte; and by Mr. W. Hendry and Mr. Charlton, with Mr. G. Davis as accompanist. 148 On 11th March the Section held a Joint Meeting with the Local Sections of the Society of Chemical Industry and the Coke Oven Managers’ Association, in the Chemical Lecture Theatre, Armstrong College, Newcastle,-Dr. J.T. Dunn being in the chair. An address entitled ‘(Petrol from Coal,” was delivered by Mr.M. P. Applebey. The lecturer referred to the distribution of mineral oils throughout the world, and described how this had focussed attention on the possibilities of obtaining oils from such sources as coal. The development of a commercial process at Billing-ham, during the last five years, was so successful that they were now able to produce about 616 tons of petrol from 1,000 tons of coal. The lecturer described the principles of hydrogenation, but stated that the current price of mineral oils did not justify the erection of a plant of economic size, costing some eight million pounds, unless some form of assistance could be guaranteed. Prof. G. R. Clemo said that the lecturer’s description of the work conveyed little idea of the immensity of the experiment- surely one of the largest and most expensive carried out in this country on an industrial scale.In the subsequent discussion, reference was made to the possibility of utilising coals such as Canadian lignite, which Mr. Applebey considered could be more easily hydrogenated than bituminous co a1 . South Wales.-At a meeting of the South Wales Section, held jointly with the Local Section of the Society of Chemical Industry on 12th February, at Thomas’ Cafe, Swansea, a lecture was delivered by Dr. D. G. Hopkins on “Modern Developments in the Paint and Varnish Industry.” The Chair was taken by Professor J. E. Coates. The lecturer said that to-day there was hardly an industry in which decorative and protective finishes were not used.Mass production methods, with consequent speeding up of manufacture, had forced the paint technologist to adapt himself to a new environment. The automobile industry might be taken as an example. Prior to the introduction of nitrocellulose finishes in 1925,the average time taken to “finish” a car was about two weeks. With the advent of nitrocellulose enamels 149 this period was reduced to one week, and more recently the introduction of "One Bake " synthetic resin undercoats had made it possible for the manufacturer to complete the whole finishing system in one day. The development of synthetic resin finishes constituted the greatest advance in paint and varnish technology within modem times.The aim of the chemist had not been the preparation of synthetic resins to match natural products, whose short- comings are only too well recognised, but rather the production of tough flexible materials possessing all the qualities called for in a finishing material. Recent research had shown that the best types of synthetic resin varnishes and paint vehicles were made, not by the standard procedure of dissolving the previously prepared resin in the drying oil, but, by carrying out a direct condensation of the resin components and the oil or oil acids, whereby distinct chemical compounds with unique properties were formed. Dr. Hopkins dealt with three types of synthetic resin vehicle of outstanding interest to the paint and varnish manufacturer, v1z.:-" (I) GLYPTALSor Polybasic Acid-Polyhydric Alcohol pro-ducts, for the manufacture of which a large number of processes are available, eg., Fatty Acid Process, in which the polybasic acid or its anhydride, the polyhydric alcohol and the oil fatty acids are heated together under suitable conditions; Two Stage Process, in the first stage of which the oil and the polyhydric alcohol are heated together in the presence of a catalyst and when the re- action is completed the polybasic acid or its anhydride is added; and Monohydric AZcohoZ Process, in which the oil, the polyhydric alcohol and the acid or its anhydride are condensed together in the presence of a monohydric alcohol such as cyclohexanol. "In each case definite chemical compounds are produced, e.g., CH, -0 -CO I >c6 H4 CH -0-CO I CHZ-0-R where R is the oil radicle.When dissolved in suitable solvents they yield varnishes and paint vehicles with quite exceptional properties. The manufacturing process are 150 subject to strict chemical control, nothing being left to the judgment of the varnish maker, as is the case with the (( running ” of fossil resins, (( (2) PHENOL-FORMALDEHYDE.In varnish manufacture dis- tinction is drawn between three types of phenol-formal- dehyde varnishes and paint vehicles, viz. :-(a) those prepared from resins which contain a high proportion of resin to render them oil-soluble (Albertols). These varnishes are very quick drying and for this reason they are used as vehicles for the so-called (‘Four-Hour ” Enamels ; (b) those prepared from oil-soluble resins which contain no rosin or any other foreign or inactive ingredients; and (c) those made by condensing the phenolic compound, formaldehyde, and the oils, in the presence of a solvent and a suitable condensing agent.(‘Whilst all three classes of product are of considerable interest, the last mentioned type possesses quite remarkable properties-exceptional hardness, gloss and build, resistance to heat, acids and weak alkalis, particularly good durability and di-electric properties, and last, but not least, a low baking temperature, viz., I hour at 250OF. (‘(3) UREA-FORMALDEHYDE.The nature of the condensation product depends very largely on the condensing agent used and on the weight ratio of the reactants.‘(It is possible to prepare water-white urea-formaldehyde varnishes which show practically no discoloration on stoving.’ ’ Continuing, the lecturer said that during recent years the range of pigments and solvents available for the paint and varnish manufacturer had been greatly extended. Valuable pigments such as titanium oxide, antimony oxide, synthetic ochres and a large number of new lakes had been added to the list, and there was now a wide choice of petroleum fractions and of other solvents which were regarded as chemical rarities not so many years ago. Without these raw materials it would have been extremely difficult for the chemist to achieve such success as he had with the new process vehicles.The advances which had recently been made in the technology of decorative and protective finishes led US to believe that the age of “Mrs. Beeton” is rapidly passing away and that the Technical Chemist is now coming into his own the paint and varnish industry. 151 An interesting discussion followed, after which a cordial vote of thanks was accorded to Dr. Hopkins for his interesting and instructive lecture. A meeting of the South Wales Section was held jointly with the Local Section of the Society of Chemical Industry on 19th February, at the Technical College, Cardiff, when a lecture was delivered by Mr. S. Dixon, on “The Relation of Food to Disease” The causes of illness resulting from the ingestion of food might be divided into six groups:- (i) (a) Errors in quantity.(b) Errors in quality but not in quantity. (ii) The presence of chemical poisons of non-bacterial origin, (iii) The idiosyncrasy of the individual. (iv) Infectious diseases spread by foodstuffs. (v) Other infections and intoxications of bacterial origin, known as bacterial food poisoning. (vi) The presence of animal parasites. The lecturer emphasised the importance of the presence of vitamins in diet for maintaining a high standard of health. Cases of poisoning by metallic compounds of arsenic, antimony, tin, lead, and zinc were mentioned. The formation of the putrefactive bases, including the ptomaines, was described, but the lecturer stated that there was no scientific evidence to support the term “ptomaine poisoning.” Infectious diseases spread by foodstuffs were illustrated by reference to tuberculosis and scarlet fever conveyed by cow’s milk. A safe milk should be available for all: effective pas- teurisation, followed by efficient cooling and immediate bottling, afforded a means of rendering the ordinary milk supply safe.Having regard, however, to the immense quantities of food which were consumed without injury, the number of cases of “poisoning,’’ apart from infections, diseases and nutritional disorders, was relatively very small. New scientific knowledge and, when necessary, administrative action based upon it, together with education of the public on these matters, would doubtless do much to reduce still further the amount of illness arising from deficient and unbalanced diets or contaminated and infected foods.The lecture will be published by the Institute as a separate monograph. 152 Notes. Safety Rules €or Chemical Works.-About four years ago the Association of British Chemical Manufacturers had to deal with a number of technical questions arising out of the Factory and Workshops Act and the Chemical Works Regula- tions, the answers to which were not readily available from the usual sources. It was soon found that there were many precau- tions of a technical nature on which there was considerable divergence of opinion, while there were certain risks which were not fully appreciated. The Association, with the co-operation of the Factory Depart- ment of the Home Office, therefore, undertook the issue of a set of Model Safety Rules for use in Chemical Works.The intention was to fill a long-felt want by bringing together, in a clear and concise form, the various principles which require consideration in connection with the manufacture of various types of dangerous materials, in order that there should be some authoritative source to which reference could be made for guidance when considering the safety precautions required in a Chemical Works. This information is not conveniently obtainable from the Chemical Works Regulations, 1922,which constitute the Statutory requirements governing processes in Chemical Works.The Model Safety Rules are published in two parts:- Part I, which consists of the Safety Rules themselves in a concise form. Part II, consisting of a more extended explanation of the objects to be obtained by the Rules, the dangers arising from their non-observance, and the best and/or most convenient methods of obtaining the desired results. Part I was issued in provisional form three years ago with the object of obtaining amendments and suggestions. The following chapter headings will give an indication of the scope of the work ;-1. Foreword. 2. Principles affecting the design of buildings and plant with fire and explosive risks. 153 3. Principles affecting the design of buildings and plant involving risk from dangerous gas, vapour, or poisonous dust.4. Principles affecting the design of buildings and plant involving dangers from contact with corrosive or deleterious substances. 5. Principles affecting the design of buildings and plant involving other risks. 6. Principles involved in the operation of plant with fire and explosive risks. 7. Principles involved in the operation of plant giving rise to risks from gassing or from poisonous dust. 8. Principles involved in the operation of plant with dangers from contact with corrosive or deleterious substances. 9. Fire Protection. 10. First Aid. 11. General. The first portion of Part 11, Section I-General, and Sections 11 and VI, dealing with the design and operation of plant where there are fire and explosive risks, was issued two years ago in provisional form, and the preparation of the remainder is in hand. The object of Part I1 is to amplify Part I and to bring together in the form of a text-book, convenient for everyday use and reference, the large amount of valuable information regarding safety measures in Chemical Works, which is either available in scattered publications and reports, or which, while in the posses- sion of individual manufacturers or of the Government Depart- ments concerned, remains as yet unpublished.The Rules will not, of course, have any Statutory force, but their observance will afford strong support in any inquiry or pro- ceedings arising from an accident, since they have been compiled by an organisation fully representative of the Chemical Industry. At an early stage, the Association came to the conclusion that greater publicity should be given to the causes of certain accidents which occur from time to time, in order that the industry may benefit by this experience. A service of Safety Circulars was, therefore, initiated.These circulars, of which some 54 have already been issued, are generally based on the reports of interesting or unusual accidents from which a useful lesson may be learned, and they contain not only an explanation of the cause of the accident, but also the recommendations of the Works Technical Committee of the Association as to how similar trouble may be avoided in future.In collecting material for these Safety Circulars, a considerable amount of information is reviewed from technical journals and other sources which, while not of sufficient importance or novelty 154 to justify issue in that form is, nevertheless, likely to be of value to those responsible for safety in the industry. A Quarterly Safety Summary was, therefore, started at the beginning of 1930,in order to present this information in a form convenient for filing or indexing, classified under the following headings :-1. Fire and Explosion. 2. Poisonous Gas, Vapour, or Dust. 3. Corrosive Materials. 4. Fire Protection. 5. First Aid and Medical Treatment.6. Safety Organisation. 7. Miscellaneous. The Association of British Chemical Manufacturers has undertaken this work with special reference to the chemical and closely allied industries. The Association confines its attention to technical matters in this field, and the work is under the supervision of a Committee of technical experts, of which Dr. E. F. Armstrong, F.R.S., is the Chairman. Close collabora- tion exists with the Factory Department of the Home Office, the Chemical and Allied Employers’ Federation, the National Safety First Association, the National Safety Council of America, the International Labour Office, and the corresponding French and German Chemical organisations, with a view to securing the pooling of non-secret information pertaining to safety, such as reports of unusual accidents, new safety devices, etc.The Association holds the view that the subject of Safety falls in the same category as that of health, and that the widest circulation of useful information should be secured. In view of the great importance of Safety work and the scarcity of authoritative technical guidance in such matters, the Associa- tion offers members of the Institute who may be interested the opportunity of purchasing copies of these safety publications at the following rates:- Model Safety Rules-Part I .. .. .. 5s., post free Model Safety Rules-Part 11-1st sec-tion on Fire and Explosive Risks .. I guinea, post free Safety Summary-Annual subscription I guinea, post free Safety Circulars-Complete set of Nos.1-54, already issued, 10s. 6d. Annual subscription, 5s., post free. (Average issue, 16 circulars per annum.) Specimen copies can be seen at the offices of the Institute, or, in the case of the Safety Circulars or Safety Summary only, a 155 specimen copy will be sent on application to the offices of the Association of British Chemical Manufacturers, 166, Piccadilly, London, W.1, mentioning this notice. XIth International Congress of Pure and Applied Chemistry.-The Federal Council for Chemistry has announced that the Congress which was to have been held in Madrid in April, and the IXth Conference of the Union Internationale which was to have followed the Congress, have been postponed.World Power Conference.-Dr. Harold G. Colman has consented to continue to act as representative of the Institute on the British National Committee of the World Power Con- ference. Arrangements are being made for a Sectional Meeting in Scandinavia in June, 1933,when the papers to be read will deal with power problems of heavy industry, with special reference to the load factor. The British Standards Institution has submitted a Draft Specification for Manholes for Chemical Plant for Pressures up to 250 lbs. per square inch. Copies have been submitted to a number of Fellows, whose opinions have been collated and forwarded to the Institution for consideration. Institute of Fuel.-Fellows and Associates of the Institute are invited to attend a meeting arranged by the Institute of Fuel to take place on Wednesday, the 11th May, at 6 p.m.at the Chemical Society Rooms, Burlington House, Piccadilly, W., when Professor Ernst Berl will present a paper entitled “The artificial formation of bituminous coal and mineral oil hydro- carbons.” Professor Berl claims that experiments conducted at Darm- stadt indicate that cellulose can be a parent substance, not only of bituminous coal but also of mineral oil hydrocarbons, and he proposes to exhibit coal substances which he has praduced from cellulose. 156 Obituary. HAROLD BAUSOR,WILLIAM who died suddenly at Cambridge on 28th January, at the age of 54 years, was born at Maldon, Essex, educated at Nottingham High School, and at Clare College, Cambridge, where he entered with an open scholarship in 1895.He graduated in 1898, took honours in chemistry in Part I1 of the Natural Sciences Tripos in 1899, and proceeded to M.A. in 1903. In 1900 he joined the staff of the Uni- versity Correspondence College as chemistry tutor, in which position he continued from 1900 until his death, except during the period of the war, when he was engaged upon research for the Ministry of Munitions. His work at that time was mainly of a confidential nature, but he published a paper in conjunction with Sir Wifliam Pope and Professor C. S. Gibson on “The Interaction of Ethylene and Selenium Monochloride,” which was published in the Journal of the Chemical Society in November, 1920.In 1919 he was appointed a demonstrator in the Cambridge University Chemical Laboratory, which position also he held until his death. He was the author of several text-books published by the University Tutorial Press. He was elected an Associate of the Institute in 1921, and a Fellow in 1924. THOMASBOLASdied at Wimbledon on 1st March, in his 85th year. In 1862 he entered the laboratory of the Medical School of Charing Cross Hospital and worked under Charles W. Heaton, who, in that year, had been appointed professor of chemistry in succession to R. V. Tuson. He continued at the hospital until 1876, becoming a member of the teaching staff, and also spent much of his time, between 1865 and 1872, in the laboratory of Dr. John Stenhouse, F.R.S., in Rodney Street, Pentonville, where he worked with Groves, Tilden, and Meldola.Subsequently, he was engaged in private practice and in scientific journalism. He devoted special attention to printing, photography, glues, and rubber, and from 1869 onwards cont,ributed many papers, individually or jointly with others, to the Journal of the Chemical Society, the Chemical News, the Journal of the (Royal) Photographic Society, the Journal of the (Royal) Society ,of Arts, the Photographic News, and other technical journals. A paper On the Distillation and Boiling Point of Glycerin,” indicating a method of obtain-ing water-free glycerin, published in the Journal of the Chemical Society (XXIV, 84), received attention during the war; but Mr.Bolas acknowledged that he had discovered that his work had been anticipated by F. A. Sarg, of Vienna, who had made chemically pure anhydrous glycerin as early as 1862, and had been awarded a medal for it at the Exhibition held in that year. Mr. Bolas delivered Cantor Lectures before the (Royal) Society of Arts on Photography (1875), India Rubber (1880), Industrial Uses of Calcium Compounds (1881), Photo-mechanical printing (1884) and Stereotyping ( 1890). He was skilful in laboratory manipulation, especially in glass blowing, on which subject he produced a handbook. He was the author of the article on “Indiarubber” in the ninth edition of the EncycEopmdia Britannica, and of many technical handbooks on the arts and handicrafts. He was elected a Fellow of the Institute in 1887.JORNHUGHJEFFERYdied at Margate on 18th February, inhis 45th year. Handicapped during childhood by a physical infirmity, he W&B educated privately, but was eventually able to attend Streatham Ha College and King’s College, London, where he took regular courses in 157 chemistry and allied sciences from 1905 to 1908. In the following year became assistant to Mr. G. Cecil Jones, with whom he remained until 1911, when he obtained an appointment as works chemist to Stevenson and Howell, Ltd,, Essence Manufacturers. In 1016 he was appointed a chemist with the British Cellulose and Chemical Manufacturing Co. Ltd.- now British Celanese,-at Spondon, Derby, and was sent to the works of the Cellonite Co., in Switzerland, to study the manufacture of acetylcellulose.In due course, he assisted in starting the works at Spondon, and was placed in charge of the cellulose laboratories, but later, on his own request, was transferred to the general analytical laboratories. He was joint author with Mr. G. C. Jones of a paper on “The Estimation of Iron by Permanganate in the presence of Hydrochloric Acid,” read before the Society of Public Analysts in 1909. In 1919 he was appointed chemist to New Pegamoid, Ltd, Lower Edmonton, with whom he remained until 1925, when he was compelled to relinquish work through ill-health. He was elected an Associate of the Institute in 1919. HENRYCHAPMAN JONESdied at Shakespeare Road, Hanwell, on the 7th March, in his 78th year.Having previously studied chemistry and allied sciences privately for several years, he was a student at the Royal College of Chemistry and the Royal School of Mines from 1874 to 1876. At the end of 1875 he was appointed an Assistant at the Royal College, and shortly after a lecturer on organic chemistry at the Birkbeck Institu- tion. In 1889 he was appointed senior demonstrator in chemistry at the Royal College of Science and, in due course, became lecturer on chemistry and photography at the Imperial College of Science and Technology. He was a Past President of the Royal Photographic Society, and an Examiner in photography to the City and Guilds of London Institute. He was the author of The Science and Practice of Photography, and of Photography of To-day (1912).He revised Valentine’s Qualitative Chemical Analysis (1888), and Hughes’ Practical Organic Chemistry (1881), and was author of Practical Inorganic Chemistry for Advanced Students, and of Elementaw Experiments in Inorganic Chemistry, and made many contributions to the Journal of the Chemical Society and other scientific and technical journals. He was elected a Fellow of the Institute in 1879 and served as a Member of the Council during the years 1896-1899. JOHNEDMUNDLEGG died at Weymouth on 7th March, in his 77th year. He was educated at Dulwich College (1866-1874), and after some experience in the laboratory of Gladstone and Tribe in the City of London, proceeded, in 1875, on a special exhibition, to Cambridge, where he con- tinued the study of chemistry in his own private laboratory and under Mr.Apjohn, in Gonville and Caius College. He gained science and founda- tion scholarships, was college prizeman in each year of residence, and graduated with honours in physiology and comparative anatomy in 1878, proceeding to M.A. in 1882. In 1879, he was appointed lecturer in chemistry at the Grammar School, Great Berkhemsted, and in 1890 went to Weymouth College, where he continued until his retirement. He was elected a Fellow of the Institute in 1880. ROBERTSIRWILLIAM SMITHdied on 17th March, at 36, Russell Square, in his 82nd year. The son of Captain R. T. Smith, he was educated at University College and St. Bartholomew’s Hospital, London, and qualified for practice in medicine as L.R.C.P.and L.R.C.S. (Edin.) in 1871, proceeded to M.D. (Aberd.) in 1879, and subsequently took the 0.P.M. (Cantab.) in 1881, and D.Sc. in Public Health (Edin.) in 1886. He was one of the small 158 body of medical men who founded the British-later, the Royal-Institute of Public Health, in 1886. He was for several years Professor of Forensic Medicine and Toxicology in King’s College, London, and medical officer to the School Board for London, but was best known as the Principal of the Royal Institute of Public Health. He held appointments as Public Analyst for Berkshire, the Boroughs of Newbury and New Windsor, the Metropolitan Boroughs of Paddington and TVoolwich, and the City and County Borough of Oxford.He devoted much time to public affairs, and was Mayor of Holborn, 1905-1906; Vice-chairman of the Metropolitan Asylums Board, 1910-13; Member of the Court of Common Council, City of London, and Sheriff of London for 1918-19, when he received the honour of Knighthood. He was also a Deputy-Lieutenant and Justice of the Peace for the County of London. He was admitted a Barrister-at-Law of the Middle Temple, was a medical officer in the Volunteer Force, and, in due course attained the rank of Colonel R.A.M.C. (Territorial Force) as a special sanitary officer of the 67th Division. In 1906 he contested Glasgow and Aberdeen Universities as a Conservative Free Trade candidate, and in 1918 stood as an Independent candidate for the Universities of St.Andrews, Glasgow, and Aberdeen. He received honorary degrees from the Universities of Athens, Geneva, Padua, and Ghent, and many foreign decorations. He was the author of A Laboratory Text-book of Public Health, Editor of the Seventh Edition of Guy and Ferrier’s Forensic Medicine, and Editor of the Journal of State Medicine. He was elected a Fellow of the Institute in 1887, and served as a Member of Council from 1888 to 1891. CHARLESSPACKMANdied at Rosehaugh, Clitheroe, on 11th March, in his 84th year. He studied chemistry at Birmingham, and later at Uni-versity College, Nottingham. From 1873 to 1879 he was engaged with General Scott, C.B., F.R.S., on problems connected with sewage treatment and on experimental work on limes and cements; from 1879 to 1883 he was chemist to the Folkestone Cement Co., Ltd., and during 1883 and 1884 he designed and erected Portland cement works near Leicester, where he remained as chemist and works manager until 1893.In that year he erected kilns at a cement works in Dublin and, in 1894, erected plant for the Isis Portland Cement Works, Clitheroe, of which company he continued managing and technical director until 1929. He devoted much time to the investigation of slag cement, limestones, and shales of the lias carboniferous formations with a view to their employment in the manufacture of cements, and upon the recovered carbonate of lime from the Chance sulphur-recovery process, on which he published a paper in the Journal: of the Society of Chemical Industry in 1892.From time to time he assisted the Depart- ment of Agriculture and Technical Instruction for Ireland in its endeavours to develop the mineral resources of that country, especially with reference to the manufacture of cements and plaster of Paris, the design of lime kilns, and the reconstruction of derelict kilns, with which subjects he dealt in an article published in the Department’s Journal in 1902. He was the author of Some Writers on Lime and Cement and, with Gilbert R. Redgrave, joint author of Calcareous Cements, their Nature, Manufacture and Uses, of which the third edition was published in 1924. He was elected a Fellow of the Institute in 19li. LIEUT.-COL. VAN GEYZELdied suddenly at Cannes JOHNLAWRENCE on 20th February, in his 75th year.The son of John Abraham Van Geyzel, of Colombo, Ceylon, he graduated in medicine (M.B., C.bf.), at the University of Aberdeen in 1879, and entered the Indian Medical Service in the following year. In 1887 he was appointed Medical and Sanitary Officerof the Ganjam district, and subsequently was selected for the Posts of chief medico-legv1 expert and chief chemist to the Government of h1uclr:ts. flic was a Fellow of the University of Madras, and Professor of 159 Chemistry at the Madras Medical College, and it was largely owing to his initiative that the Government decided to open an X-ray Laboratory in connection with the Madras General Hospital. He also took an active part in directing the work of the Madras School of Music.He was for some time editor of the Journal of the Madras Photographic Society, and was deputed to act as photographer to the Madras Astronomical Expedi- t’ion on the occasion of the eclipse of 1598. He was the author of a pub- lication on Peeding Value, based on Analysis of South Indian Podders. In 1911 he returned from India, and was engaged as Examiner of Medical Stores under the India Office, in London, until 1920, when he retired. He was appointed a Companion of the Order of the Indian Empire (C.I.E.)in recognition of his services. He was elected a Fellow of the Institute in 1889. Books and their Contents. SINCE the publication of the JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGS, Part I, 1932,the following books have been presented by the publishers.Copies may be seen in the Library of the Institute. ‘‘The Donnan Equilibria, and their Application to Chemical, Physiological and Technical Processes.” T. R. Bolam, D.Sc. Pp. vii+154. (London: G. Bell & Sons, Ltd.) 9s. Theoretical outline ;chemical applications ;ferrocyanides, dyes, proteins, neutralisation across a membrane, liquid membranes ; biological and technical applications; equilibria in blood and other body fluids, ionic nature of enzymes, swelling of gels, animal tissues and cotton hairs; leather ; dyeing; physico-chemical applications ; determination of cataphoretic velocity and of molecular weight by centrifuge, viscosity of protein solutions, distribution gradient within a gel, electrokinetic potentials.Bibliography. I‘ Sulphur Bacteria: a Monograph.” David Ellis, D.Sc. Pp. ix+261. (London: Longmans, Green 8z Co.) 21s. Introduction; connotation of the term “Sulphur Bacteria” ; sulphurcycle in nature ; pleomorphism ; production of sulphuretted hydrogen and its assimilation by sulphur bacteria; metabolism; culture; principles of classification; leuco-thiobacteria ; rhodo-thiobacteria; intimate structure of the cell; irritability; influence of light; chemiotactic phe- nomena ;mechanics of ciliary movement; thionic acid bacteria; phylogeny and colouring matter of sulphur bacteria. Faraday Celebrations, 1931.-The Royal Institution has published a Report on the Faraday Celebrations, 1931,including the Reception of Delegates by Lord Eustace Percy, President of the Institution; the Commemorative Meeting at the Queen’s Hall, with the speeches of the Prime Minister, and other British and foreign delegates; and the Commemorative Oration by Sir William Bragg; the Conversazione at the Royal Institution, and the Faraday Centenary Exhibition. 160 The Library: 1931-32.SINCE Part 11,1931,the issue of the JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGS, the Council has had much pleasure in acknowledging the following gifts :-MESSRS. BAIRD & TATLOCK LTD.:(LONDON), Analytical Reagents. Standards and Tests. London, 193 1. MESSRS. G. BELL& SONS, LTD.: The Donnan Equilibria and their application to Chemical, Physio- logical and Technical Processes. T. R. Bolam. London, 1932.An Introduction to Organic Chemistry. John Read. London, 1931. MESSRS. ERNEST BE", LTD.: The Use of Fertilisers in tropical and sub-tropical Agriculture. A. Jacob and V. Coyle. First edition. London, 1931. M. A. BREMANT: La Vie et L'Oeuvre Scientifique de F. V. Raspail. Mme. Xavier Raspail. Paris, 1926. D. B. BRIGGS,EsQ., F.I.C. : Chemical Change. D. B. Briggs. London, 1931. CAMBRIDGEUNIVERSITYPRESS: A Text-book of Experimental Cytology. J. Gray. Cambridge, 1931. MESSRS. W. & R. CHA~WBERS,LTD.: Organic Chemistry. Part I. F. S. and F. B. Kipping. London, 1931. MESSRS. CHAPMAN& HALL,LTD.: Chemistry, Life and Civilisation. H. T. S. Britton. London, 1931. Handbook of Chemical Microscopy. Vol. 11. E. M. Chamot and C.W. Mason. London, 1931. Hydrogen Ions. Second edition, revised and enlarged. H. T. S. Britton. London, 1932. Organic Syntheses. C. S. Marvel, Editor. London, 1931. MESSRS. CONSTABLE& Co., LTD.: Lavoisier. J. A. Cochrane. London, 1931. The Laboratory in Surgical Practice. E. C. Dodds and L. E. H. Whitby. London, 1931. MESSRS. CROSBYLOCKWOOD& SON,LTD.: The Modern Soap and Detergent Industry. Vol. I (Theory and Practice of Soap Making.) Vol. 11. (The Manufacture of Special Soaps and Detergent Compositions.) Second edition, revised and enlarged. London, 1931. 161 THE FEDERALCOUNCILFOR CHEMISTRY: Rapports sur Les Hydrates de Carbone (Glucides). Paris. MESSRS.W. HEFFER& SONS, LTD.: Chemistry at the Centenary (1931) meeting of the British Association for the Advancement of Science.Cambridge, 1932. MESSRS.ADAMHILCER, LTD.: Foundations and Methods of Chemical Analysis by the Emission Spectrum. W. Gerlach ,and E. Schweitzer. London. Wavelength Tables for Spectrum Analysis. Twyman and D. M. Smith. London, 1931. Second edition. F. R. F. HUNWICKE,EsQ., B.Sc., A.I.C.: The Essentials of Bacteriological Technique. R. F. Hunwicke. London, 193 1. OF ELECTRICALENGINEERSINSTITUTION : Faraday Centenary Exhibition Souvenir Catalogue. London, 1931. COMMITTEE, WATERSHEDJOINT MERSEY& IRWELL : Proceedings of the Joint Committee for the year ending 31st March, 1931. Preston, 1931. LIBRAIRIEARMANDCOLIN: P6troles Nature1 et Artificiels.J. J. Chartron. Pa&, 1931. Soies Artifkielles et Matihres plastiques. R. Gabillion. Paris, 1931. MESSRS. LONGMANS, GREEN& Co.: Alcoholic Fermentation. Fourth edition, A. Harden. London, 1932. Chemistry in the Service of Man. Fourth edition. A. Findlay.London, 193 1. A Comprehensive Treatise on Inorganic and Theoretical Chemistry. Vol. XI. J. W. MelIor. London, 1931. The Glycosides. E. F. and K. F. Armstrong. London, 1931. Organic Chemistry. A. Macbeth. London, 1931. Recent Advances in Organic Chemistry. Sixth edition. Vols. I and 11. A. W. Stewart. London, 1931. Soil Conditions and Plant Growth. Sir E. J. Russell. London, 1932. Sulphur Bacteria. D. Ellis. London, 1932. MESSRS. OLIVER& BOYD: Technical Methods of Chemical Analysis.Second edition. Vol. 111. C. A. Keane and P. C. L. Thorne, Editors. London, 1931. POLISH COMMITTEE CONFERENCENATIONAL OF TEE WORLDPOWER : Power Sources in Poland and their utilization. Warsaw, 1931. RIBBLE JOINT :COMMITTEE Proceedings of the Ribble Joint Committee, 1930-31. Preston, 1931. R. T.ROLFE,EsQ., F.I.C.: Foundrywork and Metallurgy. R. T. Rolfe, Editor. Parts I and IJ. London, 1931. 162 SA~TY BOARD:IN Mms RESEARCH Publications of the Safety in Mines Research Board. Vol. VI,1930. London, 1931. W. H. SIMMONS,EsQ.,B.Sc., F.I.C.: Textile Soaps and Oils. G. H. Hurst. Third revised edition by W. H, Simmons. London, 1921. A. R. WARNES,EsQ.,F.I.C.: Building Stones. Their Properties, Decay and Preservation.A. R. Warnes. London, 1926. J. G. WILLIAMS,EsQ., B.Sc., A.I.C.: Textiles on Test. J. G. Williams. London, 1931. Books Purchased. A Laboratory Course of Organic Chemistry, including Qualitative Organic Analysis. A. W. Titherley. London, 1906. The Chemical Analysis of Foods. H. E. Cox. London, 1926. The Extra Pharmacopceia of Martindale and Westcott. 19th edition. Revised by W. H. Martindale. Vol. I. London, 1928. Vol. 11. London, 1929. The Mineral Industry during 1930. Vol. XXXIX. G. A. Roush, Editor. London, 193 1. 163 The Register. At the Meeting of Council held on 19th February, 1932, I new Fellow was elected, z Associates were elected to the Fellowship, 23 new Associates were elected, and 23 Students were admitted.The Council regrets to report the death of 7 Fellows and I Associate. New Fellow. Smith, James Cruickshank, B.Sc. (Aberd.), Calle Buscarom, 20, 20, la, San Gervasio, Barcelona, Spain. Associates elected to Fellowship. Das, Chinnyyan Kumara, B.A. (Madras), M.Sc. (Liv.), Krishnan Puthoor West, Suchindram, S. Travancore, S. India. Herbert, Ernest Le Quesne, B.Sc. (Edin.), c/o Cia Mexicana de Petroleo, El Aguila S.A., Apartado 161, Tampico, Mexico. New Associates. Boizot, George Edward, B.Sc. (Lond.), 49, Cumberland Street, London, s.w.l. Brown, Robert Armstrong, A. H-W. C., 14, Mitchell Street, Dalkeith, Midlothian. Buchanan, Alistair Phillips, B.Sc. (Lond.), A.R.C.S., 3, Broadlands Road, London, N.6. Cope, Gilbert Frederick, B.Sc.(Birm.), 50, Raddlebarn Road, Bourneville, Birmingham. Dawson, Robert James, A.R.T.C., 28, Glebe Street, Falkirk. Donaldson, Edward, A.H-W.C., 104, Dalry Road, Edinburgh. D’Silva, John Leonard, B.Sc., Ph.D. (Lond.), 6, Dornton Road, London, s.w.12. Ellington, Frederick, B.Sc. (Lond.), A.R.C.S., 19, Crescent Grove, London, s.w.4. Gellman, Alexander, B.Sc. (Lond.), Technical Dept., Electrolux Works, Luton. Harris, Bert, M.A. (Cantab.), B.Sc. (Lond.), Fir Grove, Latchford, Warrington.Heal, Frederick Ernest, B.Sc. (Bris.), 12, Compton Road, Shepton Mallet. Hockin, Leslie Ernest, B.Sc. (Bris.), 12, King’s Drive, Bishopston, Bristol. Hornby, George Edward Stanley, 30, Dorothy Road, Hillsboro, Sheffield. Marsh, Peter, M.Sc. (Liv.), 21, St.Helens Road, Prescot, Lancs. Marshall, Charles William, B.Sc. (Manc. ), Chelma, Old Station Road, Hampton-in-Arden, Warwickshire. Noltie, Henry Robert, Hillside, Strichen, Aberdeenshire. Pittman, Miss Valerie Phyllis, B.Sc. (Lond.), Flat 2, Cedar Court, 18, Cedars Road, London, S.W.4. Sexton, Thomas Arthur Frederick, 9, Studland Street, London, W.6. 164 Shaw, Miss Florence Ruth, BSc., Ph.D. (Leeds), Bedford College, Regents Park, London, N.W.1. Styles, Harold Edwin, B.Sc. (Lond.), 45, Thornbury Road, London, S.W.2. Veitch, Colin Crawford, B.Sc. (Dun.), 60, Bath Road, London, W.4. Vizofsky, Abraham, 63, Wilkes Street, London, E. 1. Williams, Robert David, M.Sc. (Liv.), 3, Canal Terrace, Vron, Llangollen, N. Wales. New Students. Adamson, Donald Colin Malcolm, 49, Brownhill Road, London, S.E.6.Archer, Frederick William, 67, Victoria Road, London, S.W.4. Brook, Albert, 268, Eaves Lane, Chorley. Caveney, Alan Joseph, 10, Exeter Road, Ellesmere Port. Challis, George Henry, Myrtle Villa, Spring Vale, Dartford. Cowley, Charles Leonard Marshall, 85, Wheelwright Road, Erdington, Birmingham.Cropper, Francis Raymond, 40, Ringmer Road, North Moulscombe, Brighton.Curl, Maurice Albert, 438, Earlham Road, Norwich. Falkner, Cecil William, 5, Stafford Avenue, Melton Mowbray. Galbraith, Frederick, 44, Tannsfield Road, London, S.E.26. Hartley, Richard Smith, 9, Burwood Road, Lindley, Huddersfield. Hewson, Walter Norman, 114, Station Road, London, S.W.13. Jenner, Roy Maurice, 105, Endlesham Road, London, S.W.12.Kiernan, Herbert Stephen, 47, Egerton Road, Chorlton-cum-Hardy, Manchester. McCrone, Robert McEwan, 61, Greenhill Road, Paisley. Pymh, Alan Frederick, 42, Abinger Road, London, W.4. Smith, James Herbert Francis, 69, Eltham Hill, London, S.E.9. Soar, Denis Godfrey, 1161, London Road, Derby. Stevens, Sidney George Edward, 24, Meeting House Lane, London, S.E.15. Wells, Norman Henry, 42, Holly Park, Church End, London, N.3. West, Harry Longhurst, 24, Castledine Road, London, S.E.20. Williamson, Walter Chadwick, 309, Dumers Lane, Radcliffe, Manchester. Young, Gerald Henry Danvers, Saxonhurst, Bromham Road, Bedford. DEATHS. Fellows. Harold William Bausor, M.A. (Cantab.). Thomrts Bolas. Henry Chapman Jones.John Edmund Legg, M.A. (Cantab.).Sir William Robert Smith, M.D., D.Sc., D.L., Col. Charles Spackman. John Lawrence Van Geyzel, C.I.E., M.B., C.M. (Aberd.), Lieut.-Col. Associate. John Hugh Jeff ery. 165 General Notices. Lectures.-Two lectures will be given by Professor Robert Robinson, F.R.S., Waynflete Professor of Chemistry in the University of Oxford, on “The Development of Conceptions based on the Electronic Theory of Valency in Organic Chemistry.” The first will be given at the Institute on Friday, the zznd April, at 8 p.m., and the second, on Friday, the 29th April, at 8 p.m.-Dr. G. C. Clayton, C.B.E., M.P., President, in the Chair. Examinations .-Examinations for the Associateship and Fellowship will be held in September, commencing on the 12th of that month.The list of entries for these Examinations will close on Monday, the 11th July. Entries for the Examination for the Fellowship in Branch G: Industrial Chemistry, must, however, be received before 1st June. The Meldola Medal (the gift of the Society of Maccabaans) is awarded annually to the chemist whose published chemical work shows the most promise and is brought to the notice of the-administrators during the year ending 31st December prior to the award. The recipient must be a British subject not more than 30 years of age at the time of the completion of the work. The Medal may not be awarded more than once to the same person. The next award will be made in January, 1933.The Council will be glad to have attention directed, before 31st December, 1932, to work of the character indicated. Beilby Memorial Awards.-From the interest derived from the invested capital of the Sir George Beilby Memorial Fund, at intervals to be determined by the administrators representing the Institute of Chemistry, the Society of Chemical Industry and the Institute of Metals, awards will be made to British investigators in science to mark appreciation of records 186 of distinguished original work, preference being given to in- vestigations relating to the special interests of Sir George Beilby, including problems connected with fuel economy, chemical engineering and metallurgy. Awards will not be made on the result of any competition, but in recognition of continuous work of exceptional merit, being evidence of distinct advancement in knowledge and practice.The administrators of the Fund are the Presidents, the Honorary Treasurers, and the Secretaries of the three partici- pating Institutions. The administrators will meet in June. Notice to Associates.-The Council desires to encourage all Associates to qualify for the Fellowship. Copies of the regulations and forms of application can be obtained from the Registrar. Appointments Register.-A Register of Fellows and Associates who are available for appointments, or are desirous of extending their opportunities, is kept at the offices of the Institute. For full information, inquiries should be addressed to the Registrar.Fellows and Associates are invited to notify the Institute of suitable vacancies for qualified chemists. Students who have been registered as Students of the Institute for not less than six months, and are in the last term of their training for the Associateship, may receive the Appointments Register of the Institute, provided that their applications for this privilege be endorsed by their professors. Lists of vacancies are forwarded twice weekly to those whose names are on the Appointments Register. Fellows and Associates who are already in employment, but seeking to improve their positions, are required to pay 10s. for a period of six months. Members and Students who are without employment are required to pay 6s. 6d. for the first period of six months, and, if not successful in obtaining an appointment, will thereafter be supplied with the lists gratis for a further period, if necessary.The Institute also maintains a Register of Laboratory Assist- ants who have passed approved Preliminary Examinations and, in some cases, Intermediate Science Examinations. Fellows and Associates who have vacancies for Registered Students and Laboratory Assistants are invited to communicate with the Registrar. 167 The Library.-The Iibrarv of the Institute is open for the use of Fellows, Associates and Registered Students between the hours of 10a.m. and 6 p.m. on week-days (Saturdays, 10a.m. and I p.m.), except when examinations are being held. The library is primarily intended for the use of candidates during the Institute’s practical examinations.The comprehensive Library of the Chemical Society is avail- able, by the courtesy of the Council of the Society, for the use of Fellows and Associates of the Institute wishing to consult or borrow books, from 10 a.m. to g p.m. on week-days (Saturdays from 10 a.m. to 5 p.m.), except during August and the early part of September, when the hours are from 10 a.m. to 5 p.m. Registered Students of the Institute are also permitted at present to use the Library of the Chemical Society for reference purposes, but not to borrow books. Members and Students of the Institute using the Library of the Society are required to conform to the rules of the Society regarding the use of its books. The Science Museum, South Kensington.--The Director and Secretary of the Science Museum, South Kensington, has notified the Council of the Institute that arrangements have been made for the issue of books and periodicals on loan to scientific workers introduced by approved institutions.Books which can be obtained easily from other institutions are not ordinarily lent by the Science Library. The Science Library, however, contains some 360 periodicals specially devoted to chemical science, and arrangements have been made (by means of a form of requisition obtainable from the Registrar of the Institute) for borrowing any of these, and of the remainder of the 8,000 periodicals in the Library which may not be available elsewhere. Boots Booklovers’ Library.-With Part I of the JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGS, published in February, a circular was issued, by direction of the Council, giving particulars of the special terms to be allowed to Fellows and Associates desiring to use Boots Booklovers’ Library.Up to the present, nearly zoo members have applied to participate in the scheme. Covers for Journal.-Members who desire covers (IS. zd. each) for binding the Journal in annual volumes, are requested to notify the Registrar of their requirements, indicating the years for which the covers are required. 168 Arrangements inay be inade with Messrs. A. nT.Bain & Co., Ltd., 17-19, Bishop’s Road, Cambridge Heath, London, E.z, to bind volumes of the JOIJRNAT, AND PROCEEDINGSon the following terms: buckram cover, IS. zd.; binding, 2s. 9d.; postage and packing, 9d.; in all, 4s.8d. Lantern Slides €or Lecturers.-A collection of slides is kept at the Institute for the use of members who wish to give lectures. Enquiries should be addressed to the Registrar. As slides are frequently in demand, members are requested to notify their requirements at least 14 days before the date on which the slides are to be used. Changes of Address.-In view of the expense involved through frequent alterations of addressograph plates, etc., Fellows, Associates and Registered Students who wish to notify changes of address are requested to give, so far as possible, their permanent addresses for registration. Warning .--Further cases of impersonation of Fellows and Associates of the Institute have been reported. Appeals for charity from persons claiming to be members of the Institute should be referred to the Registrar.

ISSN:0368-3958    

DOI:10.1039/JG9325600077

出版商:RSC    

年代:1932

数据来源: RSC

摘要:

THE INSTITUTE OF CHEMISTRY OF GREAT BRITAIN AND IRELAND. FOUNDED 1877. INCORPORATED BY ROYAL CHARTER, 1885. JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGS. 1932. PART 111. Issued under the supervision of the Publications Committee. RICHARD B. PTLCHER, Registrar and Secretary. 30, RUSSELLSQUARE,LONDON,W.C. I. June, 1932. Publications Committee, 1932-33. ~~ LEWIS EYNON (Chairman), G. C. CLAYTON (President), 0. L. BRADY, J. C. A. BRIERLEY, R. BRUCE, W. F. BUIST, W.J. A. BUTTERFIELD, R. M.CAVEN, F. D. CHATTAWAY, A. COULTHARD, W. R. FEARON, P. F. GORDON, I. M. HEILBRON, H. H. HODGSON, J. R. JOHNSON, PATRICK H. KIRKALDY (Hon. Treasurer), D. JORDAN LLOYD, H. M. MASON, W. D. ROGERS, E.RUSSELL.171 Proceedings of the Council. APRILMAY, 1932. Patents and Designs Bill.-At the suggestion of the Association of British Chemical Manufacturers, the Legal and Parliamentary Committee, with the advice and assistance of Mr. H. Douglas Elkington, Fellow, Chartered Patent Agent, has considered the Patents and Designs Bill, which was introduced in the House of Lords on mst April, together with a Memorandum on the Bill presented to Parliament by the President of the Board of Trade (Cmd. 4067). The Bill is intended to give effect to the recommendations contained in the Report of the Departmental Committee on the Patents and Designs Act, dated 14th March, 1931 (Cmd. 3829), which included many of the recommendations of the Joint Chemical Committee of the Association of British Chemical Manufacturers and other chemical organisations.The Legal and Parliamentary Committee of the Institute has prepared a Memorandum of Notes and Recommendationson the Bill, which has been transmitted to the Joint Chemical Commit tee. Among the matters to which the Committee, on the advice of Mr. Elkington, has drawn particular attention is the proposal that appeals which have previously been heard before the Law Officer are to go to an Appeal Tribunal consisting of a Judge of the High Court to be nominated by the Lord Chancellor; in connection with which it is observed that the fees to be taken in the Court may be fixed as if the Tribunal were a Court of the High Court.It is felt that a strong protest should be made against the unwarranted increase in the cost of patent litigation, which would thereby be involved. The Committee would prefer that the present procedure be continued so far as fees are concerned, although the proposal to establish a permanent appeal tribunal is considered desirable. In Section 38 (a), which refers to “inventions relating to substances prepared or produced by chemical processes or intended for food or medicine,” it is stipulated that the speci- fications shall not include claims for the substance itself except 172 when prepared or produced by the particular methods or processes of manufacture described or claimed, or by their obvious chemical equivalents. The word ‘I particular” has been substituted for the word “special,” the interpretation of which had given rise to much expensive litigation.The Legal and Parliamentary Committee originally suggested (in 1929)that the word “actual” should be used instead of the word “special”; but the Committee has now recommended that the word be deleted altogether. Section 75 empowers the Comptroller to refuse to grant a patent for an invention which is so obviously contrary to well established natural laws that the application is frivolous. The Committee feels that the reference to “well established natural laws ” should be deleted. Other passages have been referred to the Joint Chemical Committee for further consideration. The thanks of the Committee and of the Council have been accorded to Mr.Elkington for his valuable help in dealing with this matter. Election of a Member of Council.--Mr. Albert Watkins Maggs Wintle has been elected Member of Council to fill the vacancy arising from the retirement of Professor H. V. A. Briscoe on his appointment as an Examiner. The thanks of the Council have been accorded to Professor A. J. Allmand, Dr. J. T. Dunn, and Dr. J. J. Fox for their services, and the special thanks of the Council have also been accorded to Professor Roberts for supervising the Examination for the Fellowship in Branch E, the Chemistry of Food and Drugs, during the unavoidable absence of Mr. John Evans, owing to an accident. Examiners.-Professor H. V. A. Briscoe has been appointed one of the Examiners in General Chemistry for the Associateship in succession to Dr.J. J. Fox whose term of office, in that capacity, has expired. Professor Briscoe has also been appointed Examiner for the Fellowship in Physical Chemistry in succession to Professor A. J. Allmand, who has retired from that office. Professor T. P. Hilditch has been appointed Examiner for the Fellowship in Industrial Chemistry in succession to Dr. J. T. Dunn. 173 Regulations.-The Regulations for the admission of Stu- dents, Associates and Fellows have lately been revised, and copies of the new edition can be obtained on application to the Registrar. Examinations in Local Centres .-For the convenience of candidates resident in the Manchester district, examinations in General Chemistry for the Associateship were held in April of this year and of 1931 in the Laboratories of the University of Manchester, by kind permission of the authorities of the University.Arrangements have also been made whereby it is hoped to hold examinations for the Associateship in the Royal Technical College, Glasgow, in September, 1933, and every following September, provided that a sufficient number of accepted candidates are desirous of presenting themselves. The Council gratefully acknowledges the courtesy of the authorities of the Royal Technical College in offering facilities for the above examinations free of charge. Lectures.-Professor Robert Robinson, F.R.S., Waynflete Professor in the University of Oxford, delivered two lectures at the Institute, on “The Development of the Conceptions based on the Electronic Theory of Valency in Organic Chemistry”- the first on Friday, the zznd, and the second on Friday, the zgth, April.At the first lecture, the President suggested that the lectures would prove most useful to chemists who, having been engaged for some years in industry or other practice, found difficulty in keeping touch with the trend of modern developments in theory. The lectures delivered by Professor Robinson would be the first of a series in which the main branches of chemistry would be treated in turn by recognised authorities, and the Institute was very fortunate in that Professor Robinson had so kindly consented to inaugurate the scheme.Mr. Edward Hinks, in the unavoidable absence of the Presi- dent, took the chair on the occasion of the second lecture, and at its conclusion, in expressing the thanks of the Fellows and Associates to Professor Robinson for the lectures, remarked that the members would look forward to their publication. The Council is glad to be able to announce that, in the latter part of the year, Professor A. J. Allmand, F.R.S., Professor of Chemistry, King’s College, University of London, will give 174 two lectures dealing with molecular structure as revealed by physical methods, and with the mechanism of interaction between single molecules and atoms-so called ‘‘elementary reactions.” Further particulars of these lectures will be notified in due course.Mr. Stanley Dixon’s paper on “The Relation of Food to Disease” which was read before a meeting of the South ”lrales Section of the Institute, held jointly with the Local Section of the Society of Chemical Industry at the Technical College, Cardiff, on the 19th February, is being published and issued with this Part. The Register.-The new Register of the Institute, recently published, contains the names of nearly 6,000 Fellows and Asso- ciates, and of over 800 Students. The publication has been widely distributed to Government’ Departments, Universities, Colleges, and Scientific Institutions, Public Libraries, and im-port ant industrial concerns. To provide a Register of competent chemists is one of the most important functions of the Institute, and the Register, one of its most important publications.It is hoped, therefore, that members will give every assistance in maintaining their entries as correct as possible. Fellows and Associates will realise that the clerical work involved is very considerable. Additions of new members and students, transfers from one grade to another, resignations and deaths, number nearly 1,500 in two years, and, on the average, about 2,000 changes of address, often involving topographical rearrangement, occur per annum, while changes in other par- ticulars (Degrees, descriptions, telegraphic addresses and tele- phone numbers) are very numerous. Since the Annual General Meeting, the Council has found it necessary to remove the names of a number of members whose addresses were unknown and who were in arrears with their subscriptions, and of others who had ceased to pay their sub- scriptions and did not respond to repeated applications for them.The Institute Premises.-In accordance with powers acquired by the University of London, KeppeZ Street, wherein the front door of the premises of the Institute is situated, has now been closed, so that there will be no approach from the west end of the street, until further progress has been made with the University buildings. Barriers have been erected in a line with 175 the houses in Russell Square, with gates, which will remain open during the day for the use of members visiting the Institute by car, in addition to a side entrance.Australian Chemical Institute.-Following on the cable message received from the Australian Chemical Institute, on the occasion of the grant of a Royal Charter to that Institute, the Council has now received a letter from the Honorary General Secretary, Dr. Thomas Cooksey, Fellow, expressing appreciation of the congratulations and message of goodwill received from the Institute on the occasion, and conveying to the Council of the Institute the thanks of the Australian Institute, together with an earnest assurance that it would make every effort to maintain the high status of the profession of chemistry and to promote its interest and advancement. British Standards Institution.-Dr. J. J. Fox has kindly consented to represent the Institute on Technical Committee C/y-Reagents for Analytical Purposes, of which Committee, Mr.W. Rintoul, Member of the Council of the Institute, is Chair- man. A draft B.S. Specification has been received for the Dimensions of Drain Fittings (Salt-Glazed Ware and Salt-Glazed Glass Enamelled Fireclay) : C.C. (B) 683o,-which has been referred to the consideration of members interested in glazed-ware. In January, the British Standards Institution published an Index List of Specifications, cancelling all previous lists, which may be obtained from the B.S.I. Publications Department, 28, Victoria Street, London, S.W.x, price IS. net. Dr. A. E. Everest (Huddersfield), Fellow, has been invited, and has kindly consented, to join the Benevolent Fund Committee of the Institute.Safety in the Chemical Industry.-Following on the remarks made by the President, at the Annual General Meeting of the Institute, regarding the Model Safety Rules, compiled by the Association of British Chemical Manufacturers, to which a special reference was made in JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGS, Part I1 (pages 152-155) , attention is directed to a paper entitled “Safety in the Chemical Industry,” read on the 11th February, by Mr. J. Davidson Pratt, FeZZow, before the Nottingham Section of the Society of Chemical Industry,-published in Chemistry and Industry, 13th May, pages 420-427. 176 Local Sections. Aberdeen and North of Scotland.-A meeting of the Section was held in the Chemistry Department, Marischal College, Aberdeen, on 16th March, when Dr.R. B. Strathdee delivered a lecture entitled The Chemist and Armament.” Professor Alexander Findlay presided in the unavoidable absence of Dr. Tocher, Chairman of the Section. Dr. Strathdee confined his remarks to a consideration of the use of gas as an offensive weapon during the Great War. The first recorded occasion on which gas was used was when chlorine was released against our troops on aznd April, 1915. This method of gas attack depended for its effectiveness on the direction and velocity of the wind, but later developments overcame the limitations of this method. The projector method employed liquefied gases, which permitted the gas to be concentrated at the desired objective, while the further development of gas shells, filled with compressed or liquefied gases or with solids easily atomised, increased the range of attack.The types of gases used could be divided into two main groups-non-persistent , which decomposed under exposure to the air or by hydrolysis, and persistent, which retained their chemical identity and activity under exposure, and lost their effectiveness only by being dissipated. Since the object of using gas was to inflict casualties and to harass the troops, as well as to render areas unfit for military manoeuvres, the various types of gases used could be classified according to the effects which they produced on the men. Gases intended to affect the respira- tory organs, for example, included chlorine, phosgene and chloropicrin.Others were lachrymatory gases, affecting the eyes, and those most used were xylyl bromide, bromacetone, and ethyliodoacetate. In each of the lachrymatory gases there was a-CH, group associated with a halogen or cyanide group. On the other hand, gases which attacked the nose-such as diphenyl- chlorarsine, and diphenylcyanoarsine-were compounds of arsenic. Dealing with the method of defence against gas, Dr. Strathdee said that since the first attack was unexpected, the only measure of protection was an emergency one-a handkerchief wetted with urine. Pads containing absorbent chemicals were the first form of gas mask, and when the range of gases extended, the helmet was devised, and, finally, the respirator of the canister type, which made use of the absorbent properties of carbon, lime, etc.The lecturer discussed the question whether chemical warfare was humane? Official statistics showed that, while fatal casualties on the field due to shell fire were one in four, those due to gas were one in forty. This, however, did not include deaths in hospital or from after effects. The figures might appear to show that gas rendered troops non-combatant with a lower mortality rate than shell fire. The reaction of the troops to gas might be judged from war literature, wherein the order of unpopularity would appear to be-mud, shrapnel, and machine guns, and there was a striking absence of reference to gas.In conclusion, Dr. Strathdee emphasised the inter-relationship between chemical industry and chemical warfare. For several years before the war, Germany had been building up a monopoly of the organic resources of the world-for example, the dyestuff industry. This gave Germany a very considerable lead at the commencement of the war. Chemical industry could, and did, mobilise very quickly for warfare, for many of the raw materials and intermediates of industry were the raw materials of chemical armament. With reference to the question of disarmament, Dr. Strathdee said that if recognised armaments were limited, potential chemical armament would assume a greater importance. Professor Findlay, in expressing appreciation of Dr. Strath- dee’s interesting lecture, stressed the importance at the present time of the lecturer’s concluding remarks.A meeting, to which members and their friends were invited, was held at Marischal College, Aberdeen, on 11th March, and was addressed by Professor J. J. R. Macleod, of the Department of Physiology of the University, on the subject of bb The Control of Carbohydrate Metabolism.” Dr. J. F. Tocher presided, and, in introducing Professor Macleod, referred to him as one of the world’s leading authorities on his subject. 178 Professor Macleod first of all discussed the problem of the control of metabolism in general, pointing out that although this control is mainly dependent on chemical laws, the nervous system also comes into play.This is especially so in the control of carbohydrate metabolism in which a fine balance has to be maintained between the production of sugar in the liver and its utilisation in the muscles. He explained the significance of changes in the blood sugar level in relation to this production and utilisation and discussed the value of hyperglycaemia as an early symptom of diabetes. The lecturer said that, like most other functions of the body, carbohydrate metabolism seemed to be under a complex controlling mechanism, involving both a nervous and a hormone, or chemical, factor. In that part of the brain called the pons, evidence had been obtained that there is a nerve centre closely allied to this function, since decerebration by transection of this region of the brain invariably produced diabetic symptoms- increase of blood sugar.Further evidence of the part played by the nervous system in the control of carbohydrate metabolism was given by a study of the effect of drugs on decerebration hyperglycaemia, particularly of atropine and the anzsthetic, amytal. On the other hand, however, it had been shown that two hormones elaborated in the animal body-adrenaline and insulin-played a very direct part in the control of the complex changes of carbohydrate metabolism. Injection of very small quantities of adrenaline had the same effects as decerebration in producing an increase in blood sugar, whereas the removal of the pancreas, which produced insulin, also produced diabetic symptoms-increase of blood sugar.It seemed not unlikely, therefore, to assume that normal functioning depended on a balance being maintained in the system between adrenaline and insulin, and that abnormal functioning, such as a diabetic condition, was due to a disturbance of this balance. In this way, evidence had been established that both a nervous and a chemical control existed, and since both adrenaline and insulin were under nervous control, it might be assumed that there was a complex mechanism in operation, by which the one or the other hormone was secreted according to the need for adjustment of the blood sugar level. Dr. Orr, Dr. Alan Fraser, and Dr. Lovern participated in the discussion. Mr. Godden moved a vote of thanks and appreciation 179 to Professor Macleod for his interesting and informative lecture. Following Professor Macleod’s lecture , the Annual General Meeting was held, at which Professor Hendrick was appointed chairman in succession to Dr.Tocher, who had been chairman since the inception of the Section two years ago. On the motion of Mr. Craven, Dr. Tocher was thanked for his services to the Section. Mr. Marshall J. Robb was appointed a member of Committee in place of Professor Hendrick. On the same evening, a dinner was held in the Caledonian Hotel, under the chairmanship of Dr. Tocher, in the unavoidable absence of Professor Hendrick. Following the loyal toast, an impromptu musical programme was sustained by several members of the company.The toast of “The Institute of Chemistry” was proposed by Dr. McGee, and acknowledged by Mr. Godden. The toast of “The Chairman,” proposed by Captain Allan, was received with musical honours, and Dr. Tocher replied in reminis- cent vein, thanking the Section for the honour it had done him in electing him their Chairman for two years in succession. Aberdeen, Edinburgh and G1asgow.-A Joint Meeting of the Scottish Sections of the Institute and the Society of Chemical Industry was held at St. Andrews on 6th and 7th May. On the first day, in the absence of Principal Sir James Irvine, the company was received by Lady Irvine and entertained to tea at St. Salvator’s College as guests of the University Court. Subsequently, in the Chemistry Lecture Theatre of the United Colleges a lecture was given by Professor John Read on “Alchemical Literature and Iconography.” The lecturer traced alchemy through the ages, illustrating his discourse with many interesting lantern slides and the exhibition of many historical works on the subject.In the evening the company attended an informal dinner in the Marine Hotel,-Mr. W. R. Guy presiding. On the following day the party assembled in the Chemistry Department for a short illustrated talk by Professor Read on “St. Andrews,” after which members were conducted through the ancient University and City. 180 Belfast and District.-On 15th March, at the Royal Belfast Academical Institution, Mr. E. Butterworth read a paper before the Section on ‘‘Electro-titrations.” The paper dealt with the use of electrometric methods in volumetric analysis, especially in relation to certain technical and research problems. A brief discussion of potentiometric and conductometric methods was given.It was pointed out that the potentiometric method, while of great theoretical and practical value, was complicated by the sensitivity of electrodes and the necessity of using special electrodes for certain reactions. The con-ductometric method was, in general, of wider application, at any rate in technical work. One drawback to the methods described was the time taken in an estimation. To remedy this defect a direct reading conductivity apparatus, employing triodes, was developed in 1925.This employed one triode as a source of alternating potential and a second as a rectifier. A device was incorporated which maintained the current through the titration cell fairly constant over the working range. This allowed of a good approximation to conductivity by readings of detector anode current. A general account of reactions lending themselves to electro- metric titration was followed by examples of titrations of soaps under various conditions,-soap/alkali mixtures, sodium hydrox- ide/carbonate mixtures,-and solutions of carbohydrates in sodium hydroxide ; also in precipitation reactions. As an example of the utility of the methods in the examina- tion of reactions, the reaction of aluminium sulphate with sodium hydroxide had been followed* by conductometric titra- tion and the various stages of the reaction demonstrated.Bristol and South-Western Counties.-At a meeting of the committee held in Bristol University on 3rd May, Mr. Rowland H. Ellis, of Gloucester, was elected Chairman of the Section for the ensuing session. The programme of future meetings will include a visit to the match factory of Messrs. S. J. Moreland & Sons, Gloucester, on Thursday, 23rd June, at 2.15 p.m., a social meeting at the * Britton. Journ. Chem. SOC.,1931. 2817. 181 residence of Dr. A. C. Fryer, at Clifton, on Saturday, 15th October, at 4.30 p.m., joint meetings with Bristol University Chemical Society in November and January, and the annual meeting in March, 1933.Irish Free State.-A visit was paid to Messrs. W. & H. M. Goulding’s Sulphuric Acid and Fertilizer Works, Dublin, on the 16th March. The members were received by Mr. J. W. Parkes, F.I.C., and Mr. G. F. Harrison, A.I.C. The methods of analysis used in control of the processes were explained by the laboratory staff, after which the visitors were entertained to tea. The tour of the works showed many interesting features, among which may be mentioned the ammonia oxidation plant, water sprays, Ferraris pumps, Chaseside shovel, mechanical dens, bagging and loading machinery. The visitors expressed their sincere thanks to Messrs. Parkes and Harrison and other members of the staff for the trouble taken to render the visit of maximum interest.Glasgow and West of Scotland.-Many members of the Section participated in the arrangements made on the occasion of the Annual General Meeting of the Chemical Society. On 17th March the Society was granted a Civic reception by the Glasgow Corporation in the City Chambers. On Isth, the Annual General Meeting, at which Professor G. G. Henderson presided, was held in Glasgow University, and the Anniversary Dinner, at which Lord Weir was the principal guest, was held in the Grosvenor Restaurant. On Igth, alternative works visits were arranged. One party visited Imperial Chemical Industries, Ltd., at Ardeer, where they were interested in the manufacture of explosives and of synthetic resins , including demonstrations of their practical utility; and the other party visited the Glasgow Corporation Chemical (By-products) Works at Provan.The local arrangements were entrusted to Dr. W. M. Cumming. In his presidential address, Professor Henderson dealt with the publication of chemical literature, and particularly with the needs of the Chemical Society and the Society of Chemical Industry in discharging “the duty of distributing information concerning the advances made in every branch of chemistry, pure and applied.” 182 He quoted from an editorial in Chemistyy and Industry (1931, 50, 277) :-" The publication of new research and its subsequent abstracting are vital to the progress of chemistry; there are very many chemical organisations in this country, some large ones and more small ones, some publishing abstracts of a very limited part of the literature, more publishing none.The bulk, almost the whole, of the abstracts here published, are prepared and paid for by the Fellows of the Chemical Society and the members of the Society of Chemical Industry. These two Societies are those which perform the valuable national work of publishing the chemical knowledge, on which the progress of chemistry and its application to industry depend. A combined register of these Fellows and Members would be a list of those who are providing the profession with the means of keeping up the knowledge of the science on which the profession exists. On these two Societies alone* falls the financial burden of this great work, work which is for the benefit of every chemist in the country.It is singular and anomalous that hundreds, perhaps even thousands, of professional chemists exist here, who make no contribution to this burden, who do nothing to help the cause of chemistry in the way that is most urgent, most necessary and most expensive. Those chemists who are not members of either of these two societies are no doubt extremely grateful to them; their gratitude may be made manifest in several ways, but Professor Thorpe indicates one of the most useful: that all those who benefit by the scientific publications should make a contribution towards their expense. ' ' Continuing, Professor Henderson said that several reasons might be advanced to account for the fact that so many chemists do not support one or both of these Societies: one was that the Journals were to be found in the libraries of universities and chemical works; yet he could not but believe that if those chemists who have not yet joined one or other of the Societies were to give serious consideration to the subject, they would come to realise that an obligation rested upon them to support those organisa- tions which were doing so much to help them in their professional work at the expense of those fellow chemists who were members of the two Societies.Later, having suggested that industries should help the Societies with their publication expenses, Professor Henderson referred to the circumstance that the Institute subscribed k250 * See Notes, p.215. 183 a year to the library of the Chemical Society, and expressed the hope that it could also afford to assist the Society in the publication of chemical literature.* Liverpool and North-Western.-The Annual General Meeting of the Section was held at St. George’s Restaurant, Liverpool, on 14th April-Professor T. P. Hilditch in the chair. Messrs. A. E. Findley, A. Lees, E. Gabriel Jones, and F. J. Smith, Fellows, were elected to the Committee. Messrs. W. R. Hardwick and G. E. Knowles were elected Honorary Auditors. Mr. W. Ferguson Buist was re-appointed Honorary Secretary, and Mr. Glynn Beaumont, Honorary Assistant Secretary. Professor W. H. Roberts, Honorary Treasurer, was unable to present his Annual Report, being engaged as Acting Examiner at the Institute at the time of the meeting.Professor Roberts was re-elected Honorary Treasurer. In the course of the proceedings, the Chairman announced that the meeting place for the coming session would be the Constitutional Club (7th floor), India Buildings, Water Street, Liverpool. Professor Hilditch said that the Club facilities would be open to members of the Section from 5.30 p.m. on the evenings on which Section meetings were arranged to take place. The amenities of the Club included a spacious and pleasant meeting room, a comfortable lounge, billiard room, card room, etc. At the meeting of the Local Section Committee, held before the General Meeting, Mr. F. Robertson Dodd was unanimously elected Chairman for the ensuing session.The Annual Excursion of the Associated Learned Societies of Liverpool and District (including the Liverpool and North- Western Section of the Institute) will take place on Saturday, 25th June. The route will be by motor coach from Birkenhead, leaving Woodside at 1.30 p.m., passing Chester, Gresford, Wrexham and Bangor-on-Dee, arriving at Erbistock at 3.30 p.m. ; tea at Erbistock at.5.30 p.m. ;returning at 7.30 p.m., and arriving at Birkenhead 9.30 p.m. Members may be accompanied by friends. The inclusive cost will be 7s. 6d. each person, payable on the day of the excursion. Members wishing to participate are requested to notify the Honorary Secretary of the Associated Learned Societies, Miss E. Warhurst, L.L.A., 3, Carlisle Road, Anfield, Liverpool, not later than 20th June, or the Honorary Secretary of the Local Section of the Institute by the same date.* See Notes, p. 215. 184 London and South-Eastern Counties-On 17th March, a lecture was given at the Institute by Professor W. Bulloch on The Modern Trend of Bacteriology.” An account of this lecture will be given in the next issue of the Journal. On 7th April, about forty members from London and district visited Portsmouth, where they were received by local members of the Section. The laboratories of the Admiralty Chemist, in the Dockyard, were inspected, and the great variety of chemical work required to be done for the Admiralty was clearly illustrated. Consider-able interest was shown in the patented process, designed by the Department and used by the Admiralty, for the recovery of oil fuel from ship’s residues, in connection with the international agreement against pollution of the sea shore with oil.A demon-stration was given of the use of the Davis apparatus for escape from submarines, with details of the necessary chemical control. The visitors were then conducted over H.M.SS. Hood and Victory, and afterwards tea was kindly provided, by the Ports- mouth members, at the Municipal College. On 13th April, members of the Section visited the Building Research Station, Watford, and on aIst April, the Forest Products Research Laboratory, Princes Risborough. On both occasions the party was divided into groups, each of which was conducted by a member of the staff through the various sections.The arrangements were admirably made to enable all the visitors to make a comprehensive survey of the activities of the Research Stations. Malaya.-The Annual General Meeting of the Section was held at the College of Medicine, Singapore, on 28th February. Mr. F. L. Okell in the Chair. The Report for the year 1931showed that six new members had joined the Section, which now includes over 40 Fellows and Associates. During the year papers had been read (at Singapore) by Mr. A. C. Brooks on “Colour Photograhpy”; Dr. J. L. Rosedale on “Micro Methods”; and Mr. W. Birtwistle on “Some Chemical Problems in connection with the Rearing of Fish in the Tropics ’’ ; 186 and (at Kuala Lumpur) by Mr.A. C. Brooks on “Colour Photo- graphy” and by Dr. C. F. Flint on “Spectrography and its Value to the Analytical Chemist.” At a Social Evening held at Singapore in September last, Mr. Brooks had also given a lantern lecture entitled “A Holiday in China.” Lieut.-Col. B. J. Eaton was elected Chairman for the ensuing year; Mr. R. G. Fullerton was appointed Hon. Secretary and Treasurer; Messrs. R. W. Blair and H. Marsden, Dr. G. McOwan, and Messrs. M. Jamieson and C. L. Southall were elected to the Committee-Mr. M. Jamieson to be Assistant Hon. Secretary. Mr. V. R. Greenstreet and Dr. J. L. Wiltshire were appointed Hon. Auditors. It was decided that in future the Annual General Meeting be held in the month of January, and that the annual (local) sub-scription be reduced from 5 to 3 dollars.It was also decided to remit 80 dollars from the unofficial funds of the Section to the Benevolent Fund of the Institute. The Committee was requested to consider the arrangement of a lecture, demonstrating the value of the services rendered by chemists to the community, to be given after the next Annual General Meeting. Reference was made to the correspondence between the Institute and the Colonial Office, following the representations which were made to the Council by Dr. Tempany and Mr. Blair during 1931,regarding the qualifications of official analysts in Malaya, instances having occurred in which persons had been appointed as analysts, without possessing the qualifications and experience such as are generally regarded as essential for such positions.The meeting recorded its deep regret on hearing of the death of Mr. K. V. Christie, a former member of the Section. Votes of thanks were passed to the retiring Chairman and Committee, to the Principal of the College of Medicine, for the use of rooms for the meeting, and to the Directors of the Singapore Rubber Works, which the members had visited on the day pre- vious to the meeting, as well as to Mr. Cresson, who had kindly explained the various manufacturing operations there in progress. The visit to the rubber works was followed by an informal dinner which was well attended by members and their friends. 186 Manchester and District.-The Annual General Meeting took place on 11th March at the College of Technology.The Chair was taken by Mr. J. H. Lester. The following new members of Committee were elected:- Mr. E. L. Rhead, F.I.C., Mr. H. Stevenson, F.I.C., and Mr. D. Paul, A.I.C. The Honorary Secretary, Dr. A. Coulthard, and the Honorary Auditors, Mr. F. P. Evans and Mr. L. Thompson, were re- ele c ted unanimously. Prof. T. M. Lowry, F.R.S., addressed the meeting on The Mechanism of Chemical Change.” Professor Lowry prefaced his remarks by reminding his audience of the existence of two types of valency-electrovalence, exemplified by sodium chloride, and co-valence, exemplified by chlorine molecules. In the case of compounds in which the atoms were held by electrovalent linkages, the molecules were made up of oppositely-charged ions, and the reactions of the molecule were the reactions of these ions.On the other hand, where the atoms were held by covalent linkages, chemical reactions could take place either by ionisation, resulting from an unsymmetrical rupture of the bond, in which one atom took both the shared electrons, or by dissociation into free, neutral radicals, when the shared electrons were distributed equally between the two atoms. Thus, in the case of the chlorine molecule, disruption could occur either by dissociation into neutral atoms .. .. .. .. :c1 : Cl : + :c1-+ l: .. .. .. .. or by ionisation into oppositely-charged radicals, thus : .. .. .... :C1 : C1 : + : Cl (+ve) + : C1: (-ve) .. .. .. .. He proposed, therefore, to classify chemical reactions as of two types, the first ionic in character and the second in which free radicals played a major part. With reference to the first type, he quoted Professor Armstrong’s description of chemical change as “reversed electrolysis.” Dealing first with the simplest reactions, the lecturer gave the following examples of the two types: 187 First Type.-Ionisation of covalent molecules. f-Cl-Cl c1-+ ACl' c1-(I) + = - + ClOH (neutral) K+OH-K+ /OH-K+ the arrows representing the flow of one electron of current during the reaction; -3--3-(2) N(CH,), + CHJ = N(CH,),t+ I---+ -+ (3) CN + >C=O + K+ = >C-O + K+ I CN The ionic nature of the cyanhydrin reaction had been demon-strated by Professor Lapworth, who showed that it only took place in presence of a trace of alkali. Secovtd Type.-Dissociation into neutral radicals.(I) The thermal dissociation of iodine I, = 21 (neutral atoms) the neutrality of the atoms being shown by the absence of conductivity in the vapour. (2) The photochemical reaction of chlorine with hydrogen, as studied by Bodenstein, Norrish and others Cl, = zC1 (neutral) C1+ H, = H (neutral) + HC1, etc. (3) The action of sodium vapour on chlorine, as studied by Polanyi Na(vapour) + Cl, = Na+ C1-+ C1 (neutral). (4) The equilibrium between ortho-and para-hydrogen, studied by Bonhoeffer and Farkas, where atoms of hydrogen acted as catalyst tH + tHH.1 $ tHHt + H.l atom para ortho atom (5) The thermal dissociation of steam, also studied by Bonhoeffer and his colleagues H,O + OH + H (neutral radicals).In this reaction the hydroxyl-radical had been detected and studied by means of its band spectrum. 188 (6) The formation of neutral radicals during combustion, as studied by A. Fowler, by observations of band spectra burned N,O + H2-+ OH (neutral) burned NH, + 0, -+ NH (neutral) (7) The thermal dissociation of lead tetramethyl, with produc- tion of metallic lead and free methyl radicals, as studied by Paneth Pb(CH,), +Pb + 4CH, (neutral) Professor Lowry then dealt with application of this classi- fication to more complex organic reactions, giving the following examples of the frrst type involving ionic, or even-electron re- agents and of the second type, involving free radicals, or odd- electron reagents.First Type. (I) PYOi!Ol%O$y -CH.C=O 7%-C=C*OH I1 II These changes only take place in amphoteric solvents and the lecturer postulated the following as the principal intermediate stage in the mechanism +-+-+ (out) H C-C-0 H (in) AI-> -3 -3 -3 the arrows again indicating the direction of electron transfer. A flow of electrons through the molecule (by rearrangement of single and double bonds) in order to neutralise the charges resulting from ionic reactions at the end of the chain, is charac-teristic of all conjugated systems. (2) Hydrolysis, catalysed by acids or bases in presence of amphoteric water : CH3 +/ CH, CH,*CO.O.CH, = \C --0 = CH,-COOH + CH3.0H /\ \OH-+H+ HO 0-H* -+++ 189 In this reaction there is again a flow of electrons from the base to the acid through the molecule of ester, resulting in a rupture of the bond between the acidic and alcoholic radicals.(3) The Walden Inversion. C7H7 --I + CHS.CO.0 + CH.O*SO*C,H,+ K-3 I CH8 C7H7I-+ CHs*CO*OCH+ O*SO*C7H7+ K I CHs Second Type. The following cases have been cited by Professor Richard Kuhn, as examples of reactions brought about by reagents con- taining an odd number of electrons: (I) Polymerisation of isoprene by metallic sodium (neutral atoms). (2) The transformation of maleic to fumaric acid by Berthoud’s method, by the action of bromine under the action of light (neutral atoms).(3) The conversion of oleic to elaidic acid by means of nitrous acid (NO + NO,, stable molecules with odd numbers of electrons), All these examples, selected from inorganic and organic reactions can be most reasonably represented on the basis of one of the mechanisms outlined, and illustrate the very wide applic- ability of these conceptions. In the discussion which followed, Professors Lapworth, Kenner, and Dr. Goldstein took part. A vote of thanks, proposed by Dr. Pickard and seconded by Dr. Howell, was accorded to Professor Lowry. On 9th April, Dr. G. Roche Lynch, Senior Analyst of the Home Office, addressed a large joint meeting of the Manchester and Liierpool Sections of the Institute and the Northern Section of the Society of Public Analysts in the Engineers’ Club, Man- Chester, on the subject of ‘(Poisons and Poisoning.” The Chair was taken by Professor W.H. Roberts (Liverpool). 190 The lecturer dealt with his subject from the historical point of view, and, in a critical survey of the various factors governing toxicological investigations, made illuminating references to many cases of recent years in the investigation of which he had taken an active part. Manchester and District Students.-On 18th March, Dr. W. J. S. Naunton opened a discussion at the College of Technology, on 6b The Defects in Chemical Education.” The subject matter was of a very controversial nature and deliberately chosen in order to provoke criticism.Dr. Naunton stated that he quite realised the enormous difficulties in the way of educational reformers, but many felt that both in our methods of education, and in examinations, far too much importance was attached to the acquiring of a mass of technical facts rather than to developing the gift of “thinking technically.” Important industrial improvements were, more often than not, extraordinary simple ideas which had been overlooked by virtue of their simplicity rather than their pro- foundness. The newly-qualified chemist often attached so much importance to his recently acquired chemical knowledge and so little to his common sense, that he overlooked such technically important discoveries.The address was followed by a long discussion in which Messrs. Maddocks, Sowerbutts, Ikin, Jones, Weir, Allen, Davies, Lester, Hey, and Scholefield participated. A vote of thanks was accorded Dr. Naunton, on the motion of Mr. Maddocks, seconded by Mr. Ikin. On 30th April, a visit was paid to the works of The Lancashire Steel Corporation, at Irlam, where a very enjoyable afternoon was spent by a party of students, who were accompanied by four honorary members. The visitors enjoyed the experience of seeing the methods employed in the handling of hundreds of tons of materials. The ores are received from ocean-going steamers on the Manchester Ship Canal and, when the new landing stage is completed, the unloading of these steamers will be effected by a giant travelling crane of enormous capacity.The transfer of the ore to the storage bins, the mixing of the various ores, and the charging of the blast furnaces were in turn inspected; and although it was not possible to see the furnaces tapped for 191 iron, the running-off of the slag was seen and the working of the furnaces explained by members of the staff. The party was shown the new coke ovens, the steel furnaces, the rolling mills, and the power-houses. The Students’ Committee greatly appreciated the kindness of the Lancashire Steel Corporation in giving permission for the visit, and also of the members of the staff who conducted the party through the works. Newcastle-upon-Tyne and North-East Coast.-A meeting of the Section was held, jointly with the Local Section of the Society of Chemical Industry and the Coke Oven Managers’ Association, at Armstrong College, on 29th April, when a paper entitled “The Determination of Phosphorus in Coke.Part I. The Extraction of Phosphorus from Coke Ash” by A. H. Edwards, C. B. Marson and H. V. A. Briscoe, was read by Professsor Briscoe. The authors discussed the precipitation of phosphorus as ammonium phosphomolybdate, with particular reference to the elimination of molybdic acid. The possibilities of some 21 different methods of extracting the phosphorus were explored, and nine were selected as being typical. Each of these was used in the estimation of phosphorus in 57 samples of coke, and seven methods were found to give low results.It was suggested that French’s method should form the basis of a standard test both on the grounds of accuracy and speed. The method is as follows:-The requisite quantity of ash is digested with 5 C.C. of hydro- fluoric acid and 10 C.C. of nitric acid, a platinum crucible being used. The solution is evaporated to dryness and the digestion is repeated with the same quantities of acids. 15 C.C.of nitric acid (sg. 1.2) are added to the residue, and the contents of the crucible are evaporated to a small bulk. The solution is trans- ferred to a beaker, diluted with water, and filtered. The filtrate is evaporated to 50 C.C. neutralised with ammonia, the precipitate just redissolved in concentrated nitric acid, 4 C.C.excess nitric acid added, and the phosphorus determined by the volumetric phosphomolybdate method. An interesting discussion followed, and the authors were thanked for presenting their paper. 192 Relatives Sought.-The relatives are sought of Mary Harrison, aged 10years, whose mother died recently at Brandon House Nursing Home, Holly Walk, Leamington Spa. The father of the child, Norman Harrison, was a motor engineer of Bristol, who was killed some months before the child’s birth, but is believed to be survived by two brothers,-Godfrey Harri-son, an engineer, thought to be in Germany, and Stanley Harrison, a research chemist engaged in teaching in London. For the present, the interests of this child are being watched by a solicitor and medical men of Leamington.Anyone who is able to supply information regarding the uncles of the child is requested to communicate with Mrs. Norris, Holts House, Lees, Lancs. 193 April Examinations, 1932. Report of the Board of Examiners. Examinations were held at the times and places mentioned; the numbers of candidates examined and of those passed were: NO. No. POT the A880ckt~hip- Examined. Passed. General Chemistry: at the Institute and at the University, Manchester : 4th-9th April 36 16 For the Fellowghip- Branch C. Organic Chemistry with special reference to Oils, Fats, etc.: at the Insti-tute : 1 lth-15th April .. .. .. 2 1 Branch D. Biochemistry, with special refer- ence to Bacteriology and PhysiologicalChemistry: at the Institute and at University College, London: 1lth-15th April .... .. .. .. 1 0 Branch E. The Chemistry, including Micro- scopy, of Food and Drugs and of Water: at the Institute : 1 lth-16th April .. 12 8 Branch P. Agricultural Chemistry: at the University, Reading: 18th-22nd April .. 2 2 Branch Q. Industrial Chemistry, with special reference to Soap Manufacture: at the Institute: 1 lth-16th April .. .. 1 0 Chemical Technology of Textiles, with special reference to Cotton Bleaching, Dyeing and Finishing: at the College of Techno-logy, Manchester : 1 lth-16th April .. 1 1 Foods, with special reference to Chocolate and Confectionery : at the Institute, and in the Laboratories of the British Association of Research for the Cocoa, Chocolate, Sugar, Confectionery and Jam Trades: llth-15th April .. .. .. .. -1 1 -56 29 In the Emmination for the A880ckte8hip- --two candidates who previously satisfied the Examiners in the practical work, completed their examination by passing in the theory papers; eight candidates satisfied the Examiners in all parts of the examination except in the translation of German technical literature; four can-didates satisfied the Examiners in the practical work, but not in the written papers, and one candidate satisfied the Examiners in his written papers but not in the practical exercises. In the Examination for the Fellow8hip- in Branch C one candidate failed to satisfy the Examiners only in the first paper in General Organic Chemistry; in Branch E two can- didates failed to satisfy the Examiner in Therapeutics, Pharmacology and Microscopy-one in the written, oral and practical work, aad the other in the oral and practical work.EXAMINATION IN CHEMISTRY.FOR THE ASSOCIATESHIPGENERAL INORGANIC AND PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY.-on the whole, the written papers were answered creditably, but the amount of irrelevant matter was as great as ever. Many candidates waste time in giving rambling accounts of certain developments in chemistry, thus detracting from the value of an answer which may in fact contain the information required. In this examination the questions on physico-chemical sub- jects produced some good answers, and it is satisfactory to note that the majority of the candidates attempted these questions, but it was disappointing to find that Graham’s work on colloids was apparently unknown to many of the candidates. The practical exercises were not easy, and it was evident that the candidates found them difficult.The quantitative work was carried out satisfactorily and the results were accurate, making due allowances for work in an unfamiliar laboratory. ORGANICCHEMISTRY.-The standard reached in theoretical organic chemistry was none too high; in particular a very poor acquaintance with general synthetic reactions was displayed, and elementary mistakes in the structural side of the subject were too numerous. In the replies to the question relating to the scientific work of some famous organic chemists it was disappointing to find how little was known of the achievements of Kekulk, Baeyer and the Perkins, father and son.On the other hand it was interesting to note how the name of Emil Fischer has become that of an almost legendary hero of organic chemistry. For example, in connection with the sugars, he is credited not only with his own work but also with that of Kiliani and with much that has only come to light in quite recent years. Similarly, he is credited with a great part of Baeyer’s researches on the purines and with all the synthetic work in this group. The question on the chemistry of propylene evoked fairly satisfactory replies, and it was obvious that some of the candi- dates had had actual practical experience bearing on this topic.The more purely theoretical matters, such as the theory of dyna- mic isomerism, were very sketchily treated, and the descriptive side of the subject was not given with anything like sufficient accuracy. It seems possible that students are devoting too much attention to the advanced sections of the subject and neglecting the early fundamental reading, which alone can form a sound 195 basis of study leading to a real grasp of principle and the anto-matic assimilation of detail. The practical tests on this occasion proved to be more searching than usual, and the candidates were not particularly happy in regard to their final conclusions. The work was, however, well carried out on the purely technical side, and such weakness as was indicated was more the result of defects in theoretical knowledge and acumen than of inefficient laboratory‘ met hod.As usual the French translation offered little difficulty, but the German passage was of the type which could not be translated merely by writing down from a dictionary the English equivalents of the German words. The attention of all candidates is directed to the fact that failure to reach a satisfactory standard in German translation may prejudice their chances of satisfying the Examiners in the examination as a whole. A good translation is expected, though not necessarily one which is verbally correct, The most important consideration is that the translation should convey in an accurate manner the exact scientific meaning of the passage.The translation should be set down in properly constructed English sentences. FOR INEXAMINATION THE FELLOWSHIP BRANCHE: THE CHEMISTRY, INCLUDING MICROSCOPY,OF FOODAND DRUGS AND OF WATER. Answers to the written papers were on the whole reasonably well done, but it is worthy of note that the question which dealt with the production of alcohol by enzymes, and that in which candidates were asked to explain the terms “Proof Spirit” and “Obscuration” and to make a simple calculation of the excess water in a sample of spirit, were very imperfectly answered. It would almost appear that some candidates had to a great extent overlooked this important section of the work of a Public Analyst.This view is borne out by the fact that in the practical examination several candidates failed to note that a sample of whisky had been adulterated with over 12per cent. of liqueur. Some candidates showed a lack of experience in drafting Certificates under the Food and Drugs Adulteration Act. In examining an eye lotion several attempted to determine the quantity of boric acid in the presence of zinc sulphate by direct titration of the solution plus glycerine or mannitol, apparently being unaware that it is impossible to do this. 196 The exercise on the examination of a sample of tea seed oil disclosed the fact that the majority of candidates had kept themselves in touch with recent literature.In the examination of a sample of bacon, while all the candi- dates were conversant with the correct method for the estimation of nitrites in foodstuffs, some did not realise that it is impossible to detect and estimate nitrates in the presence of comparatively large amounts of chloride, without first removing the chloride by means of silver sulphate. The microscopical work was extremely well done. THERAPEUTICS,PHARMACOLOGY AND MIcRoscoPY.-In the paper several of the candidates didnot seem to understand the difference between a colorimeter and a tintometer, and some did not seem to read the questions carefully and to answer what was actually asked. When asked to “Describe in detail how yo%would estimate . . .,” candidates should realise that the Examiner does not want general descriptions of some three or four possible methods of dealing with the problem.The practical work consisted of two questions, namely a simple exercise, the chemical analysis of an ointment, and a difficult exercise, the detection of luminal in a sample of urine. In this latter, the majority of the candidates detected that a barbituric acid group substance was present. The following papers and exercises were given :-Examination for the Associateship in General Chemistry. MONDAY, 4th APRIL, 1932: 10 a.m. to 1 p.m. (Pass Stunclard may be attained by good answers to FOUR questions, but candidate8 may not submit answers to more than FIVE.) 1. Describe fully the meaning you attach to the term “amphoteric electrolytes.” How are such electrolytes recognised practically ? In what manner may the properties of amphoteric substances be utilised in quantitative analysis ? 2. Write an essay on (a) co-ordination compounds applied to quantitative separations and estimations in inorganic chemistry, OR (b)primary and subsidiary standards for volumetric analysis.3. Give an account of the work associated with the names of Caro, Graham, and van’t Hoff. 4. Discuss critically the qualitative and quantitative methods for the separation of copper, tin, antimony and arsenic. 5. Write an account of the halogen group of the periodic system, with special reference to the position of fluorine in the group. 6. What are the chief sources of zinc? How would you examine a zinc ore for its zinc content? What impurities would you expect iii the metal produced, and how would you look for them? 197 7.Describe the preparation and reactions of FOUR of the following substances: carborundum, iodine monochloride, sulphur hexduoride, permonophosphoric acid, silicon, ceric sulphate, chlorine monoxide. 2 to 5 p.m. (Pass Standard my be attained by good answers to FOUR questions, but candidates may not submit answers to more than FIVE.) 1. Write an account of the discovery of isotopes, and the methods of determining them in elements and compounds. 2. What do you understand by the partition or distribution law? Give examples of its application to liquid-liquid and gas-liquid systems. 3. Describe the use of hydrazine, hydroxylamine, and pyridine in analytical practice.4. How would you proceed to determine the solubility in water of salts which (1) possess a fair degree of solubility, (2) are very sparingly soluble? 5. What are the sources of beryllium and how is the oxide obtained? Describe briefly the properties and reactions of its salts. 6. Write an essay on (a) reactions between gases at high temperatures and pressures and the effect of catalysts on the reactions, OR (b) modern methods of preparing gases in a state of purity on the industrial scale. Illustrate your answer by considering two such gases. 7. By what methods may sulphur trioxide and sulphuric acid be prepared? Give an account of the chemistry of the chamber process of manufacture of sulphuric acid with special attention to Raschig’s views on the subject.TUESDAY, 5th APRIL, 1932: 10 a.m. to 1 p.m. (Pass Standard my be attained by good answers to FOUR qumtims, but candidates my not submit answers to more than FIVE.) 1. Write an essay on the scientific work of any TWO of the following: A. Kekul6, A. Baeyer, W. H. Perkin, sen., and W. H. Perkin, jun., E. Fischer and V. Meyer. 2. Give an account of the Chemistry of propylene and explain how this substance may be synthesised from its elements and in turn converted into glycerol. 3. Describe the developments in industrial chemistry which aros9 from the successful technical synthesis of indigotin. What are the possible sources of this dyestuff, and what factors have from time to time determined the choice of any of them as a starting point for the manufacture ? 4.Give the formula, the place of occurrence in nature, the scientific name if not mentioned, and a brief statement of a method of preparation of the following: coniine, camphor, menthol, flavone, oleic acid, mannitol, 2 : 4 dinitrochlorobenzene, beta-naphthol, alizarine, sym-collidine. 5. What are the chief sources of pyrrole and its derivatives? Illus-trate the various methods of ring-scission of the heterocyclic substances containing nitrogen as a ring-member, by reference to reactions of pyrroleand its hydrogenated derivatives. 6. How are the acid chlorides employed in various synthetical operations in the aliphatic and aromatic series? To what extent may these substances be replaced by the acid anhydrides ? 198 7.Discuss the present position EITHER of the theory of dynamicisomerism, OR of the interpretation of experimentally determined molecular dipole moments of organic substances. WEDNESDAY and THURSDAY, 6th and 7th APRIL, 1932: 10 a.m. to 4.30 pm. mh day. (Candidates should complete the exercise in question 1 on the 3r8t day, but may commence that in question 2 on the same day if time allows.) 1. Examine the binary mixture (A) of an ester and a ketone. Separ-ate these constituents, identify them and prepare a crystalline derivative of each substance, other than the acid, in the case of the ester constituent. (A = n-butyl benzoate and acetophenone; or methyl cinnamate and cyclohexanone;or ethyl phthalate and methyl ethyl ketone.) 2.Identify the unknown crude substance (B)and make as completean examination of its properties and reactions as possible. (B =trihydroxytriethylamine stearate.) FRIDAY, 8th APRIL, 1932: 10 a.m. to 4.30 prn. Identify the mixture of two salts (C). (Qzlctlitative results to be returned by 11.30 a.m.) Determine quantitatively the constituents as fully as time permits. (C =mixture of equal parts of chromium and ferric formates.) SATURDAY, 9th APRIL, 1932: 10 a.m. to 4.30 p.m. 1. Examine the mixture (D) qualitatively.(D = Calcium tungstate and sodium vanadate.) 2. Determine the iron and manganese in the specimen of ferro-manganese supplied to you (E).Examination for the Fellowship. Branch C. Organic Chemistry, with special reference to Oils, Fats, Soap, etc. MONDAY, 11th APRIL, 1932: 10 a.m. to 1 p.m. (FIVEquestions are to be attempted.) 1. Explain with full practical details how you would prepare from 2. Given an organic compound containing only one atom of oxygenn-butyl alcohol (a)n-propyl alcohol, and (b) n-amyl alcohol. in the molecule in addition to carbon, hydrogen and nitrogen, what steps would you take in order to determine the mode of combination of the oxygen atom? 3. What methods are available for the separation of mixtures of 4. Discuss the constitution of the diazo-compounds, OR describe primary, secondary and tertiary amines ? methods of replacing the diazo-residue by FIVE of the following atoms or groups: OH, C1, I, CN, SH, AsO(OH),.5. Describe the preparation, properties and principal uses of PIVE of the following substances: ethyl malonate, ethylene chlorhydrin,phenylglycine, phenolphthalein, benzidine, a-naphthol, F-naphthylamine, /hminoanthraquinone. 199 6. Give an account of the methods used for the preparation of organic compounds containing EITHER sulphur OR arsenic attached to carbon. 7. Describe methods of synthesis for compounds containing EITEER the pyridine OR the pyrazalone OR the glyoxaline nucleus. Refer to the natural occurrence or techical uses of compounds containing the nucleus which you select. 2 to 5 p.m. (SIXquestions only to be attempted.) 1. Describe fully the production of an oil by solvent extraction, and compare the various solvents which may be used for the purpose.How may traces of residual solvent be detected? 2. What do you understand by: (a) Alcoholysis, (b) Differential halogenation, (c)Thiocyanogen value ? Give examples of how these may be utilised in determining the constitution of an oil. 3. What are cotton stearine, cotton soap stock, cotton black grease, and cotton pitch? How are they obtained, and what are their uses? 4. Give a short account of the various causes of rancidity, discussing also recent work on the subject of “antioxygens.” 5. Describe a continuous process of oil hydrogenation, and discuss the application of hydrogenation to the production of fatty alcohols.What are their industrial uses ? 6. What is acetyl value ? How is it useful in studying the process of saponification, and in the analysis of soap ? How would you determine it ? 7. Discuss the value of colour tests in the examination of oils and fats, describing the various tests, and pointing out their limitations. 8. Give an account of how measurement of interfacial tension has been used in various directions in comparing oils and fats and soaps. 9. What methods are in use for cooling soap ? How do they affect 10. Give a full description of any one method for the preparation the quality and appearance of the soap? of a commercial crude glycerin. What would be the average composition of the type described. TUESDAY to FRIDAY, 12th to 15th APRIL, 1932: 10 a.m.to 5 p.m. each day. 1. Identify the Fat (A). 2. Determine the compos$ion of Composition (B). 3. Report upon the purity of the sample of cocoa butter (C). 4. Analyse fully the sample of soap powder (D). Branch D. Biochemistry, with special reference to Bacteriology and Physiological Chemistry. MONDAY, 11th APRIL, 1932: 10 a.m. to 1 p.m. (FOURquestions only to be attempted.) 1. Give an account of modern theories regarding the structure of 2. What do you understand by “isoelectric point”? How would 3. Discuss the r61e of pyruvic acid in carbohydrate metabolism. 4. Write a general account of recent work on the nature and function the proteins. you ascertain the “isoelectric point ” of caseinogen ? 200 of vitamins A and D.5. What are the changes which together constitute the nitrogen cycle @ the soil ? 6. Describe the preparation and the biochemical significance of THREE of the following compounds: (a)cystine, (b) tyrosine, (c) creatine, (d) mannitol, and (e) insulin. 2 to 6 p.m. (FOURquestions to be attempted.) 1. Write an account of the respiratory pigments, with particular reference to the part played by some of them (e.g. cytochrome) in biological oxidations. 2. What important developments have occurred in recent years in the study of the chemical processes involved in muscular contraction ? 3. What evidence supports the view that fatty acids may be “de- saturated” in the liver? 4.Give a critical account of the methods employed in the standard- isation of disinfectants. 5. Outline the present views on the chemical basis on antigenic specscity. 6. What is the Voges-Proskauer reaction? Give an account of the work which led to the isolation and identification of the substance respon- sible for the reaction. TUESDAY to FRIDAY, 12th to 15th APRIL, 1932: 10 a.m. to 6 p.m. each day. 1. From the sample of hair (A) make a preparation of cystine. 2. Make a quantitative examination of the urine (B) for the chief nitrogenous constituents. Suggest an interpretation of your results. 3. The specimen (C) contains a mixture of three micro-organisms. 4. Identify the substances (D) and (E) which are of physiological Prepare a pure culture of each and, as far as you can, identify them.importance. Branch E. The Chemistry, including Microscopy, of Food and Drugs, and of Water. MONDAY, 11th APRIL, 1932: 10 a.m. to 1 p.m. 1. Describe with all essential details how you would make a completemicroscopical examination of a powdered vegetable drug, in order to obtain information regarding its plant anatomy. Select a drug with which you are familiar and indicate how your scheme of examination would serve to identify it. 2. Write a brief account of the Vitamins. How would you compare 3. Explain as fully as you can the part played by enzymes in the the Vitamin A content of two samples of cod liver oil? production of alcohol from a cereal grain.(Answer in a separate notebook.) 4. Describe in detail how you would test for the presence of and estimate the amount of methyl alcohol in a beverage such as whisky,which was suspected to contain this substance. State briefly the effects that may be produced on man when this substance is drunk. 5. What do youunderstand by the terms “mydriasis ”and ‘‘myosis” ? Mention the drugs in the British Pharmacopoeia which produce these effects, giving the doses and indicating briefly how the drugs act. 6. Discuss the value of the colorimeter in analytical practice. 2 to 5 p.m. 1. Explain the terms “proof spirit” and “obscuration.” A sample of whiskey is found on analysis to have an alcoholic content equivalent to 48 degrees underproof.Show from u st principles how to calculate the amount of water in the sample in excess of the legal limit. 2. Describe in detail how you would detect and determine tin in a sample of foodstuff. What amount would you consider objectionable ? 3. What special legal enactments control the sale of: (a) sausages,(b) dried milk, (c) carbolic disinfectants, (d) food colouring materials ? Give the provisions of each enactment so far as it refers to the substances in question. 4. Section 3 of the Agricultural Produce (Grading and Marking) Act, 1928, makes it unlawful “to sell or expose for sale any egg which has been subjected to any process of preservation unless the egg is marked in the prescribed manner.” What methods for the preservation of eggs are in common use 4 How would you ascertain if an egg had been subjected to any of these processes ? 5.Describe the tests you would apply to a sewage effluent to ascertain its suitablilty for discharge into a stream. TUESDAY, 12th APRIL, 1932: 10 a.m. to 5 p.m. Make as complete an analysis as you can of the sample of cheese (A) and report upon it on the accompanying certificate. (Cheese made from skimmed milk-deficient in fat.) WEDNESDAY, 13th APRIL, 1932: 10 a.m. to 5 p.m. 1. Analyse the sample of eye lotion (B) and ascertain if it has been dispensed in accordance with the following prescription :-Acid boric . . .. grs. xxx Zinci Sulph. .. . . grs. xii Aq. dist. ad .. .. 3vi (Correctly dispensed.) 2. Examine microscopically the sample of sugar (C).(Contained fibres from sack.) THURSDAY, 14th APRIL, 1932: 10 a.m. to 5 p.m. 1. Examine and report upon the sample of edible oil (D). (Tea2. Examine microscopically the deposit (E) obtained from a sampleseed oil.) of milk. Comment on its significance. 202 FRIDAY, 15th APRIL, 1932: 10 a.m. to 5 p.m. 1. Examine and report qualitatively and quantitatively on the substances used in curing the sample of bacon (F). 2. Analyse and report on the sample of whisky (G) which is sub-mitted under the Food and Drugs Adulteration Act. (Adulterated with a liqueur.) BATURDAY, 16th APRIL, 1932: 10 a.m. to 5 p.m. 1. IdentifyLthe ointment (H) and estimate the amount of its chief ingredient. ( Unguentum hydrarg. ammoniati.) 2.Examine the specimen of urine (J)for the presence of a hypnoticdrug. (Luminal.) Branch F. Agricultural Chemistry. MONDAY, 18th APRIL, 1932: 10 a.m. to 1 p.m. (Only FIVE questions to be aUempted.) 1. In a controlled manurial experiment, where all plant nutrients except one are present in sufEcient quantity, it is stated that “the increased crop produced by unit increment of the lacking factor is proportional to the decrement from the maximum.” Explain this statement and draw a curve to illustrate it graphically. 2. Write a short essay on the effect of manuring on the quality, 88 opposed to the quantity, of the crop. 3. Starting with a soil markedly deficient in nitrogen and phosphorus, describe the changes observed in crops as each of the deficiencies is made good.4. Describe some of the “organic” soils found in this country. Account for the differences in fertility between the various varieties of these and state what fertilisers, if any, can be applied economically to them. 5. Write a short description of the liming of soils, and state how you would vary the procedure with different types of soil. 6. Describe the origin, composition and use of the following manures : 7. A tenant on leaving a holding may be awarded compensation shoddy, guano, cyanamide, kainit, wood ashes and rape dust. for the unexhausted fertility arising from his use of fertilisers and feeding stds. Discuss the principles on which such a system of compensationis founded.8. Describe the preparation and use of three important insecticides or fungicides. No two of the substances mentioned should belong to the same class. 2 to 5 p.m. (Not move than FIVE questions to be attempted.) 1. Write a short essay on the mineral requirements of farm stock. 2. Describe the variations which occur in the nutritive value of paature grass, paying special attention to recent work on this subject. 3. A compound cake is suspected to have caused stock poisoning. Describe how you would investigate the matter. Details of analytical procedure need not be given. 203 4. Describe the constitution of the proteins and state how this may be related to the feeding value of these substances. 5. How are the “starch equivalents” of feeding stuffs determined and what use is made of these values in the compounding of rations? 6.A cow weighing 10 cwt. and yielding 2 gallons of milk per day is given the following daily ration: 20 lbs. hay, 40 lbs. mangolds, 3 lbs. bran and 24bs. palm kernel cake. Show by calculation whether this is, or is not, a suitable ration. (Analytical tables may be obtained on application.) 7. A sample of butter is sent to you for analysis. Describe the determinations you would carry out and state the figures you would expect to obtain if the sample were genuine. 8. If you have taken part in any original investigation in agricultural chemistry, describe the work and its signscance. TUESDAY, 19th APRIL, 1932: 10 a.m. to 5 p.m. 1. Report on the soil (A) with regard to its need for lime.(Theresults of this exercise must be handed in at the end of the day.) (A = moderately acid soil.) 2. The substance (B) is a mixture of two fertilisers. Identify these and estimate the two most important manurial constituents. (Thisexerehe may be wmpleted to-morrow.) (B = mixture of calcium cyanamide and bmic slag.) WEDNESDAY, 20th APRIL, 1932: 10 a.m. to 5 p.m. 1. Complete exercise 2 of yesterday. 2. Report on the sample (C) of sodium nitrate. (These exercises must be completed to-day.) THURSDAY, 2lst APRIL, 1932: 10 a.m. to 5 p.m. Carry out a complete analysis of the feeding stuff (D). (D = a molasses feed.) (This e~~~isemay be completed ~O-WWWOW.) FRIDAY, 22nd APRIL, 1932: 10 a.m.to 5 p.m. 1. Complete the analysis of the previous day. 2. Examine the sample of copper sulphate (E) as to its suitability for the preparation of Bordeaux mixture. (E = 95 yocopper sulphate and 5% ferrous sulphate.) Branch G. Industrial Chemistry, with special reference to Soap Manufacture. MONDAY, 11th APRIL, 1932: 10 a.m. to 1 p.m. (Any FOUR questions to be answered.) 1. What considerations would guide you in framing the lay-out of a chemical works on a new and unoccupied site? 2. Give a general account of the methods used, and the principles on which they work, for measuring the pressure and the flow of liquidsin tubes, explaining especially the devices used when the differences of pressure we small. 204 3.What processes, and what kinds of plant, are used in separating solids from liquids, one liquid from another, and suspended particles of solids from gmes, respectively ? 4. In a certain chemical process the raw material is dissolved in acid, the solution separated from the undissolved residue, and the final product obtained by crystallisation from the solution. What plant will be needed to carry out these operations, and to ensure the pity of the product ? 5. Why is it sometimes necessary to soften water? What bearing has the use that is to be made of the softened water on the choice of the method to be used in softening it? For afternoon paper and practical work see those set for the candidates in Branch C (p. 199). Foods, with special reference to Confectionery and Chocolate.MONDAY, 11th APRIL, 1932: 10 a.m. to 1 p.m. 1. Enumerate the principal constituents of the cacao bean, and discuss the effects on these constituents of the various processes to which the bean is subjected on the plantation and in the factory. 2. What fumigants have been proposed for the destruction of insect pests in foodstuff factories ? Discuss the advantages and disadvantages of each. Describe two methods of treating infested cacao beans. 3. Describe briefly two systems, (a) and (b), of softening water, indicating any differences in the resulting produdts. Discuss the effects of the use of the following types of water in the manufacture of confec- tionery : (i) Naturally soft water.(ii) Hard water. (iii) Water softened by system (a). 9, ?, 9,(iv) ,, (b). 4. Discuss the physical and chemical properties of fats in relation to their use in the manufacture of: (a) Chocolate. (b) Toffees. (c) Biscuits. 5. Discuss the rigidity of gelatin jellies with reference to the particular factors which influence this property in confectionery manufacture. TO what points would you pay particular attention in selecting a gelatin ? 6. In what directions is the pH value of interest to the confectionery manufacturer? Describe briefly how you would determine the pH of a coloured liquid containing sulphites. 2 to 5 p.m. 1. Describe with all essential practical details the Reichert-Meissl- Polenske-Kirschner process for the examination of butter fat.Explain briefly the theoretical considerations underlying each step of the process. 2. Write a brief account of enzydes. Explain as fully as YOU can the-part played by enzymes in the production of alcohol from a cereal gram. 3. Describe one form of Refractometer and discuss briefly its use in 4. Explain the following terms in their relation to the examination food analysis. Explain the terms “refractive index ” and “critical angle.” 206 of water for drinking purposes: “ammoniacal nitrogen,” “oxygenabsorbed,” “albuminoid nitrogen.” What significance would you attach to the presence of abnormally high quantities of ammoniacal nitrogen and chlorides in the same sample of water ? 5.What is the definition, for legal purposes, of fresh milk? What analytical data constitute presumptive evidence that a sample of milk (a) has been skimmed, (b) contains added water? What methods are available for the determination of the amount of added water in milk? TUEXDAY to B’RIDAY, 12th to 15th APRIL, 1932: 10 a.m. to 5 p.m. each day. 1. Analyse the sample of chocolate (A) and make a report on it, discussing its suitability for sale in this country and in the U.S.A. 2. Examine for metals the sample of wrapping paper (B) and report on its suitability for the wrapping of confectionery. 3. Identify the samples (C) 1-6, and discuss their uses in confectionery manufacture. 4. Examine and report on the sample of essential oil (D).5. Analyse sample (E) and describe how you would make a similar product (flavouring constituents may be neglected). 6. Identify the dyes in the sample of Colour (F). Chemical Technology of Textiles, with special reference to Cotton Bleaching, Dyeing and Finishing. MONDAY, 11th APRIL, 1932: 10 a.m. to 1 p,m. (FIVEqueations to be attempted.) 1. Write a short essay on modern views of the structure of ce11do~e, and show how some of the more important properties of cellulose fibres may be interpreted in terms of this structure. 2. What do you understand by the term “tape sizing” 4 Comparethis process with that of sizing cotton yarn in the hank or bundle. 3. How would you propose to set up routine tests for the purpose of ensuring a production of the highest quality of mercerisation in the cam of, say, warp sateens? 4.How would you decide whether abnormally low strength of a 5. What substances other than chloride of lime and sodium hypo- cellulose material arose from chemical or from mechanical damage ? chlorite solutions are employed for the technical bleaching of cellulose materials? Give a description, with as much detail as time permits, of a method of bleaching cotton piece goods, making use of any one of these bleaching agents other than hypochlorites. 6. Define the term “desizing” in relation to cotton fabrics. What is the object of the process ? Describe three common methods of carrying out the process. 7. Give a brief account of the solubilised vat dyestuffs, including the Indigosol and Soledon ranges.Discuss critically the application of these dyes, and compare such application with that of the indigoid and anthraquinone vat dyes. 206 8. Give some account of recent developments in the production and application of wetting and scouring agents, with special reference to the avirols, gardinols, igepons, etc. 2 to 5 p.m. (FIVEqueations to be attempted.) 1. Describe in detail four methods of producing a full black on cotton piece goods. By what chemical tests would you be able to distinguish between the four different kinds of dyeings you mention? 2. A piece of brown cloth appears in ordinary daylight to be an exact match to a cutting of brown silk. In electric light the cotton appears entirely different from the silk, being much redder in shade.How do you explain this ? 3. What are the advantages and disadvantages, respectively, of using a “short bath” in dyeing with the substantive cotton dyestuffs? What are the essential differences between the dyeing of cotton fabrics on the jigger and on the wince machine? 4. Discuss the influence of heat and moisture on the properties of cotton. What do you understand by “plasticity” in this connection? Show how, by combined effect of heat, moisture and pressure, it is possible to produce valuable technical effects on cotton fabrics. 5. Cotton yarn may be dyed in the hank and also when wound on beam. Discuss the advantages and disadvantages of these two methods, with particular reference to the application of vat dyestuffs.6. Describe laboratory methods for the estimation of (a) total size, (b) tallow, (c) starch, (d) magnesium chloride, in a sized yarn. 7. What are the difficulties which have been experienced in the mercerisation of fabrics containing both cotton and rayon yarns? To what extent have these difEculties been overcome? 8. Describe in detail one of the following dyeing processes: (a)Naphthol AS : TR/Frtst Red TR on linen yarn; (b)a bright green ‘‘gu~~m-teed fast to light” on a casement cloth, (c) sulphur black on cotton yarn or cheese. TUESDAY, 12th APRIL, 1932: 10 a.m. to 5 p.m. 1. The materials (A) and (B) are samples of dyestuffs recommended for application to cotton. Find suitable methods of application of these dyestuffs to cotton yarn and report upon the suitability of the dyeings for striping purposes in a cotton poplin.2. Report upon the methods by which the shades on the patterns (C)-(J) have been produced. State the class of dyestuff employed and, where you think it useful, give any additional information regarding the samples. WEDNESDAY, 13th APRIL, 1932: 10 a.m. to 5 p.m. 1. The cotton hose marked (K) has been rejected by the manu- facturer. Report upon the nature of the fault, and state whether in your opinion the defect could be removed by further treatment. 2. The substance (L)is said to be used in connection with the dycing of textiles. Report upon its nature and its degree of purity. 207 THURSDAY, 14th APRIL, 1932: 10 am. to 6 p.m.1. The piece of fabric (M) shows an irregular striped effect in the direction of the warp. Make an examination of the fabric and report upon the cause of the irregularity. 2. Samples of rapidase and malt extract are supplied. Reportupon the relative values of these substances for desizing purposes. The price of the rapidase is 55s. per cwt. ;the price of the malt extract is 63s. per cwt. FRIDAY, 15th APRIL, 1932: 10 a.m. to 5 p.m. 1. The substance marked (P) is a recently introduced detergent. Report as fully as time permits on its value as compared with Lever’s soap flakes, for scouring purposes in a cotton bleach and dye works. 2. Compare the strengths of the two sgmples (N)and (0)of chryso-phenine.Personal. Professor H. V. A. Briscoe, D.Sc., Fellow, who has been for six years Director of the Department of Chemistry at Armstrong College, Newcastle-upon-Tyne, has been appointed Professor of Inorganic Chemistry at the Imperial College of Science and Technology, London, as from 1st October next. Dr. R. H. Pickard, F.R.S., Fellow, has been nominated to succeed Professor Gilbert T. Morgan, F.R.S., Fellow, as President of the Society of Chemical Industry. Dr. Frank T. Shutt, Fellow, Dominion Chemist and Assistant Director at the Central Experimental Farm at Ottawa, is retiring after forty-four years service in the Division of Chemistry, Canadian Department of Agriculture. Dr. Sydney William Smith, Fellow, has been elected President of the Institution of Mining and Metallurgy. Dr.Samuel Sugden, Associate, of Birkbeck College, London, has been appointed a Professor of Physical Chemistry in the University of London. The Council of the Institution of Civil Engineers has awarded a Telford Premium to Mr. H. C. Whitehead and Mr. Francis R. O’Shaughnessy, Fellow, for their paper on “The Treatment of Sewage Sludge by Bacterial Digestion.” 208 The Standardisation of Scientific Glassware IN 1914the Council of the Institute appointed an Advisory Committee to conduct research on glass in the laboratories of the Institute, with a view to arriving at suitable formulae to be freely available to manufacturers, and set aside f1zoo from its funds for this purpose.At a later date, further funds were provided by the Advisory Council of Scientific and Industrial Research. As a result, mainly of the work of Sir Herbert Jackson and his co-workers under the auspices of this Committee, over seventy formulae for batch mixtures were placed at the national disposal. In 1920 the Glass Research Committee of the Institute prepared and published a scheme for testing laboratory glassware and porcelain, which received the approval of the National Physical Laboratory. In 1921 the Joint Committee for the Standardisation of Scientific Glassware was formed, and representatives were appointed by the following bodies : Association of British Chemical Manufacturers. British Chemical Ware Manufacturers’ Association.British Laboratory Ware Manufacturers’ Association. British Lampblown Scientific Glassware Manufacturers’ Association. British Medical Association. British Engineering Standards Association. British Scientific Instrument Research Association. British Science Guild. Board of Trade. Council for Medical Education and Registration. Chemical Society. Glass Research Association. Department of the Government Chemist. Institute of Chemistry. 209 Institute of Physics. Medical Research Council. National Physical Laboratory. Pharmaceutical Society. Society of Chemical Industry. Society of Glass Technology. Society of Public Analysts. The Committee, when first formed, had its headquarters at the National Physical Laboratory, at Teddington, but in 1923, at a Conference between representatives of the Institute, of the National Physical Laboratory and of the Department of Scientific and Industrial Research, it was arranged that the Committee should come under the aegis of the Institute, and the Council of the Institute agreed to provide secretarial service and accommodation for the meetings of Committees and Sub-Committees.The Department of Scientific and Industrial Research took the view that further funds should be provided by those directly and practically interested in standardisation. An appeal was issued, and as a result the following subscriptions were received : E s. d. (The late) Edmund White, F.I.C. .. .. I00 0 0 The British Laboratory Ware Manufacturers’ Association .... .. *. 25 0 0 The British Scientific Instrument Research Association .. .. .. .. 20 0 0 The General Council of Medical Education and Registration .. .. .. .. 20 0 0 The Association of British Chemical Manu- facturers .. .. .. .. .. I0 I0 0 The British Medical Association .. .. I0 0 0 The Pharmaceutical Society . . .. .. I0 0 0 The Society of Chemical Industry .. .. I0 0 0 The Society of Public Analysts .. .. 500 Total . . .. .. L2IO I0 0 At a meeting held in December, rgq, the Joint Committee agreed that the President of the Institute of Chemistry should be ex-o$cio Chairman of the Committee, with Sir Herbert Jackson as Vice-chairman, and the Assistant Secretary of the 210 Institute-then Mr. G.S. W. Marlow, and, later, Mr. R. L. Collett-as Secretary. Mr. V. Stott, of the National Physical Laboratory, acted as Technical Secretary throughout. The Committee appointed four Sub-committees:-A-Volumetric Glassware : Chairman, Dr. J. J. Fox; B-Lampblown and Furnace Made Glassware: Chairman, Dr. J. J. Fox; C-Chemical and Physical Properties of Glass : Chairman, Sir Herbert Jackson; and D-Porcelain. The following is a summary of the matters with which these Sub-Committees have dealt :-SUB-COMMITTEEA has 4eld 14 meetings, dealing with: (a) Units of Volume.-The report on “Units of Volume,” prepared by this Sub-committee, was printed as “Report No. I-Joint Committee for the Standardisation of Scientific Glassware,” published in August, 1924. This report recommended the use of the millilitre (ml) instead of “c.c. ” as the unit of volume for volumetric glassware.British manufacturers of scientific glassware acted promptly on the recommendation and, since 1924, practically the whole of the volumetric glassware submitted to the N.P.L. for test has been calibrated by the manufacturers in terms of the millilitre and marked “ml.” The millilitre is also being more extensively used in chemical literature. It was adopted instead of “c.c.” by the Institution of Petroleum Technologists for the second edition of Standard Methods of Testing Petroleum and its Products, published in 1929; the millilitre is used throughout Standard Methods for Testing Tar and its Products (1929); it is used in Statutory Rules and Orders, No.4zI-The Fertilisers and Feeding St~flsRegulations (1928)”; the Society of Public Analysts’ Milk Products Sub-committee to the Standing Committee on Uni- formity of Analytical Methods has used the millilitre in its reports, Milk Products Report No. I (1g27), and Milk Products Report, No. z (1930). The millilitre is also used in papers on analysis in the Bureau of Standards Journal of Research, and has been adopted instead of “c.c.” by the ,South African Sugar Techno- logists Association (1931). The millilitre is used throughout the Re9ort of Sub-Committee on Ampoule Glass (Pharmacopceia Commission; Reports of Sub-committees, General Medical Council); in the triennial edition of A.S.T.M. Standards, pub-lished in 1930,by the American Society for Testing Materials, 211 and is employed in a considerable number of standard tests in which “c.c.” was previously employed.(6) Circular Letter to Teachers of Chemistry.--In August, 1924, a copy of the report on “Units of Volume,” with a covering letter, calling attention to the report, and also emphasising the necessity of accuracy in volumetric glassware, was sent to professors and teachers of chemistry in the universities and public and secondary schools in Great Britain. (c) National Physical Laboratory Test Pamphlet .-The National Physical Laboratory afforded the Committee an op-portunity of considering in detail, while still in proof form, the edition of the test pamphlet, Tests on Volumetric Glassware, published in 1924.(d) The Sub-committee has also prepared detailed recom- mendations on the sub-division of scales on volumetric glassware, and detailed specifications for a number of special flasks such as sugar flasks. Information has also been collected regarding the dimensions at present in use by British manufacturers for ordinary one-mark bulb pipettes, as a prehinary to the preparation of standard specifications. (e) Co-operation with the Standardisation of Tar Products Tests Committee.-All the specifications, with the exception of those for thermometers and tintometer glasses, published in pages 201 to 235 of Standard Methods for Testing Tar and its Products (~gzg),were submitted in draft to Sub-committee A.Representatives of the Tar Committee attended the meetings at which the drafts were considered, and the approval of Sub-Committee A was given to the specifications before they were published. A complete set of this standard apparatus was exhibited at the Chemical Plant Exhibition, held at the Central Hall, West- minster in July, 1931,in connection with the Jubilee meetings of the Society of Chemical Industry. (f) Co-ofieration with Imperial Chemical Industries.-The Analytical Chemists Committee of Imperial Chemical Industries, Ltd., on the invitation of Sub-Committee A, appointed two representatives to the Sub-committee, with a view to securing co-ordination in the standardisation work. 212 (g) Co-operation with the “Dirt in Milk” Sub-Committee of the MiEk Products Sub-Committee to the Sta.Peding Committee on Uniformity of Analytical Methods of the Society of Public Analysts.-Standard specifications for two centrifuge tubes were prepared by Sub-committee A for the “Dirt in Milk” Sub-committee. Subsequently, tubes were manufactured to this specification, tested at the N.P.L., and put into use by members of the “Dirt in Milk” Sub-committee. This Committee has not yet issued its report, but it is understood that the proposed standard tubes proved satisfactory. (h) Co-opeyation with the Empire Marketing Board.-A Sub-Committee of the Dairy Research Committee of the Empire Marketing Board has been set up to prepare standard specifica- tions, intended for use throughout the Empire, for scientific glassware used in the dairy industry.At the invitation of the Board, Mr. J. Davies was appointed by Sub-committee A to represent the Joint Committee on the Board’s Committee, and Mr. Douglas H. Baird was appointed to act as an alternative representative on occasions when Mr. Davies could not attend meetings. The Chairman of the Empire Marketing Board’s standardisation Sub-committee (Mr. V. Stott) was also a member of Sub-committee A. (i) Co-operation with Institution of Petyoleum Technologists.- The Standardisation Committee of the Institution of Petroleum Technologists decided to submit to the Joint Committee for consideration all specifications for scientific glassware, which were being prepared for the third edition of Standard Methods of Testing Petroleum and its Products.(j) Origin of Co-operation.-All the above bodies with which co-operation has taken place in the first instance consulted the Director of the National Physical Laboratory, who suggested , that the Joint Committee should also be consulted. This suggestion was accepted in every case. SUB-COMMITTEEB held joint meetings with Sub-committee A to consider the drafts submitted by the Standardisation of Tar Products Tests Committee. Copies of the details relating to the Distillation Flasks, standardised in conjunction with that Committee were, at their request, supplied to the British Engi- neering Standards Association-now the British Standards Institution.213 Negotiations were commenced with the British Laboratory Ware Association regarding the standardisation of flasks. SUB-COMMITTEEC.-In 1926 the Sub-committee issued a questionnaire to universities, colleges and other laboratories, inviting their opinion with regard to the quality of British scientific glassware, and a summary of the results of this questionnaire was brought to the notice of the Board of Trade. SUB-COMMITTEED-Porcelain-has held no meetings. NEED FOR STANDARDISATION.-The details which have been given above of co-operation between the Joint Committee and other bodies, indicated clearly that there was a demand for standardisation. The Society of Glass Technology have a Glass Standards Committee, which up to the present has been working on problems relating to the chemical properties and thermal resistance of glass.The Deutsche Glastechnische Gesellschaft have set up a parallel committee, and from time to time these two committees have held joint meetings to exchange views and secure co-ordination. Some of the B.E.S.A. (now B.S.I.) specifications contain details of glass apparatus. In 1926 the preparation of DIN-DENOG (Deutsche Industrie- Normen-Deutsches Normalgerat) specifications was begun. The first standard specification was issued in July, 1927, and up to this year fifty-eight specifications for laboratory glassware have been published. The Committee on the Standardisation of Laboratory Glass- ware of the Society of Chemical Industry, which reported in rgrg, and preceded the formation of the Joint Committee, together with the initial work done by the Institute already mentioned, gave Great Britain a start on the standardisation of laboratory glassware, and it is important that this work should be continued.At the beginning of this year, therefore, the Joint Committee gave careful consideration to possible future arrangements for the standardisation of scientific glassware, and it seemed to be the general opinion that the British Standards Institution, as newly reorganised, should be asked to undertake it, and to collate and publish the work already done, as the Committee felt that the time was opportune for centralising all work on standardisation under the auspices of the body formed for that purpose.214 Assurances were received from the British Standards In- stitution that they would be willing to undertake the work. Accordingly the Committee communicated with the constituent bodies, and all expressed their agreement with the above pro- posals. The Council of the Institute has, therefore, handed the books and papers concerned with the work of the Joint Com- mittee to the British Standards Institution, together with the balance of the fund in its keeping, amounting to EZIO 12s. gd. The Institute has made no charge for the expense incurred in the work of the Committee, and the fund has only been debited with the cost of the printing of the Report on “Units of Volume.” The Council has received the thanks of the Committee for the assistance rendered in its work, and the British Standards Institution have agreed to form a special committee under the Chemical Division, which will, in the first instance, consist largely of the personnel of the Joint Committee.215 Notes. Professor Henderson, in the course of his Address at the Annual General Meeting of the Chemical Society, quoted a passage from an editorial article in Chemistry and Industry, (referred to on page 182; from which it would appear that the Editor, in his desire to give credit where it is due, overlooked the valuable publications of the Society of Public Analysts, the Biochemical Society, and the Faraday Society, and the activities of other bodies devoted to chemistry and chemical industry.Every chemical body, according to its constitution, can claim that it is rendering services in the interests of chemistry and of the profession; so that the argument, that the publication work of the Chemical Society and the Society of Chemical Industry is of value to chemists who do not support them, also applies to the work of various kinds carried on by other organisations. It is clearly imperative, however, that the fullest possible support should be given to the publication of new matter and, therefore, the appeal of the President of the Chemical Society should receive the sympathetic consideration of all chemists. On the same occasion, in dealing with the finances of the Institute, Professor Henderson said, “In 1930,the capital fund amounted to &22,238,the ordinary income to E11,718, and the extraordinary income to Eg80.The expenditure was very heavy, but nevertheless, the Treasurer was able to invest Ez,317, and still retain a balance of k502.” The amount of the Capital Fund, however, was given with- out regard to the Liabilities. The surplus assets at the end of 1930amounted to E21,762, inchding the investment of &,317, and the balance of L~oz.This balance had, in fact, been reduced from i1,051 (brought forward from the previous year) partly by investment. Moreover, the investment was E~,ooomore than usual owing to the postponement of certain publications, while the Institute was also liable for Income Tax (eventually about E270), a matter held in abeyance at the request of its ground landlord and the Income Tax authorities. The “ordinary income” to which reference was made, included Hire of Laboratories, a source which has now practically 216 disappeared; Examination Fees, which amount to much less than the cost of the examinations; Appointments Register, i.e.postage charges which are paid by members using that register, but include no contribution towards its general administration ; and Advertisements, which are merely a “set-off ” against printing; while the ‘‘extraordinary income ” mentioned consisted entirely of Entrance Fees and Life Compositions, which, in all such bodies as the Institute, should be reserved for investment, in order to provide income in the place of annual subscriptions which would be paid by Life Fellows if they did not compound. It has been the policy of the Honorary Treasurer and Finance Committee to keep the expenditure of the Institute within the income available.The average margin is not more than &50 a year; but it will be recalled that, although the Institute has less invested capital than some of the other Societies and has to pay rent and rates, it was able, without realising any investments and without other assistance, to defray the entire cost of its Jubilee Celebrations in 1927,and recently to provide a new Meeting Hall. Industrial Administration.-On 27th May, at the Institution of Civil Engineers, an informal Conference was convened by the Institute of Industrial Administration, to discuss the question whether it is desirable that facilities should be provided for instruction in the principles of industrial manage- ment, in order to enable professional technical men to fit them-selves to undertake administrative duties.Dr. E. F. Armstrong, F.R.S., kindly attended the conference, at the request of the President, and it was also attended by members of the Textile Institute, and of Institutions concerned with various branches of engineering. Mr. A. S. Comyns Carr, K.C., M.P., who presided, suggested that technical men did not get their fair share of administrative positions, because many were deficient in knowledge of the essentials of management. The proposal was advanced, there- fore, that the professional institutions should include a paper on industrial management, optional or otherwise, in their examina- tions, and should make a co-ordinated effort to encourage some knowledge of management on the part of their members.The facilities for teaching the subject were limited, but proper courses would be forthcoming when the Institutions made that demand. 217 A course in the fundamentals of industrial management would include :-Industrial history and elementary economics ; manage-ment theory ; industrial organisation ; production ; distribution ; development and research ; management graphics ; cost accounts; trading and profit and loss accounts ; higher control; industrial law ; and office organisation.The function of the Institute of Industrial Administration in the matter would be to co-ordinate effort. It would endeavour to assist the professional institutions in encouraging their members to give consideration to the importance of training for manage- ment. The conference was generally in favour of a movement in the direction indicated, and it is probable that a further meeting on more official lines will be convened to deal with the matter in the near future. Income TaX.-JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGS,Part I (pp. 60-62), contained a statement regarding possible concessions which might be allowed to chemists in respect of income tax. Information has lately been received regarding the claim of a chemist to abatement in respect of clothing damaged in the course of his occupation. During the hearing before the Com- missioners, the Chairman suggested that the einployer paid the chemist sufficiently well to make it worth his while, notwith- standing the damage to the clothing, and that, therefore, he would dismiss the case and disallow the claim.The repre- sentatives of the chemist then made the point, that if the chemist were paid above normal in view of the nature of his work, then the assessment should allow a deduction for expenses, since the salary was inflated by the amount expected to be so spent. The Commissioners granted the amount claimed. Testing Work for the Building Industry.-The Depart-ment of Scientific and Industrial Research has issued the following announcement regarding Testing Work for the Building Industry:-“In recent years there has been a growing demand on the Building Research Station of the Department of Scientific and Industrial Research for tests and reports on building materials and forms of construction.In order to enable the 218 Station to cope with these requests, a panel of approved testing laboratories is being established to act in association with the Station. The essence of the scheme is to put the Station in the position to have tests carried out at laboratories on the panel and then to incorporate the results in Government reports or certificates issued by the Station. The bulk of the tests will probably be mechanical or physical; of the chemical tests most will probably be simple analyses.“Applications are invited from testing laboratories wishing to participate in the scheme. Further particulars and forms of application can be obtained from the Director, Building Research Station, Garston, Herts.” Artificial Dye Exhibition.-In connection with the Jubilee celebrations of the Science Museum, South Kensington, a comprehensive exhibition, showing the state of the artificial dye- stuffs industry in 1857 and at the present day, will be open to the public from the beginning of July, and will probably remain open for several months. The exhibits have been arranged to cover as wide a field as possible, and, in addition to specimens representing the various classes of dyestuff, include-methods of manufacture, com-mencing from the coal-tar stage; objects showing the properties of dyes; and a large selection illustrating various applications to textile fabrics, plastics, leather and other goods.The printing of fabrics will be demonstrated by a model three-colour printing machine, in conjunction with illuminated transparencies of plant and a collection of printed fabrics. Exhibits of plain- coloured fabrics will be enhanced by the inclusion of specimens of the dyes actually used for producing each colour. The manu- facture of coloured casein products will be shown in all its stages, and a series of scientific exhibits will show the range of colour which can now be obtained from the different classes of dyestuff.The exhibits, which are being brought together with the aid of several well-known chemical firms and authorities, will show the remarkable development of artificial dyes during the seventy- five years that have elapsed since the discovery of “mauve” by W. H. Perkin in 1856. Some of Perkin’s original specimens will be on view, and other historical exhibits will include-a model of a natural indigo factory and a series of specimens of natural dyes, with examples of the colours produced on various materials. 219 Obituary. CHaRLEs WRIGHTMEANWELLdied at Muswell Hill, London, N., on 5th April, in his 71st year. Educated at Cowper Street School, in the City of London, where he studied chemistry under Barff, he matriculated at London University and gained a Bursary, with which he continued his scientific education at Anderson’s-now the Royal Technical-College, Glasgow, where he worked under Mills, and obtained a number of certifi- cates and awards from the City and Guilds of London Institute, for oils, colours, varnishes, and iron and steel manufacture.He was joint author, with Mills, of a short paper “On the action of oxides on salts,” which was read before the Chemical Society. In 1881 he joined the laboratory staff of Messrs. De La Rue & Co., then under Dr. Warren De La Rue, F.R.S., and Hugo Muller, F.R.S., both Fellows of the Institute, where he continued until his retirement in 1922, having held the position of senior chemist for over 40 years. He was elected a Fellow of the Institute in 1887. ERNEST ROWLEYWHITWORTH died in London, on the 5th February, in his 58th year.He studied at the Durham College of Science, Newcastle- upon-Tyne, and in 1891 became an apprentice chemist in the laboratories of the North-Eastern Railway Co., under R. Routledge, after whose re- tirement he continued as acting chemist until 1906, when he was appointed chief chemist to that Company. He held this appointment until the grouping of the railways in 1924, when he was appointed district chemist, at Darlington, in charge of the North-Eastern area of the London and North-Eastern Railway.He was a member of the Committee of Railway Chemists, advisory to the railway companies of Great Britain as a whole, and was Chairman of this Committee for the years 1909 and 1917.During the War, he was a member of the Committee appointed by the railways executive to deal with matters relating to explosives, etc., for H.M. Government. He was elected a Fellow of the Institute in 1927. JOHNCLOUGHTHRESHdied at Spergula, Chelmsford, on 23rd May, in his 82nd year. Born at Wakefield, he was educated at Owens College, Manchester. He graduated B.Sc. (Lond.), in 1880, and proceeded to D.Sc. in 1882; M.B., Ch.B. (Vict.) in 1889, M.D. in 1896, and obtained the Diploma in Public Health (Cantsb.) in 1892. He was for many years lecturer on public health in the London Hospital Medical College, and medical officer of health to the Essex County Council. He devoted special attention to water supplies, hold the appointment of water examiner to several authorities, and was the author of Water and Water Supplies, The Examination of Water and Water Supplies, The Water Supplies of Essex, The Alkaline Waters of the London Basin, The Wholesomeness of Saline Waters, and, jointly with W.Whitaker, of The Water Supply of Essex, and contributed numerous papers to the medical and chemical press. He was elected a Fellow of the Institute in 1887. SIR THOMAS MORRISONLEGGE, M.D., C.B.E., for many years H.M. Medical Inspector of Factories, died at Warlingham, Surrey, on 7th May. Fellows and Associates will recall that Sir Thomas gave a lecture before the Institute in 1930 entitled “Lessons learnt from Industrial Gases and Fumes.” 220 Books and their Contents.Since the publication of the JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGS, Part 11, 1932, the following books have been presented by the authors or publishers. Copies may be seen in the Library of the Institute. “Volumetric Analysis.” G. Fowles. Pp. xii + 202. (London: G. Bell & Sons, Ltd.) 6s. An elementary survey of the subject for use in schools, illustrating the application of some principles of physical chemistry. Introduction ; standard solutions ; indicators ; accuracy and associated matters ; calibration of apparatus; acidimetry and alkalimetry ; oxidi-metry; iodometry ; precipitation processes; synopsis of volumetric determinations. Tables of atomic weights and solubilities. Index. “Mersey and Irwell Committee Proceedings, 1931-2.” Pp.viii + 91. (Preston: T. Snape & Co,. Ltd.) Proceedings of the Joint Committee for the year ending 31st March, 1932. Index. “Ribble Joint Committee Proceedings, 1931-2.’’ Pp. vi + 89. (Preston: T. Snape & Co., Ltd.) Proceedings of the Joint Committee for the year ending, 31st March, 1932. “Modern Methods of Quantitative Chemical Analysis.” A. D. Mitchell and A. M. Ward. Pp. xi + 178. (London: Longmans, Green & Co.) 6s. Methods based on the formation of positive halogen ions; adsorption indicators; oxidation-reduction indicators; analytical uses of organic (and other) complexes; the “Reductor”; selected methods for the estimation of some seventy elements, radicals and compounds ;dilution tables. Index.(‘Scientific Principles of Petroleum Technology.” Leo Gurwitsch and H. Moore. New Edition. Pp. xii + 571. (London: Chapman & Hall, Ltd.) 30s. The book is divided into three parts: I, 11,and 111, and each part sub- divided. I. Raw Material. A. Chemistry. General remarks on the investigation of chemical composition of petroleum ; constituents of petroleum ; hydrocarbons, chemical behaviour of petroleum hydrocarbons ;sulphurand nitrogen compounds ; mineral constituents; water ; natural gas. B. Physics. Specific gravity; viscosity; surface tension and the fcrma- tion of emulsions ; optical, electrical and thermal properties ; phy&alcondition ; solubility and solvent capacity. C. Brief characteristics of the most important petroleum oils.D. Appendix. 221 11. Manufacture. A. Preliminary treatment. B. Distillation ; steam ; vacuum ; combined steam and vacuum ; benzene vapour ; chemical processes in distillation and “destructive distillation ” ; refinery distilla- tion; heat economy in distillation; fractional distillation. C. Refining : Sulnhuric acid and alkali refining ;results ;utilisation of waste products ; var’lous chemical methods of refining; refining by selective solubility and by adsorpt,ion. 111. Products. Benzine; lluminating and lubricating oils ; paraffin wax; vaselines. Indexes. “Rubber Information. ’’ Edited by H. B. Cronshaw, assisted by F. H. Cotton, H. A Daynes, T. J. Drakeley, J. R. Scott, H. P. Stevens, W. H. S evens, and S. H. Withey.Pp. I44 + lxxiii. (London: Leonard Hill, Ltd.) 10s. A compendium of the rubber industry, including-in addition to trade directories, statistics, etc.-a dictionary of technical terms connected with the rubber industry with explanatory notes. “Sands, Clays and Minerals,”-Mr. A. L. Curtis, of Chatteris, has forwarded a copy of the first number of a new quarterly magazine devoted to Economic Minerals under the title “Sands, Clays and Minerals.” The contents include-notes on black diamonds; practical sampling of ores; sands in British indus- try; slate; manufacture of Portland cement ; lithographic abrasives ; precious stones ; a simple way to analyse clay ; economic minerals (actinolite) ; trade marks of British cements. The Safety in Mines ResearchBoardhas published a report of the proceedings of the International Conference on Safety in Mines, held at Buxton in 1931,which was attended by repre- sentatives of Belgian, French, German and American mine safety research organisations. The safer use of mining explosives, was the principal subject for discussion.Addresses were given on :-“ Simultaneous Shot- firing: the Position in Belgium,” by A. Breyre; “The Testing of Explosives,” by M. Audibert ; “ Investigations on the Igniting Power of Explosives,” by E. Beyling; and “The Application of Schlieren Photography in Researches on Explosives,’’ by W. Payman. At the conclusion of the Conference, tentative arrangements were made for future international co-operation on safety in mines research, subject to ratification by the organisations concerned.Copies of the report (S.M.R.B. Paper, No. 74, price IS. 6d. net) are obtainable from H.M. Stationery Office, or through any bookseller. 222 The Register. At the Meetings of Council held on mnd and 29th April and 27th May, 1932, 5 new Fellows were elected, 19 Associates were elected to the Fellowship, 55 new Associates were elected, 2 Associates were re-elected and 39 Students were admitted. The Council regrets to report the death of 3 Fellows. New Fellows. Burkhardt, George Norman, M.Sc., Ph.D. (Mane.), 31, Manor Drive, West Didsbury, Manchester. Malan, Jacques, M.A. (Cape), Ph.D. (Mane.), Cape Explosives Works, Ltd., P.O. Dynamite Factory, Somerset West, S.Africa. Marrian, Guy Frederic, D.Sc. (Lond.), Biochemical Dept., University College, London, W.C. 1. Naidu, Sura Rajagopal, B.A., M.B., B.S. (Madras), Chemistry Dept., Imperial College of Science, South Kensington, London, S.W.7. Wallis, Albert Edward, 16, Park Road, Clydach, Swansea. Associates elected to the Fellowship. Ragnall, Douglas James Talbot, A.C.G.F.C., 184, High Street, Hull. Burton, Harold, M.Sc. (Sheff .), Ph.D. (Lond.), The University, Leeds. Butler, Raymond Renard, M.Sc. (Lond.), 43, Upland Road, Selly Park, Birmingham.Corbet, Alexander Steven, B.Sc., Ph.D. (Lond.), Rubber Research Institute of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, F.M.S. Dring, George, B.A. (Cantab.), B.Sc. (Lond.), Venezia, Streetsbrook Road, Solihull, Birmingham.Fell, Eric Whineray, M.Sc. (Birm.), Belle Vue, Ulverston, Lanes. Hay, Robert, B.Sc., Ph.D. (Glas.), 19, Wilton Mansions, Glasgow, N.W. Jones, Robert Henry, M.Sc. (Manc.), Thornville, Fulwood Hall Lane, Preston. Klein, Louis, M.Sc., Ph.D. (Lond.), Dalton Hall, Victoria Park, Manchester. Lander, Percy Edward, D.Sc. (Lond.), M.A. (Cantab.), Lyallpur, Punjab, India. Lee, Herman, B.Sc. (Lond.), 81, Whitchurch Gardens, Edgware, Middlesex. Lewin, John Upton, B.Sc. (Lond.), A.C.G.F.C., 36, Station Road, Weald- stone, Middlesex. Love, Malcolm McFarlane, 3, Tannahill Terrace, Paisley. Monkhouse, AlIan Cuthbertson, B.Sc., Ph.D. (Leeds), 5, Henleaze Avenue, Westbury-on-Trym, Bristol. Nurse, Edwin Hart, B.Sc. (Lond.), Government Laboratory, Clement’s Inn Passage, London, W.C.2. O’Sullivan, Daniel Joseph, B.Sc.(X.U.I.), Public Analyst’s Laboratory, Eglinton Street, Cork. 223 Timmis, Geoffrey Millward, M.Sc.Tech. (Mane.), 24, Freta Road, Bexley Heath, Kent. Tucker, John Morgan, B.Sc. (Lond.), Messrs. W. Crawford & Sons, Fah6eld Biscuit Works, Liverpool. Wilson, William, County Laboratory, County Buildings, Dwnfries. New Associates. Andrew, Leslie Walter, B.A., B.Sc. (Oxon.), 38, Santos Road, London, S.W.18. Barlow, Alfred, B.Sc. (Mane.), Belmont Meaford Avenue, Stone, Staffs. Blenkinsop, John Clifford, 14, Heathfield Terrace, Far Headingley, Lceds. Bradley, John Newsum, B.Sc. (Lond.), A.R.S.M., Glebe Croft, Church Lane, Attenboro’, Notts. Brooks, Arthur, A.M.C.T., 42, Cross Lane, Radcliff e, Manchester. Chayen, Israel Harris, M.Sc.(Lond.), A.R.C.S. D.I.C., Grafton House, Church Street, London, N.16. Clark, Malcolm Turner, B.Sc. (Lond.), 65, Sefton Avenue, London, N.W.7. Crowther, Walter Fred, A.M.C.T., 11, Albert Road, Heaton Moor, Stock- port, Cheshire. Davies, Evan Richard Hymel, B.Sc. (Wales), Walton House, North Parade, Aberystwyth. Davies, Robert Ingman, M.Sc. (Liv.), Pistyll, Nerquis, Mold, Flints. Denny, James Leslie, B.Sc. (Lond.), 64, Gloucester Road, Kew Gardens, Surrey.Dick, James Tertius Archibald, A.R.T.C., 1, Dolphin Road, Maxwell Park, Glasgow.Dunn, John Short, B.Sc. (Lond.), Education Dept., Kumasi, Ashanti, Gold Coast. Edgington, Ben., B.Sc. (Lond.), 22, Chantrey Road, W.Bridgford.Ferguson, William Hunter, 115, Bury Street, Stowmarket. Grisman, Wilfrid John, 67, Temple Road, Sale Cheshire. Hambridge, Roger Lambert, B.Sc. (Lond.), A.R.S.M., 2, Bellemoor Road, Shirley, Southampton. Hannay, Ramsay John, B.Sc. (Mane.), Braeside, Hurst Lane, Bollington, nr. Macclesfield. Hartley, Herbert Kent, B.Sc. (Mane.), Springwood House, Chadderton, Oldham. Heath, Sidney Phippen, M.A. (Cantab.), A.R.C.S., County Education Office, Weston-super-Mare.Howells, David William, B.Sc. (Lond.), 25, Cardiff Road, Troedyrhin, nr. Merthyr, Glam. Howes, Percy Edmund, B.Sc. (Liv.), 7, PretoriaStreet, Handbridge, Chester. Ikin, Gilbert, A.M.C.T., 45, Elm Road, Crumpsall, Manchester. Israelstam, Samuel Sholm, M.Sc. (Witwatersrand), 18, Nind Street, Doornfontein, Johannesburg, S. Africa.Jackman, Frank Arthur, B.Sc. (Lond.), Little Haven, Crawford Road, Wembley, Middlesex. Jephcott, Clarence Mansell, M.A., Ph.D. (Toronto), 37, Tavistock Square, London, W.C.l. Lewis, David Thomas, B.Sc. (Wales), 3, Pontycapel Road, Cefn Coed, Merthyr Tydfil, Glam. Littlewood, Arthur, M.A. (Cantab.), Ozanne Laboratory, College Street, Guernsey, C.I. Maiden, Alan Mulock, B.Sc. (Liv.), 37, Karslake Road, Wavertree, Liver- pool.Mair, John Montgomerie, B.Sc. (Glas.), El Aguila Refinery, Apartado 161, Tampico, Tamps., Mexico. 224 Mansell, Richard Ivor, B.Sc. (Lond.), A.R.C.S., c/o Messrs. Thos. Parsons, Church Road, Mitcham. Marsh, Norman, 33, Parkside, Wallasey, Cheshire.Marshall, George Reginald, B.Sc. (Lond.), 84, Fruen Road, Feltham, Middlesex. Moffitt, William George, B.Sc. (Leeds), Ph.D., 33, Shadeld Street, London, s.w.3. Muir, William, B.Sc., Ph.D. (Edin.), 14, Park Road, Trinity, Edinburgh. Narayana, Nuggehalli, M.Sc. (Bombay), Dept. of Physiology, Seth G.S. Medical College, Bombay, 12, India. Osgood, Geoffrey, B.A. (Cantab.), 23, Ampthill Street, London, N.W. 1. Parekh, Mukundrai Maneklal, M.Sc. (Bombay), Organic Laboratories, University College, Gower Street, London, W.C. 1. Parkin, John Davies, B.A., M.Sc. (Cantab.), Honeywell Mount, Honeywell Street, Barnsley. Potash, Simon, M.Sc. (Manc.), 6, Warwick Avenue, London, W.2. Redfarn, Cyril Aubrey, B.Sc., Ph.D. (Liv.), 4, The Brandries. Beddington, Surrey.Savage, Leslie Henry Wallis, B.Sc.(Lond.), Avena, Goodhart Way, W. Wickham. Silverman, Israel Reuben, B.Sc. (Mane.), 115, Broughton Lane, Lower Broughton, Salford, Manchester. Turner, Stephen Henry, B.Sc. (Lond.), 12, New Heston Road, Heston, Hounslow. Varley, Harold, M.Sc. (Mane.), 34, Gaddum Road, Didsbury, Manchester. Wagstaff, Ernest Adam, B.Sc. (Lond.), 233, Woodborough Road, Notting- ham. Walkey, Wilfrid Alan, B.Sc. (Lond.), The Anchorage, Rumney Hill, Cardiff. Ward, Angus Fitzcharles Henderson, M.A., Ph.D. (Cantab.), B.Sc. (Lond.), Sollershott House, Letchworth, Herts. Watts, John Thomas, B.Sc. (Lond.), Swepstone Road, Heather, nr. Leicester. Weber, John Henry, B.Sc. (Lond.), Cotherstone, Brighton Road, Sutton, Surrey.Wescott, Cecil Ernest Arnaud, B.Sc.(Lond.), 65, Oaklands Grove, London, w.12. White, George, B.Sc. (Lond.), 9, Golden Hill Terrace, Leyland, Preston. Wilson, John' Alexander, B.Sc. (Lond.), 344, Boldmere Road, Erdington, Birmingham. Wilson, Matthew Sillars, Cessnock, Mill Road, Irvine, Ayr. Winn, Albert Gordon, B.Sc. (Liv.), 75, Russell Road, Sefton Park, Liver- pool. Re-elected Associates. Penney, Alfred Charles, B.Sc. (Lond.), 77, Ferndale Road, Gravesend. Wood, Cyril Warcup, Gifleston, Lawson Avenue, Horwich, Lancs. New Students. Baskerville, Geoffrey Thomas, 10, Ashley Avenue, Epsom, Surrey. Billingham, Albert, 55, Moat House Road, Alum Rock, Birmingham. Boon, William Robert, 76, Croham Valley Road, Selsdon, Surrey. Britton, James, 23, Broughton Road, Pendleton, nr.Manchester. Brown, Arthur Ernest Girdlestone, 16, Morton Gardens, Wallington, Surrey.Brown, William Burns, Benmore, Isaacs Hill, Barton, Torquay. 225 Calcutt, William Edwin Joseph Richard, 28, Cherryfield Avenue, Sandford Road, Dublin. Clayborn, Robert Armitage, Shirley Villas, Cleckheaton, Yorks. Cooper, Geoffrey George, 63, Victoria Road, London, E.4. Durham, Leonard, 13, Merton Road, London, S.W.18. Fleck, Harry Ronald, 41, Leithcote Gardens, London, S.W. 16. Gardner, John Baxter, 162, Dalston Road, Carlisle. Gardner, Kendrick Garry, 85, Chelmsford Road, London, N. 14. Gray, Robert Morton, 20, King’s Stables Road, Edinburgh. Haig, Keith Gordon, 9, Park Crescent, Chatham, Kent. Harrison, Jack Blatchley, Devonshire Hall, Headingley, Leeds.Hartley, Henry Eric Rogerson, 3, Oxford Road, Erdington, Birmingham. Hobbs, Frank Edward, 23, Lancaater Road, London, S.E.27. Horrod, Denis John, 647, Wilbraham Road, Chorlton-cum-Hardy, Man- Chester. James, John Edmund, 106, Front Lane, Cranham, Essex. Jobling, Alan Vivian, Meadow Brae, Riding Mill, Northumberland. Jones, Fred, Linn O’Dee, Uttoxeter Road, Mickleover, Derby. Kingcome, John Charles, Mewstone, Searle Road, E’arnham, Surrey. Lowe, Edward Henry, 54, Muswell Avenue, London, N.lO. McIlwain, Henry, 28, Pendower Way, Benwell, Newcastle-on-Tyne. Newman, Leslie William James, 9, Solent Road, London, N.W.6. Nicklin, Geoffrey David Adames, 4, Rednall Road, King’s Norton, Birmingham.Pepper, William Patrick, 45, Parkhill Road, Prenton, Birkenhead.Pine, John Henry, 95, Old Dover Road, Canterbury. Pollard, William, 13, Birch Lane, Longsight, Manchester. Rigg, John Gordon, 32, Thirlmere Street, Wallasey. Rippon, Eric Stanley, 15, Napier Avenue, London, S.W.6. Saville, Frederick Clarence, 20, Belmont Hill, London, S.E. 13. Shaw, William, 8, Belgrave Street, Wallasey. Sherrard, Miss Olive Mary, 130, Wakehurst Road, London, S.W.11. Smith, Miss Elsa, 12, Park Road, Orford, nr. M‘a,rrington. Squance, Norman William, 368, Queens Road, London, W.2. Thorpe, Thomas Charles Gordon, 100, White Hart Lane, London, S.W.13. Watson, Donald Arnold, St. Margaret’s, Oakham Road, Dudley, Worcs. DEATHS. Charles Wright Meanwell.Ernest Whitworth Rowley. John Clough Thresh, M.D. (Vict.), D.Sc. (Lond.). 226 General Notices. Examinations.-Examinations for the Associateship and Fellowship will be held in September, commencing on the Izth of that month. The list of entries for these Examinations will close on Monday, the xrth July. The list of entries for the Examination for the Fellowship in Branch G, Industrial Chemistry, was closed on the 1st June; but any Associate desiring to present himself in this Branch may, up to 1st July, ascertain from the Registrar whether an application can be entertained. The Meldola Medal (the gift of the Society of Maccabaeans) is awarded annually to the chemist whose published chemical work shows the most promise, and is brought to the notice of the administrators during the year ending 31st December prior to the award.The recipient must be a British subject not more than 30 years of age at the time of the completion of the work. The Medal may not be awarded more than once to the same person. The next award will be made in January, 1933. .The Council will be glad to have attention directed, before 31st December, 1932, to work of the character indicated. Beilby Memorial Awards .-From the interest derived from the invested capital of the Sir George Beilby Memorial Fund, at intervals to be determined by the administrators representing the Institute of Chemistry, the Society of Chemical Industry and the Institute of Metals, awards will be made to British investigators in science to mark appreciation of records of distinguished original work, preference being given to in- vestigations relating to the special interests of Sir George Beilby, including problems connected with fuel economy, chemical engineering and metallurgy .Awards will be made not on the result of any competition, but in recognition of continuous work of exceptional merit, bearing evidence of distinct advancement in knowledge and practice. 227 The administrators of the Fund are the Presidents, the Honorary Treasurers, and the Secretaries of the three partici- pating Institutions, who will meet in the latter part of June, and will be glad to have their attention directed to outstanding work of the nature indicated.Correspondence on this subject should be addressed to the Convener, Sir George Beilby Memorial Fund, Institute of Chemistry, 30, Russell Square, London, W.C.1, not later than Tuesday, the zIst June. Sir Edward Frankland Medal and Prize for Registered Students.-A Medal and Prize for an essay not exceeding 3,000 words will be awarded in January 1933,and presented at the next Annual General Meeting, or at a meeting of the Local Section to which the successful competitior is attached. Entries are limited to Registered Students who are less than 22 years of age at the time of forwarding the essay. The object of the essay is to induce Registered Students to develop a sense of professional public spirit and to devote thought to questions of professional interest and to the position of chemists in the life of the community-the essay to be on a subject of professional as opposed to technical or purely chemical impor- tance. Having due regard to the objects stated above, Registered Students are informed that the Council is prepared, for the present year, to consider an essay on any subject which has a bearing on chemistry or chemical work, from the professional or personal point of view, provided that it does not deal with any purely technical, chemical, or historical subject.Notice to Associates.-The Council desires to encourage all Associates to qualify for the Fellowship, and to impress upon them the importance of proceeding to the higher grade as soon as possible.Copies of the regulations and forms of application can be obtained from the Registrar. Appointments Register.-A Register of Fellows and Associates who are available for appointments, or are desirous of extending their opportunities, is kept at the offices of the Institute. For full information, inquiries should be addressed to the Registrar. Fellows and Associates are invited to notify the Institute of suitable vacancies for qualified chemists, 228 Students who have been registered as Students of the Institute for not less than six months, and are in the last term of their training for the Associateship, may receive the Appointments Register of the Institute, provided that their applications for this privilege be endorsed by their professors.Lists of vacancies are forwarded twice weekly to those whose names are on the Appointments Register. Fellows and Associates who are already in employment, but seeking to improve their positions, are required to pay 10s. for a period of six months. Members and Students who are without employment are required to pay 6s. 6d. for the first period of six months, and, if not successful in obtaining an appointment, will thereafter be supplied with the lists gratis for a further period, if necessary. The Institute also maintains a Register of Laboratory Assist- ants who have passed approved Preliminary Examinations and, in some cases, Intermediate Science Examinations. Fellows and Associates who have vacancies for Registered Students and Laboratory Assistants are invited to communicate with the Registrar.The Library.-The Library of the Institute is open for the use of Fellows, Associates and Registered Students between the hours of 10a.m. and 6 p.m. on week-days (Saturdays, 10a.m. and I p.m.), except when examinations are being held. The library is primarily intended for the use of candidates during the Institute’s practical examinations. The comprehensive Library of the Chemical Society is avail- able, by the courtesy of the Council of the Society, for the use of Fellows and Associates of the Institute wishing to consult or borrow books, from 10a.m. to g p.m. on week-days (Saturdays from 10 a.m. to 5 p.m.), except during August and the early part of September, when the hours are from 10 a.m.to 5 p.m. Registered Students of the Institute are also permitted at present to use the Library of the Chemical Society for reference purposes, but not to borrow books. hlembers and Students of the Institute using the Library of the Society are required to conform to the rules of the Society regarding the use of its books. The Science Museum, South Kensington.-The Director and Secretary of the Science Museum, South Kensington, has notified the Council of the Institute that arrangements have been made for the issue of books and periodicals on loan to 229 scientific workers introduced by approved institutions. Books which can be obtained easily from other institutions are not ordinarily lent by the Science Library.The Science Library, however, contains some 360 periodicals specially devoted to chemical science, and arrangements have been made (on com- pleting a form of requisition obtainable from the Registrar of the Institute) for borrowing any of these, and of other periodi- cals in the Library which may not be available elsewhere. Boots Booklovers’ Library.--UTith Part I of the JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGS,published in February, a circular was issued, by direction of the Council, giving particulars of the special terms to be allowed to Fellows and Associates desiring to use Boots Booklovers’ Library. About 225 members have applied to participate in the scheme. Covers for Journal..-Members who desire covers (buck- ram: IS.zd. each) for binding the Journal in annual volumes, are requested to notify the Registrar of their requirements, indicating the years for which the covers are required. Arrangements may be made with Messrs. A. W. Bain & Co., Ltd., 17-19, Bishop’s Road, Cambridge Heath, London, E.2, to bind volumes of the JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGSon the following terms: buckram cover, IS. zd.; binding, 2s. gd.; postage and packing, 9d.; in all, 4s. 8d. Lantern Slides €or Lecturers.-A collection of slides is kept at the Institute for the use of members who wish to give lectures. Enquiries should be addressed to the Registrar. As slides are frequently in demand, members are requested to notify their requirements at least 14 days before the date on which the slides are to be used.Changes of Address.-In view of the expense involved through frequent alterations of addressograph plates, etc., Fellows, Associates and Registered Students who wish to notify changes of address are requested to give, so far as possible, their 9ermanent addresses for registration. Warning .-Cases of impersonation of Fellows and Associates of the Institute have been reported. Appeals for charity from persons claiming to be members of the Institute should be referred to the Registrar. LOCAL SECTIONS OF THE INSTITUTE sections. Hon. Secretarb. Aberdeen and North of Scotland: Patrick Mitchell, M.A., B.Sc. (Aberd.), A.I.C., 47, Hamilton Place, Aberdeen. BirminghamandMidlands: Dr. F. W. Norris, A.R.C.S., A.I.C., 91, Witherford Way, Selly Oak, Birmingham.Bristol and South-Western A. W. M. Wintle, F.I.C., 6, Glentworth Counties: Roa<d, Redland, Bristol. Cape of Good Hope: Dr. William Pugh, B.Sc., F.I.C., The University, Cape Town. Edinburgh and East of Walter Smith, A.I.C., Castle Mills, Edinburgh. Scotland: Glasgow and West of A. R. Jamieson, B.Sc., F.I.C., 20, Trongate,Scotland: Glasgow, C. 1. Huddersfield: Dr. R. J. Connor, A.I.C., 28, Broad Lane, Dalton, Huddersfield. Ireland (Belfast) : C. S. McDowell, B.Sc., A.I.C., 19, Harberton Avenue, Belfast. ,, (Dublin): Dr. A. G. G. Leonard, F.I.C., 18, BelgraveRoad, Dublin. Leeds Area: Dr. H. Burton, M.Sc., F.I.C., The University,Leeds. Liverpool and North- W. F. Buist, B.Sc., F.I.C., Airdrie, Kilburn Western: Avenue, Eastham, Cheshire.London and South-Eastern J. R. Nicholls, B.Sc., F.I.C., c/o The Institute Counties: of Chemistry, 30, Russell Square, London, w.c.1. Malaya : R. G. Fullerton, M.A., B.Sc., A.I.C., The Rubber Research Institute of Malaya,Kuala, Lumpur, F.M.S. Manchester and District: Dr. Albert Coulthard, F.I.C., 136, Barlow Moor Road, West Didsbury, Manchester. Newcastle-on-Tyne and N. J. Ivison, B.Sc., A.I.C., 16, Ettrick Grove, North-Eaat Coast : Sunderland. New Zealmd: W. Rest Mummery, F.I.C., Box 2, Aramoho, Wanganui, New Zealand. South Wales: R. H. Jones, A.I.C., Glen View, Pontardawe Road, Clydach, Swansea. ADVERTISEMENTS. JOURNAL AND PRocEEDINas.-The terms for advertisements in the Journal and Proceedings of the Institute can be obtained on application to the Registrar.Advertisements are subject to the approval of the Publications Committee. No Commission is allowed to Agents.The circulation is over 670khiefly to analytical, consulting and technological chemists, professors and teachers of chemistry, and to University and Institution Libraries. The advertisement pages are offered especially to manufacturers of laboratory glassware, porcelain and silica ware, of filter paper, chemical and physical apparatus, balances, microscopes, and laboratory require- ments generally; also to publishers of scientifio books and to booksellem.

ISSN:0368-3958    

DOI:10.1039/JG9325600169

出版商:RSC    

年代:1932

数据来源: RSC

摘要:

THE INSTITUTE OF CHEMISTRY OF GREAT BRITAIN AND IRELAND. FOUNDED 1877. INCORPORATED BY ROYAL CHARTER, 1885. JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGS. 1932. -PART IV. issued under the supervision of the Publications Committee. RICHARD B. PILCHER, Registrar and Secretary. 30, RUSSELLSQUARE, W.C. I.LONDON, August, 1932. Publications Committee, 1932133. ~~ LEWIS EYNON (Chairman), G. C. CLAYTON (President), 0. L. BRADY, J. C. A. BRIERLEY, R. BRUCE, W. F. BUIST, W. J. A. BUTTERFIELD, R. M. CAVEN, F. D. CHATTAWAY, A. COULTHARD, W. R. FEARON, P. F. GORDON, I. M. HEILBRON, H. H. HODGSON, J. R. JOHNSON, PATRICK H. KIRKALDY (Hon. Treasurer), D. JORDAN LLOYD, H. M. MASON, W. D. ROGERS, E. RUSSELL. 233 Proceedings of the Council.JUNE-JULY, 1932. Patents and Designs Act, 1932.-The Council has expressed its high appreciation of the valuable services of the Joint Chemical Committee, convened by the Association of British Chemical Manufacturers, to consider the amendment of the Patent and Designs Bill which, on passing into law, will come into operation on 1st November. An account of the proceedings, which have resulted in the amendment of the Bill to the material advantage of inventors, including chemists, is included in this part of the PROCEEDINGS (P-246).The Council of the Institute and the Joint Chemicaltommittee have conveyed their thanks to Dr. G. C. Clayton, C.B.E., M.P., President of the Institute, for having put forward, and sup- ported so successfully, the amendments recommended by the Joint Chemical Committee during the passage of the Bill through Parliament, and to Mr.H. Douglas Elkington, the representative of the Institute on the Committee, for his valuable help and advice in dealing with the matter. Particular mention should be made of the service rendered by Dr. Francis H. Carr, Mr. J. Davidson Pratt, and Mr. Hollins, who dealt with the amendments in a deputation to the Board of Trade, while Dr. Clayton has specially acknowledged the assistance which he received from Mr. Hollins when the matter was before the House of Commons. Professional Interests.-Representations having been received from a number of members resident in an important provincial city, that the laboratory of a department of the cor- poration undertook analyses in competition with professional chemists in practice in the district, the Council has been in correspondence with the authorities concerned who were re-minded that an undertaking had previously been given to the Institute that the department would not accept work usually performed by analytical and consulting chemists.The Council was placed in possession of evidence that the department had, in fact, undertaken ordinary analyses in 234 competition with professional consulting chemists, but felt that the authorities did not desire to sanction a form of municipal practice in competition with ratepayers who were engaged in the profession of chemistry, any more than it would sanction such competition with members of any other profession.The Council requested, therefore, to be assured that the undertaking previously given to the Institute would be confirmed and maintained. In reply, the Council received a letter re-affirming the under- taking and stating that it had never been lost sight of; whereupon the Council felt obliged to inform the authority that it had in its possession actual quotations for ordinary metallurgical analyses given on behalf of the department concerned, and that it was aware that certificates of analysis for lubricating oils had been issued by the laboratory of the department on work which would usually be carried out by consulting chemists in practice. The Council expressed the hope, therefore, that further enquiry would be made, and received a reply re-affirming that every care would be taken in the future to avoid encroaching upon the legitimate work of such chemists.Industrial Administration.-In JOURNAL AND PROCEED-INGS, Part I11 (p. 216),reference was made to an informal con- ference of professional and technical representatives, convened by the Institute of Industrial Administration, held at the Institution of Civil Engineers on the 27th May, to discuss the question whether it was desirable that facilities should be provided for instruction in the principles of industrial management, in order to encourage professional and technical men to fit themselves to undertake administrative duties. Dr.E. F. Armstrong, F.R.S., at the request of the President, kindly represented the Institute on this occasion, and reported that the conference was generally in favour of a movement in the direction indicated. Later, the Council of the Institute received an invitation to appoint a representative to serve as a member of a small com- mittee to proceed with the consideration of the matter. Dr. Armstrong was requested to continue to represent the Institute, but was unavoidably prevented from attending the first meeting of the committee, which was held on the 27th June at Connaught House, Aldwych, for the purpose of formulating a syllabus. However, Mr. J. Davidson Pratt kindly attended the meeting, and reported that representatives of the principal engineering 235 and professional technical institutions were unanimously of opinion that it was desirable that such instruction should form part of the preparation of a student seeking an engineering or other industrial career.Mr. Pratt suggested that the Council of the Institute should consider the desirability of including a special paper or questions on the principles of management, in the examinations in Indus- trial Chemistry for the Fellowship. He realised the extent of the training and experience already required of such candidates, but felt that, if it were possible for them to take training on the lines proposed, it would greatly enhance their value in industry and increase their prospects of reaching managerial positions.The syllabus suggested by the Institute of Industrial Admin- istration covers-industrial history and elementary economics ; management theory ; industrial organisation ; production ; distribution; development; accounts and finance; legal and secretarial. The Council has requested the Nominations, Examinations and Institutions Committee to consider whether some modifica- tion might be made in the examinations for the Fellowship, in order to include a paper or papers on the subject. In the meantime, information has been received to the effect that a course on Industrial Science, which may develop on the lines indicated, has already been initiated at Queen’s University, Belfast. Pedler Scholarships.-The Pedler Fund Committee has considered two reports from Dr.Barnett Levin, Associate, the Second Pedler Scholar, who is working on “The accurate deter- mination of very small quantities of calcium and magnesium under varying conditions,” under the general supervision of Professor C. S. Gibson, F.R.S., at Guy’s Hospital Medical School. The Committee is very favourably impressed with the progress made by Dr. Levin in this difficult problem, and with the approval of the Council will extend the Scholarship until xst October, 1933. Benevolent Fund.-Dr. A. E. Everest (Huddersfield), whose views with regard to the administration of the Benevolent Fund were referred to at the Annual General Meeting in March, has been welcomed as a member of the Benevolent Fund Committee. The Committee learned that the misunderstanding had arisen owing to a difference of interpretation of the word “annuities.” 236 Whereas, by some, the word is regarded as implying a liability to pay an annuity to the recipient for life, the Committee had not, in fact, so regarded it and had not entered into any such commit- ment with any recipient ,-allowances being increased, reduced or terminated, according to circumstances. The Committee propose, however, to discontinue the use of the term “Annuities Account,” to revert to the original term “Capital Account” as applied to the investments of the Fund, and to invest regularly all donations allocated to that Account by the contributors, on the under- standing that dividends and interest from the funds so invested, or on deposit, should be available for current purposes.The Council has concurred in this proposal, and has endorsed the appreciation expressed by the Committee of Dr. Everest’s valuable collaboration. The Fund has received repayment of Income Tax of A60 gs., and at the request of the Chief Inspector (Claims), a Declaration of Trust relating to the Fund has been prepared and approved by the Commissioners of Inland Revenue. Lectures.-The lectures on “The Development of the Con- ceptions based on the Electronic Theory of Valency,” given by Professor Robert Robinson in April, are being prepared for publication, and will be issued to the Fellows, Associates and Registered Students in due course. It will be recalled that these lectures were given to afford information to chemists who, having left college for some years and having been engaged in industry or other practice, found difficulty in keeping in touch with modern theory. The Council, having received a suggestion that members of the Institute resident in the Overseas Dominions and abroad desire opportunities, from time to time, of bringing themselves up to date in recent developments, has communicated with the heads of chemical departments of universities and colleges, with a view to obtaining information as to the facilities available for such refresher courses.The general trend of the replies received is to the effect that, in the majority of cases no specific courses of the character indicated have been provided, because the demand for such courses is negligible, but that in the more readily accessible centres, the universities and colleges would endeavour to make arrangements to meet individual require- ments. 237 Professor A.J. Allmand, F.R.S., Professor of Chemistry, King’s College, University of London, will deliver two lectures at the Institute, on Friday, the zIst and Friday the 28th October, at 8 p.m. on “The Nature of Simple Molecules and of ElementaryChemical Processes,” in which he will deal with molecular structure as revealed by physical method;, and with the mechanism of elementary react ions. Erratum.-In Mr. Stanley Dixon’s lecture on “The Relation of Food to Disease,” on page 11, ninth line, for “I/IOOO grain” per gallon, of arsenic expressed as arsenious oxide,-read “I/IOO grain.” Chemical Society Library.-The Council of the Institute has forwarded a contribution of E250 to the library of the Chemical Society.It is understood that the privileges regarding the use of the library by Fellows, Associates and Registered Students of the Institute will be continued. Mr. F. E. Thomas, Associate, represented the Institute at the Bakery Exhibition and Congress held in June, at Rome. International Federation of University Women.-Mr. Robert Bruce, Member of Council, represented the Institute at the Sixth Conference of the International Federation of Uni- versity Women, held in Edinburgh from the 27th July to 4th August. The aim of the International Federation is to promote under- standing and friendship between university women of the nations of the world.An important feature of the work of the Federa- tion is the endowment of international fellowships for the en- couragement of original research by university women in some country other than their own. The Conference was attended by representatives of 36 national federations. ~‘Aslib.”-Dr. F. D. Chdtaway, F.R.S., Vice-president, has kindly consented to represent the Institute at a Conference to be held by the Association of Special Libraries and Information Bureaux, to be held at Oxford, from the qrd-26th September, 238 Local Sections. Aberdeen and North of Scotland.-Members of the Section and their friends participated in an outing on 25th June.The party started from Marischal College, Aberdeen, visited the Rocks of Solitude on the River Esk, and arrived at Loch Lee in time for lunch, The heat of the afternoon sun moderated the enthusiasm for the proposed hill climb ;only a small party started, others finding a greater appeal by the shores of the loch. Tea was obtained at the Glenesk Hotel, Edzell, and the majority of the party then paid a visit to the historic ruins of Edzell Castle before returning to Aberdeen. Bristol and South-Western Counties.-A large party of members and friends visited the Match Works of Messrs. S. J. Moreland and Sons, at Gloucester, on 23rd June, when (by the kind permission of Mr. A. Moreland) they were shown, under the guidance of Mr.Richardson, representing the firm, the pro- cesses for the manufacture of matches, including the making of the stalks and their dipping in wax, the mixing of glue, phosphorus sesquisulphide and other chemicals, drying, boxing, filling, pasting, printing, and finally, packing. After the company had been entertained to tea, Mr. R. H. Ellis, Chairman of the Section, expressed their thanks to Messrs. Moreland for their kind hospitality and for permitting the visit, which had proved highly interesting and instructive. Later, the visitors proceeded to the Guildhall, where they were received by the Town Clerk, Mr. McIntyre, who exhibited the Charters granted to the city, the civic plate, and chains of office, which were inspected with interest. A vote of thanks was accorded to the Town Clerk for permitting the visit. The next meeting of the Section will take the form of an “At Home” at the residence of Dr.A. C. Fryer, at Clifton, Bristol, on Saturday, the 15th October (4.30 to 6.30 p.m.). Cape.-The Seventh Annual General Meeting of the Section was held in the Board Room of the General Estate and Orphan Chambers, Cape Town, on 6th May,-Professor E. Newbery in the Chair. 239 The annual report and accounts were received and adopted, and a vote of thanks was accorded to the office bearers for the previous year. Mr. 12. H, Croghan was elected Chairman, and Mr. G. Leslie, Vice-chairman. Dr. Denis-Nathan was re-elected Hon. Treasurer; and Dr.W. Pugh, Hon. Secretary. Dr. B. W. Marloth was also elected to the Committee, and Messrs. Kruger and Cohen were appointed Auditors. ’The report showed that five meetings had been held during the year, including an excursion to Groot Drakenstein, where, by the kind invitation of Mr. Appleyard, members were able to inspect the results of scientific fruit cultivation, and to learn from him the part that chemistry plays in that industry; a meeting at the Dynamite Factory, Somerset West, held jointly with the Cape Chemical Society, at which papers on the analysis of fertilisers were read by members of the factory staff; a meeting held under the auspices of the Chemical Society, whereat Mr. Dunster of the Vacuum Oil Co. gave a lecture on “The Interpre- tation of the A.S.T.M.Distillation Curves of Petrol ”;an excursion jointly with the Cape Chemical Society to Yaarl, where members were entertained by the Mayor and the Councillors of the Town, and Professor J. Smeath-Thomas gave a public lecture on “The Age of the Earth ”;and a meeting, to which members of the Cape Chemical Society were invited, to hear an interesting lecture by Professor Ogg, of the University of Cape Town, on “Faraday and Maxwell.” The meeting recorded its appreciation of the services of Mr. Britten, formerly Hon. Treasurer, who has transferred to Johannesburg. Edinburgh and East of Scotland.-The sixth ordinary meeting of session 1931-32 was held, jointly with the Local Section of the Society of Chemical Industry, on 14th March, in the Pharmaceutical Hall, York Place, Edinburgh,-Dr.W. 0. Kermack in the Chair. Mr. J. G. Roberts read a paper on Plating.” The lecturer dealt with different types of plating, from the early days of electro-typing with copper on plaster casts, up to the most recent methods using chromium, cadmium, and even rarer metals like rhodium. The conditions for plating with different materials were described, and methods were discussed for improving the 240 throwing power of the solutions and for the prevention of treeing. Numerous exhibits were inspected by the company, including a very fine example of rhodium plating. Mr. Roberts replied to questions raised in the course of dis- cussion, and received the thanks of the meeting on the motion of hlr.McGillivray. Liverpool and North-Western.-The next session of the Section will be opened on 13th October, when the Chairman, Mr. F. Robertson Dodd, will read a paper entitled “Publicity and other things.” The programme for the session will include papers by Mr. Topham, on “Biochemical Research on Vitamins,” and by Mr. Ray, M.P.S., on “The Pharmaceutical Society’s View of the proposed Charter.” Arrangements will also be made for a barrister-at-law to give a lecture on “The Laws of Evidence.” During the past year the Liverpool and Korth-Western and the Manchester Sections of the Institute, together with the Local Sections of the Society of Chemical Industry, have been repre- sented on a Committee of Local Education Authorities concerned with the question of post graduate courses in chemistry.As a result of the work of this Committee, short courses of lectures will be delivered by lecturers having special knowledge and experience of particular branches of industry. Full information will be published in due course. The Local Section of the Institute will participate in a Soirke to be held by the Associated Learned Societies of Liverpool at the Central Technical Schools, on 29th October. Members who can offer exhibits are requested to communicate with the Hon. Secretary of the Section as soon as possible. London and South-Eastern Counties.-The full manu- script of the lecture on “The Foundations and Trend of Modern Bacteriology,” which was given before the Section on the 17th March by Professor Bullock, M.D., F.R.S., is available for perusal at the Institute.Professor Bullock said that the science of bacteriology had been developed to such an extent that no one could pretend to 241 know more than a small branch of it. Bacteriology was unknown before the advent of Antony van Leeuwenhoek (1632-1723), who communicated his discoveries with the microscope to the Royal Society from 1673 onwards, and was elected a Fellow of the Society in 1680. In a letter to the Society dated 17th September, 1683, he gave a clear description of what are now termed bacteria which he found on his own teeth, and in 1692 enlarged further on “dental animalcules,” as he termed them.It was many years, however, before his work was confirmed, and, indeed, philosophers were sceptical upon the subject,- discussions on the sources of bacteria being confused with the old doctrine of spontaneous generation, which had been supported by J. B. van Helmont. Francesco Redi of Arezzo, physician to the Medicis of Florence, showed by experiment that flesh only became infested with mag- gots only when flies had deposited their eggs upon it, and that maggots grew into flies again. This experiment upset the notion of spontaneous generation so far as highly organised animals like maggots were concerned, but it still persisted with regard to the microscopic bacteria discovered by Leeuwenhoek. The spon- taneous appearance of animalcules in infusions deceived the Comte de Buffon and his co-worker John Turberville Needham.Infusions were heated, allowed to cool, and in a few days were found to teem with living animalcules, whose origin was ascribed to a vegetative force inherent in organic matter. This was disproved by the Italian naturalist, the Abbatte Lazzaro Spallan- zani; but the idea of spontaneous generation persisted until the publication of Pasteur’s famous “Memoire sur les Corpuscles Organis& qui existent dans L’Atmosphgre ” in 1861, which inaugurated an epoch in this science. Pasteur showed that life could not appear without the operation of antecedent life. Identi- cal results, by different methods, obtained by John Tyndall, were given in his research on “Floating Matter of the Air in relation to Putrefaction and Fermentation ” (1881). To-day, many industries, such as canning, depend on the efficacy of sterilisation and the impossibility of spontaneous generation.Professor Bullock referred to the work of Thomas Willis (1621-1675),who held that diseases were caused by irregularities in the fermentation process. A new direction was given to research on fermentation by Charles Cagniard-Latour (1836)and Thkodor Schwann (1837)~who discovered that yeast was a living organism, whereas it had previously been regarded as a 242 chemical substance of unknown constitution, and suggested that fermentation was the result of development of the yeast plant in saccharine solutions, with the subsequent production of alcohol and carbon dioxide.Wohler showed, in 1828, that it was possible to prepare urea synthetically, and Liebig worked to prove that many so-called vital processes were essentially of a chemical character. Ber-zelius, Wohler and Liebig opposed Cagniard-Latour and Schwann, and the discussion continued until the middle of the 19th century, when fresh advances had been made through the genius and industry of Pasteur, who began about 1854, to interest himself in problems of fermentation. From 1857 to 1860, he studied alcoholic fermentation and, in his famous “Memoires sur les fermentations alcoolique,” maintained that the living yeast plant split sugar into alcohol, carbon dioxide and other products.Professor Bullock reviewed briefly the trend of Pasteur’s subse- quent work, published in “Ztudes sur le Vin” (1866), and *‘ Etudes sur la Bi2re ” (1876). Edouard Buchner produced zymase from yeast in 1897, but it was soon discovered that alcoholic and other fermentations were highly complex problems, and the nature of fermentation has since been a subject of surpassing interest to physicists and chemists. Early microscopists often described bacteria, but made no attempt to classify them systematically, as had been done for plants and animals in the Linnaean System in the early part of the eighteenth century. The first classification was made by the Danish naturalist, Otto Frederick Muller, in 1773-1774 and, more elaborately, in a work published posthumously in 1786.Classifications were also published by Ehrenberg (1838) and Dujardin (1841) ;but in the 70’s of last century striking advances were made by the Breslau botanist, Ferdinand Cohn, and by Carl Naegli, also a botanist. One of the most remarkable things about bacteria and their activities was that they differed from each other in a specific way. The doctrine of specificity in bacteriology was developed from the study of disease, emanating from bacteriologists rather than from botanists, and, in this connection, Professor Bullock referred to the work of P. F. Bretonneau, of Tours, the real founder of the doctrine, whose work was mainly propagated by his devoted pupils, but was not published until 1922, more than 60 years after his death.Agostino Bassi (1773-1856) of Lodi, carried out his researches 243 on the silkworm disease in 1835,and by ingenious experiment showed that it was caused by a cryptogamic fungus of parasitic character, which led many workers to search for microscopic parasites in diseases, but, by 1850,the fungoid theory had become greatly discredited. In that year, P. F. A. Rayer (1793-1867)~ a French physician, made an isolated observation, which, trivial as it seemed at first, grew into the bacteriology of to-day. In the blood of a sheep which had died from anthrax he reported the presence of small filiform bodies, showing no spontaneous movement, whichhis pupil, C. J.Devaine (1812-1882),subsequently studied and found to be the cause of anthrax.Robert Koch (1843-1910)~a physician at Wollstein, in Posen, carried out very exact observations on the anthrax bacillus, and saw that it formed spores which germinated into bacilli again. His work was published in 1876,and not only did he introduce new methods, but clearly initiated the idea of a specific virus of bacterial form as the cause of disease. Professor Bullock then dealt with the subject of media, and with the elaborate study undertaken by Naegli to determine the nutritive requirements of bacteria as accurately as possible. Naegli found that sugars and peptones were important constituents of bacterial food. In 1872,J. Schreter showed that there were many chromogenic bacteria which grow on potato, starch paste, flour, or egg albumen.Koch attempted to obtain a medium which was sterile, transparent and solid, but came to the conclu- sion that it was impossible to compound a sort of universal medium which would be equally nutritive for all bacteria, and, therefore, concentrated his attention on solidifying well-tried fluid media, and recommended a 25 to 5 per cent. of gelatine as the solidifying substance. The essential ingredient of Koch’s “nutrient gelatine” was a I per cent. meat extract. The medium in a melted state was poured on to glass slides, and after the gelatine had set, the surface was streaked or inoculated with a platinum needle charged with a dilution of the material to be examined. By this simple method, Koch was able to isolate (1881)in pure culture a large number of bacteria.The nutritive basis of media has been varied by addition of sub-stances to enhance its nutritive value or to exhibit some particular reaction. The titration of media has been rendered exact by the methods of physical chemistry. Gelatine can be replaced by agar or other substance, when necessary, but the principles which Koch laid down have remained unaltered. 244 The field for bacteriological investigation is becoming increas- ingly exploited, not only in medicine, but in agriculture, dairy technique, and in fermentation industries of every kind. Advances are taking place in the study of morphology, and many workers are busy studying the variations and mutations of bacteria, with the result that bacteria are found to be more unstable than the early observers were led to believe, Finally, Professor Bullock dealt with what are called “Filter Passers,” which appear to be living things, although this has not been established.These viruses were first unmasked in 1892 by Janowski, in the case of the mosaic disease of tobacco leaves. At the end of 1928 virus diseases in plants alone had been found in 49 families, 167 genera, and 264 species. Dog distemper, foot and mouth disease, and horse sickness, belong to this group. In conclusion, Professor Bullock remarked that the power of high-class original work was given to few in a generation. Ehrlich used to say that success in research required four G’s, viz., Geld, Gliick, Geddd, and Geschick,-that is, money, luck, patience and aptitude. Malaya.-A meeting of the Section was held at the Institute of Medical Research, Kuala Lumpur, on 6th May, when Dr.J. L. Wiltshire read a paper on 6b Modern Methods for Utilisation of Coal.” Lieut.-Col. B. J. Eaton presided, and a full account of the lecture was given in the local press, The Straits Times and The Malay Mail, and reprinted for the members of the Section. After some introductory historical remarks, Dr. Wiltshire dealt with the products of carbonisation-gas, coke, tar and liquors- and with the problem and processes of low-temperature car-bonisation, laying special emphasis on the subject of low-temperature tar and its derivatives and on the hydrogenation of tar and coal, and concluding with references to pulverised fuel and atmospheric nitrogen fixation.A lively discussion, in which both members and guests participated, followed the lecture, at the conclusion of which a vote of thanks was accorded Dr. Wiltshire for his interesting paper. 245 Manchester and District.-The annual summer meeting took place at Ilam Hall, Dovedale, on 11th June, and was attended by a large party of members and friends, including representatives of the Manchester Scientific Societies. The Chairman, Mr. J. H. Lester, welcomed the visitors, on whose behalf Mr. D. Paul and Mr. Percy Bean responded. Students’ Section.-On 18th June, members of the Manchester and District Students’ Section and friends enjoyed a Summer Excursion to Disley.The afternoon was spent in Lyme Park, where the party visited the Hall, returning to Disley, via the Bow Stones, for tea at the Rams Head Hotel. South Wales.-The visit to the Laboratories of the Cardiff Gas Light & Coke Co., on the 9th July, was instructive and entertaining. Members were shown the industrial and physical laboratories, where various tests on gas apparatus were demon- strated and explained bj Mr. Bell, the manager, and Mr. Cruise, the research chemist of the Company. Various types of furnaces were on view; the use of these for the heat treatment of metals was indicated, and the ingenious devices employed for automatic control, explained. The ladies in the party were given a demonstration of domestic gas apparatus, and all the guests were entertained to tea by the management. A vote of thanks to the company was proposed by Dr.Watson, seconded by Mr. R. H. Jones, and acknowledged by Messrs. Bell and Cruise. 246 Patents and Designs Act, 1932. THE Patents and Designs Act, 1932, comes into operation on 1st November, 1932. The Joint Chemical Patents Committee convened by the Association of British Chemical Manufacturers, on which Mr. H. Douglas Elkington was the representative of the Institute, after several meetings prepared a Memorandum, embodying their suggested amendments, which was forwarded to the Board of Trade for consideration. Particular attention was given to Mr. Elkington’s recom- mendations concerning those proposals in the Bill which might tend to increase the cost in connection with patent applications and patents generally.Of these, the most important was the new Section gz (a) concerning the Appeal Tribunal. The suggested Section read as follows :-gzA.-(~) For the purpose of hearing appeals from de- cisions of the comptroller which, by virtue of this Act are subject to an appeal to the Appeal Tribunal, there shall be constituted a tribunal (in this Act referred to as the “Appeal Tribunal”) to consist of a Judge of the High Court to be nom- inated by the Lord Chancellor. (2) The expenses of the Appeal Tribunal shall be defrayed and the fees to be taken therein may be fixed as if the Tribunal were a court of the High Court, but subject as aforesaid, appeals to the Tribunal shall not be deemed to be the proceedings in the High Court.(3) The Appeal Tribunal may examine witnesses on oath and administer oaths for that purpose, and may make rules regulating appeals to the Tribunal and the practice and pro- ceedings before the Tribunal under this Act but so that as respects rights of audiences the like practice shall be observed as before the commencement of the Patents and Designs Act, 1932,was observed in the hearing of appeals by the law officer ; and in any proceeding before the Tribunal under this Act, the Tribunal shall have power to award to any party such costs as the Tribunal may consider reasonable, and to direct how and by what parties they are to be paid, andany such order may be made a rule of the court.247 It appeared that the inventor might suffer under this new Appeal Tribunal because the costs which the Appeal Tribunal was to have power to award, and which might be considered by the Tribunal as reasonable, might in fact be too high for the inventor, and preclude him from appealing for fear of the fees and costs involved. Mr. Elkington pressed the serious objection which the Legal and Parliamentary Committee of the Institute had towards the suggested new Appeal Tribunal and placed before the Joint Chemical Committee two alternative proposals, one being that the Appeal Tribunal should consist of three Officials to be appointed by the Board of Trade, and the other that the Law Officer should nominate a Deputy with technical and patent knowledge to hear appeals of a technical character. The pro- posals were accepted by the Joint Chemical Patents Committee on the substitution of the “Law Officer” for the “Board of Trade.” Mr. Elkington also suggested from the point of view of economy that (a) appeals under Section 21,which in the new Bill, were to go to the High Court, should go to the Appeal Tribunal-formerly the appeals went to the Law Officer, and (b) that appeals under Section 26, which at the present go to the High Court, should be to the Appeal Tribunal.(In this connec- tion, it was pointed out that the costs to one side only of a two days’ hearing of an Appeal under Section 26 were approximately E350.)The Joint Chemical Patents Committee forwarded a Memoran- dum of their proposals for amendment of the Bill to the Board of Trade.With regard to the proposed “Appeal Tribunal ” the Committee intimated that it was felt very strongly that no departure from the present system, which would be likely to increase costs should be made, and it was pointed out that, if no satisfactory solution could be found, the present system must be maintained. The Board of Trade received a deputation from the Joint Chemical Committee, consisting of Dr. Francis H. Cam, Mr. J. Davidson Pratt and Mr. C. Hollins, when the recommendations made by the Committee were considered sympathetically, and in many cases were agreed to, or accepted in principle.The deputation was informed that the Bill was intended to carry out the recommendations of the Sargant Committee, and in particular that the new Appeal Tribunal (Section 92(a) and the amendment of Section 21)was part of these recommendations. 248 Amendments to the Bill were duly tabled, and, in Committee, Dr. G. C. Clayton, President of the Institute, by whom they were moved, succeeded in obtaining the acceptance of nearly all. In the amendment of Section p(a)-Sub-section (3) was altered to read as follows:- “(3)The Appeal Tribunal may (a)Examine witnesses on oath and administer oaths for that purpose ; (b) make rules regulating appeals to the Tribunal and the practice and proceedings before the Tribunal under this Act ; and (c) in any proceedings under this Act by order award to any party such costs as the Tribunal consider reasonable and direct how and by what parties they are to be paid and any such order may be made a rule of court; so however that, as respects rights of audience and the awarding of costs, the like practice shall be observed as, before the corn- mencement of the Patents and Designs Act, 1932, was observed in the hearing of appeals by the law officer.(4) The Appeal Tribunal may, if it thinks fit, obtain the assistance of an expert, who shall be paid such remuneration as the Tribunal, with the consent of the Treasury, may determine.” Major Hore-Belisha, Parliamentary Secretary to the Board of Trade, said that the Government would be prepared to accept the amendment because it meant an economy to the parties. It should be undoubtedly of the greatest importance to the inventor because he will be able to appeal to the new Tribunal on the same scale of costs as at present before the Law Officer.Section 38A (i) in the present Act reads as follows:- “In the case of inventions relating to substances prepared or produced by chemical processes or intended for food or medicine, the specification shall not include claims for the substance itself except when prepared or produced by the special methods or processes of manufacture described and claimed or by their obvious chemical equivalents.” The Government proposed that it should be amended in the following form:- In the case of inventions relating to substances prepared or produced by chemical processes or intended for food or 249 medicine, the specification shall not include claims for the substance itself except when prepared or produced by the special (particular) methods or processes of manufacture described and claimed or by their obvious chemical equivalents ; provided that in relation to a substance intended for food or medicine a mere admixture resulting only in the aggregation of the known properties of the ingredients of that substance shall not be deemed to be a particular method or process of manufacture. (It will be noted that the word “particular” was substituted for the word special.”)I‘ When the Section was under consideration by the Standing Committee of the House of Commons, Dr.Clayton said that the deletion of the word “special” was of course the right thing to do, but the insertion of the word “particular” in its place was not so acceptable. The Courts which would have to construe the Section would feel bound to place some meaning on the word ‘I particular ” but, on the Sargant Committee’s own findings, there was no such meaning intended. The Section read perfectly intelligently without either word, and the meaning conveyed was the meaning which, according to the Sargant Report, was the intended meaning of the Section. Any meaning put upon the word “particular ” must therefore be the wrong meaning. Hence the Section was far better without the word “particular.” The second part of the suggested amendment transferred the incidence of the word “particular ” from the word “process ” to “described ” and substituted “ascertained” for “claimed,” so that the sentence read :-“Except when prepared or produced by the methods or processes of manufacture particularly described and ascertained or by their obvious chemical equivalents.” The effect of this was that, so long as the chemical process was particularly described and ascertained in the specification, there could be a claim to the chemical product produced by that process, even though the process itself was not of such novelty that it could properly form the subject of a separate claim.It appeared, therefore, that the Section in this amended form carried out exactly the intention of the original Section 38(A) as inter- preted by the Sargant Committee.The Section had proved to be of tremendous value to the chemical industry up to the time of the decision of the Law Officer in the matter of M’s application 250 (39 R.P.C. 261) in 1922. By the amendment now proposed, this value would be restored. The amendment proposed by Dr. Clayton was accepted, and later the word “particular” in the second part of the clause was cancelled (on his motion) in the House before the Bill passed the third reading. The Section now reads as follows :-“38A.-(1) In the case of inventions relating to substances prepared or produced by chemical processes or intended for food or medicine, the specification shall not include claims for the substance itself except when prepared or produced by the methods or processes of manufacture particularly described and ascertained or by their obvious chemical equivalents ; provided that in relation to a substance intended for food or medicine a mere admixture resulting only in the aggregation of the known properties of the ingredients of that substance shall not be deemed to be a method or process of manufacture.” Dr.Clayton pressed strongly for the acceptance of the amend- ment of Section 21 in order that an appeal from the decision of the comptroller under Section 27 of the Act which deals with the amendment of a specification, would lie to the Appeal Tribunal in all cases, and not in the case of a granted patent to the Court. He said that under the principal Act, the appeal, even in the case of a granted patent, was to the Law Officer.The amending Bill trahsferred this appeal to the Court, presumably on the principle that an appeal in respect of sealed patents was a matter only for the Court, and Section 21 must be brought into line with Section 26 in this respect. This was a retrograde step. The Bill set up an Appeal Tribunal which they all hoped would turn out to be a better Tribunal than the Law Officer, without adding anything to the cost of appeal, but, in the caseof anamendment of the sealed patent, the appeal must be, according to the Bill, not to the Appeal Tribunal, but to the Court. The sponsors of this part of the schedule, did not, perhaps, realise the enormous difference in cost between an appeal to the Law Officer, which may entail upon the loser the payment of nominal costs of 7, 10,or perhaps 12 guineas, and an appeal to the High Court, where taxed costs awarded against the loser would certainly be from LIOO to Lzoo, and might be much more.There was no reason €orthe change from the cheap appeal hitherto available to the inventor, to the very costly appeal to the High 25 1 Court,-an expensive luxury even to the inventor with means, The result would be that, so far as the amendment of granted patents was concerned, appeals from the comptroller’s decision would be very rare indeed, and the comptroller would be given, in effect, an autocratic power that it was never intended that he should have.For the sake of an entirely meaningless and merely sentimental uniformity, the Bill proposed to inflict this serious injustice upon the inventor with moderate means. Con-tinuing, Dr. Clayton said he had a great deal of sympathy for the poor inventor. He pressed strongly for the retention of the cheap appeal, namely, to the Appeal Tribunal. Finally, he pointed out that the Appeal Tribunal, as constituted by the Bill, was a judge of the High Court. Who was better fitted to hear appeals relating to Letters Patented granted by the Crown than one of His Majesty’s judges? He asked for consideration of the amendment in the interest of the poor inventor, and expressed the hope that it would be accepted.The Solicitor-General said that the amendment was contrary to the recommendation of the Sargant Committee. It was true that it was going back on what was provided in the existing Section 21,but Section 21 itself was an exception to the general principle, that appeals before grant should be to the Law Officer, and after grant to the Court. The Sargant Committee very strongly recommended that when this new Tribunal was set up instead of the Law Officer, the general principle prevailing throughout the rest of the Act should be restored with regard to the amendment of specifications under Section 21. The provisions, as drawn, was designed to give effect to that recom- mendation. Dr. Clayton enquired whether it would be possible, before report, for the matter to be considered with a view to limiting the cost to the inventor who was protecting his patents.The Solicitor-General, in reply, said that he did not think it possible to deal with costs so far as they were costs in High Court actions; but, so far as appeals go to the new Tribunal, the Government acce9ted the principle that the old scale of costs, which is a very limifed scale indeed, should be applied. He did not think that it would be within the scope of the Bill to deal with what judges of the High Court could do as such. The amendment was then by leave withdrawn. When the Bill was before the House for the third reading the Solicitor-General acknowledged that the Honourable Member for 252 Wirral, Dr.Clayton, had been extraordinarily helpful throughout the passage of the Bill. Dr. Clayton again endeavoured to obtain amendments of Sections 21 and 26. He said that the change proposed by the Bill was that appeals in the case of amendment of granted patents were to lie to the Court. In his view, there was no demand for such a change. The rule which had been enunciated by the Solicitor-General was not a rule, since appeals under Section 21 since 1883 had been to the Law Officer. Even on the score of uniformity, there was no difference in principle between an appeal to a judge in Chambers, that is, the Appeal Tribunal, and an appeal to a judge in Court. It was desirable that in cases of amendment under Section 21,especially where the patent was a granted patent, that the final decision should not prejudice any infringement or revocation action arising out of the amended patent, and yet it was equally desirable that the decision should be that of the highest authority conveniently obtainable.Surely, the Appeal Tribunal, consisting of a judge in Chambers, whose decision was definitely stated not to be binding on the High Court, was the ideal tribunal for this case. The costs awarded after appeal to the Court, as at present in Section 26, were of the order of Ezoo to l500 (taxed). The costs awarded by the Law Officer, and hence by the new Appeal Tribunal, were of the order of seven to fifteen guineas. The patentee of moderate means had hitherto been able to appeal under Section 21,in the know- ledge that he would not be saddled with ruinous costs. This right of appeal which he had enjoyed for fifty years, was now, in effect, denied to him.If the Solicitor-General could not accept the words in the amendment, he would ask him, in another place, to do something that would enable the poorer patentee to make an appeal in respect of his case. The Solicitor-General said that the Bill was designed to follow the recommendations of the Sargant Committee. It was true that this clause did affect a change in the existing law, but that was in accordance with the recommendation of the Committee, and for the reason that, throughout the whole of the principal Act, there was this principle with regard to appeal, that the appeals, before grant, go to the Law Officer and, after grant of the patent, might go to the Court.This particular appeal under Section 21 was the only exception to that rule, and the Sargant Committee strongly recommended that that exception should 253 be done away with. Whilst not in the least overlooking any possible hardship, although he hoped there would be none in practice, the Solicitor-General said there was a practical reason for this which he hoped would appeal to the House. Amendments made after the grant of a patent were almost invariably the prelude to, or incidental to, an infringement action, which was a matter for the Court and had nothing to do with what had been the Law Officer’s Tribunal, which was now the Appeal Tribunal. As an amendment made after the grant of the patent, and with a view to an infringement action, might have some bearing on the action itself, it was manifestly more con- venient that it should be dealt with by the same Tribunal which dealt with the infringement action.He asked the House to accept the recommendation of the Sargant Committee, that this excrescence on the usual rules of appeal should be eliminated. The amendment was by leave withdrawn. The Government proposal for the insertion of a new clause in Section 27, which deals with the use of monopoly rights, provides that the monopoly rights under a patent shall be deemed to have been abused:- “(f) If any condition which, under the provisions of Section 38 of this Act, is null and void as being in restraint of trade and contrary to public policy, has been inserted in any contract made in relation to the sale or lease of, or licence to use or work any article or process protected by the patent.’’ This was varied in Committee and during the third reading, so that the clause now reads:- “27 (2) (b).If it is shown that the existence of a patent, being a patent for an invention relating to a process involving the use of materials not protected by the patent or for an invention relating to a substance produced by such a process, has been utilised by the patentee so as unfairly to prejudice in the United Kingdom the manufacture, use or sale of any such materials. Provided that, for the purpose of determining whether there has been any abuse of the monopoly rights under a patent, it shall be taken that patents for new inventions are granted not only to encourage invention but to secure that new inventions shall, so far as possible, be worked on a com-mercial scale in the United Kingdom without undue delay.” 254 Section 27 (3) (d)was also amended to provide that, on being satisfied that a case of abuse of the monopoly rights under a patent had been established, the comptroller might exercise the following powers if he deemed it expedient in the circum- stances :-“If the comptroller is satisfied that the monopoly rights have been abused in the circumstances specified in para (f) of the last foregoing subsection, he may order the grant of licences to the applicant and to such of his customers and containing such terms as the comptroller may think expedient .” Among other improvements, the Bill in its present form allows an applicant to leave typical samples and specimens under certain conditions-(one of the recommendations of the Legal and Parliamentary Committee of the Institute).The Bill strengthens the official search into novelty, sets out the principal grounds for revocation, strengthens the powers of the Court against invalid claims, and legalises in many respects what has become Patent Office practice. It is unfortunate that the Sargant Committee, which was made aware of the need for economy when evidence was given before it, should have recommended two alterations,-a new Appeal Tribunal and the amendment of Section zI,-which in effect would increase the cost in connection with patent applica- tions and patents generally.The Joint Chemical Patents Com-mittee was able to introduce amendments to limit the costs to be awarded by the Appeal Tribunal, but was not successful in securing amendment of Section 21. It is to be hoped, however, that should the new Appeal Tribunal be satisfactory, a new Act will be passed in order to foster economy which is of paramount importance at the present time to the nation as a whole. 255 Notes. Beiby Memorial Awards.-As a memorial to Sir George Beilby, who died in 1924,a fund was collected in 1926,from the interest on which, at the discretion of the Administrators, awards are made from time to time to British investigators in science, in order to mark appreciation of original work of exceptional merit carried out over a number of years, preference being given to the investigation of problems connected with fuel economy, chemical engineering and metallurgy, The Administrators of the fund (the Presidents, Hon, Treasurers and Secretaries of the Institute of Chemistry, the Society of Chemical Industry and the Institute of Metals), have announced the award of fI105 each to Mr.W. J. Rees, of the Department of Applied Science in the University of Sheffield, and Dr. W. I<. Schoeller, metallurgist, Messrs. D. C. Griffith & Co., London, Walter James Rees, M.Sc.Tech.(Sheffield), F.I.C., was educated at George Dixon Technical School, Birmingham, and at the Royal College of Science, London. In 1901,he became assistant to Dr. Walter Rosenhain, in the laboratories of Messrs, Chance Bros. & Co., Ltd., at Birmingham; from 1906to 1917,he was chief chemist to the same company, and since 1917he has been lecturer in charge of the Department of Refractory Materials in the University of Sheffield. In 1915,he was a member of the Council of the Society of Chemical Industry and, in 1917,Chair-man of the Birmingham Section of the Society. He is a member of the Council of the Ceramic Society and of the Society of Glass Technology; a member of the British Refractories Research Association; hon. member of the British Cast Iron Research Association (to which he was elected in recognition of services rendered in connection with research on moulding sands); a member of the Council of the National Federation of Clay Industries ; vice-president of the National Association of Clay Works Managers, and hon.secretary of the Refractories Associa- tion of Great Britain. Since 1918,he has been the author of joint author of numerous original communications read before the Ceramic Society, the Iron and Steel Institute, the Society of Glass Technology, the Association of Clay Works Managers, and the British Cast Iron Research Association. Walter Raymond Schoeller was born at Antwerp and educated in Belgian State Schools at Antwerp and Tournai. He studied 256 chemistry at the Polytechnic Institutes at Darmstadt and Stuttgart, and at the University of Greifswald, where he obtained the degree of Ph.D.in 1902. In the following year, he came to England and joined the staff of Messrs. D. C. Griffith & Co., Assayers to the Bank of England, and in 1909was naturalised as a British subject. Between 1906 and 1911,he pursued his studies in metallurgy for a while at Colorado School of Mines, and obtained experience in South America and in China. From 1911 to 1912,he was engaged as a research chemist at the British Gelatine Works at Luton, and from 1913to 1915,was a member of the staff of Messrs. G. T. Holloway & Co., Ltd., Limehouse. In 1916,he rejoined Messrs. D. C. Griffith & Co., specialising in rare metals.From 1913onwards, he has devoted much of his spare time to original research work, especially on tantalum and niobium. He is author or joint author of about 40 papers on chemical and metallurgical subjects, many of which have been published in The Analyst, and joint author, with Mr. A. R. Powell, of The Analysis of Minerals and Ores of the Rarer Elements. ChemicalWarfare.-The following has been abstracted from articles lately published in Chemistry and Industry and The Chemical Age :--The Special Committee, appointed by the General Commission of the Disarmament Conference at Geneva, to consider the question of chemical and bacteriological weapons in relation to the principle of qualitative disarmament issued its report in June.Qualitative disarmament is defined as the selection of certain classes or descriptions of weapons the possession or use of which should be absolutely prohibited to all States or internationalised by means of a general Convention. The Special Committee included representatives of 14 States : the United Kingdom being represented by Captain C. M. Black-man, Brigadier-General A. C. Temperley, Colonel A. G. C. Dawnay, Captain T. L. Leigh Mallory, and Mr. J. Davidson Prat t . The Committee had under consideration chemical weapons and methods of warfare, bacteriological weapons, and incendiary weapons. It was unanimously agreed that chemical weapons and methods of warfare were among the most threatening to civilians and specifically offensive.The report comprises a series of resolu-tions, one of which declares that there should be included in a 257 scheme of qualitative disarmament the use, for the purpose of injuring an adversary, of all natural or synthetic noxious sub- stances, whether solid, liquid, or gaseous, whether toxic, asphyxiat- ing, lachrymatory, irritant, vesicant, or capable in any way of producing harmful effects on the human or animal organism. The definition does not apply to smoke or fog screens provided that they are not liable to produce harmful effects under normal conditions. The view is held that the use of pathogenic microbes should be condemned by the conscience of humanity, and that all methods for their projection, discharge or dissemination in any manner anywhere, should be included in a scheme of qualitative dis- armament. The use of incendiary projectiles involves a particularly grave threat to civilians, and should also be included; but this resolu- tion does not embrace appliances specially constructed to give light, or projectiles and appliances capable of accidentally producing fire.Chemical substances only become means of warfare through their use in war. This marks a distinction between chemical weapons and ordinary weapons. Similarly, appliances and devices that may be used equally well for chemical warfare as for peaceful purposes are included in the idea of chemical warfare when they are used for war. The Special Committee had to consider whether chemical weapons and methods of warfare came under the criteria laid down by the General Commission-(I) the most specifically offensive in character; (2) the most efficacious against national defence; or (3)the most threatening to civilians.The Committee unanimously agreed that chemical weapons and methods of warfare came under the third criterion, but was unwilling to undertake an enumeration of the various categories of substances according to their chemical composition. The Committee adopted as its criterion the physiological effects of the substances on living creatures, and all the substances having a harmful effect were included in the definition. The Committee was of opinion that prohibition should extend not merely to substances harmful to human beings, but to animals, and that the use of such chemical substances generally should be prohibited. Chemical substances, in whatever way employed, should be included in qualitative disarmament, and a general 258 formula intended to cover all possible methods of use was there- fore adopted.Qualitative disarmament only applies to the use of chemical substances, if such use is designed to injure an enemy. For example, poisoning of wells or springs from which an enemy might draw water would be prohibited, but the use of chemical substances for the maintenance of armies, such as the use of disinfectants and medicaments and the means of destroying harmful animals and parasites, is not in question. Explosives are excluded from the definition, although the combustion of explosives may cause a discharge of noxious substances which may have serious destructive effects that could not be prevented by any means short of prohibiting explo- sives; but any practice designed to increase the discharge of noxious substances must be condemned.It is to be clearly understood also that smoke and clouds which are used must not be capable, in normal conditions of use, of producing harmful effects upon the organism. The Com- mittee condemned all appliances, devices or projectiles specially constructed for the utilisation in war of the said noxious bodies, with a view to injuring an adversary. Bacteriological warfare, which is unquestionably one of the methods most threatening to civilians, is regarded as particularly odious, and may not be employed against human beings or animals or plants. The rnaj ority held that incendiary weapons were particularly offensive. It was felt that bombs, shells, grenades, bullets, arrows, pastilles and other incendiary projectiles were particu- larly threatening to civilians, and effective in destroying urban centres and buildings in general ; but incendiary projectiles used in anti-aircraft defence were cited as an exception, it being understood that they must be used exclusively for that purpose.The Committee unanimously recognised that flame-pro-jectors designed to attack persons should be included in qualita- tive disarmament, being essentially cruel, and causing suffering that could not be regarded as necessary from a military stand- point.(League of Nations Publication : IX, 46, Disarmament.) The Canadian Institute of Chemistry has its head- quarters in Toronto and has now been established for 12years; it has a membership roll of about 400, and publishes a Bulletin entitled The Canadian Chemist, which is mainly devoted to professional interests and is circulated among its members. 259 It has received a Dominion Charter, and its aims are similar to those of the Institute of Chemistry of Great Britain and Ireland, in that it is intended to provide for Canada a national professional organisation of those who are qualified and com-petent to practice chemistry and to maintain and safeguard the status and interests of the profession in the Dominion.In addition to the Canadian Institute and the chemical societies of the Universities and various smaller societies devoted to specialised interests, the Dominion has three sections of the Society of Chemical Industry,-Ottawa, Montreal, and Toronto,- and a Canadian Chemical Association which is not restricted to qualified chemists, but enrols all who are interested in various branches of chemical industry and technology. This Association is seeking to bring together and co-ordinate all chemical interests of the Dominions on the lines of the American Chemical Society, and the problem is under consideration by a Joint Committee of representatives of the bodies concerned. While one single body representative of chemistry is for many reasons regarded as desirable, the Canadian Institute representing the strictly pro- fessional interests is naturally averse from losing its identity, and similarly two at least of the three sections of the Society of Chemical Industry in the Dominion appear to be disinclined to be absorbed by any other body or to dissociate themselves from the parent society in England.The Institute of Physics has issued a scale of minimum fees, as a guide to its corporate members. The scale was adopted at the Annual General Meeting held in May. It is to be em- phasised that these are minimum fees, and members are urged not to accept fees below the amounts corresponding to the scale. At the same time, it is understood that the fees which members can command depend upon their experience and the particular conditions and circumstances in which the work is carried out; also that retaining fees are sometimes chargeable, and in these circumstances the scale may be modified.For example, it is suggested that for attendance at the law courts, the fee should be not less than ten guineas a day; that there be a minimum fee of four guineas for Fellows, and two guineas for Associates, irrespective of the initial time occupied, preparatory study, travelling and waiting. (It may be remarked that fees for the medical profession have already been laid down, but, in the professions of physics and 260 chemistry, the chief consideration must be “the qualifying fee,” which is the fee chargeable for the actual work, on the results of which the chemist or physicist is to give evidence), The Institute of Physics suggests that for advice on patents and scientific matters, the fees of Fellows should not be less than two guineas per hour, and of Associates one guinea per hour, with a minimum fee of four guineas for Fellows and two guineas for Associates, chargeable irrespective of the actual initial time occupied.Not a few chemists and physicists have become chartered patent agents, and it should be borne in mind that the inventor and would-be patentee would often be well-advised to consider the desirability of consulting a chartered patent agent who is actually a qualified chemist or physicist.The scale contains an interesting example of charging for advice on building acoustics, for which E5 5s. per IOO,OOO cubic feet of space is suggested, and a further Ez 12s. 6d. if a visit to the site is required. For laboratory tests, charges at the rate of one guinea per hour for Fellows and 15s. per hour for Associates are suggested, exclusive of material and overhead expenses; but for any specialised work in the nature of research these fees might, it is suggested, well be considerably increased. For writing articles to be published in the lay press, the minimum fees are for Fellows two guineas per 1,000words, and for Associates one guinea per 1,000 words. Signed articles usually command a higher fee than unsigned, and regard should be given to the standing and circulation of the Journal concerned.Legal.-On 22nd June, in the King’s Bench Division, two cases were heard before Mr. Justice Macnaghten wherein chemists obtained damages and costs for breach of contracts of employ-ment. In the first case, the plaintiff had been employed by the defendant company as a research chemist before he was offered an agreement at a definite salary, with provision for annual increments for three years, and a stipulation that he should not enter any other employment after the period of the agreement, without the consent of the company. The company reserved the right to cancel the agreement on giving six months’ notice at cer-tain dates, but if such notice were not so given the agreement was to continue in force for a period of three years.The plaintiff held that notice had not been given in accordance with the contract, and Mr. Justice Macnaghten, after legal argument, said he had 261 no doubt that the agreement was for a second three years, but that it had been repudiated. When the defendants gave the plaintiff notice, the latter took the only course open to him, which was to contest the matter and seek employment elsewhere. He awarded the plaintiff E145o damages with costs, and further declared that he was no longer bound by the restricted covenant, although he had rightly given an undertaking not to disclose any confidential information. Leave to appeal was given to the defendant company on payment of f1500 to the plaintiff.In the second case, the plaintiff was awarded E670 damages, with the same declaration, and stay of execution was granted on pay- ment of f1250 to the plaintiff. Science Museum.-In order to celebrate the Seventy-Fifth Anniversary of the opening of South Kensington Museum, a special exhibition has been arranged and is now open to illustrate the advance in Science and Technology since 1857. The exhibits relate to steel manufacture, gas engines, steam-raising plants, artificial dyes, miners’ safety lamps, locomotion, telephony, telegraphy, sewing machines, typewriters, etc. Professor George Roger Clemo, Fellow, Professor of Organic Chemistry, has been appointed Director of the Department of Chemistry of Armstrong College, Newcastle-upon-Tyne, in succession to Professor H.V. A. Briscoe. Mr. A. G. Holborow, Fellow, City Analyst and Bacteriologist of Gibraltar, has received through the Colonial Secretary of Gibraltar a communication from the War Office expressing the thanks and high appreciation of the Army Council of his services rendered to the Gibraltar Garrison. The Army Council appre- ciated that Mr. Holborow’s work has been of the utmost value in enabling the military authorities to detect the sources of infectious epidemics and outbreaks of food poisoning which had occurred among the garrison. In forwarding the letter, the Secretary of State for the Colonies expressed his pleasure in conveying the message and his desire to associate himself with the Army Council in their recognition of the public services rendered by Mr.Holborow, and His Excellency the Governor of Gibraltar requested, at the same time, that an expression of his personal appreciation might also be conveyed to Mr. Holborow. 262 The congratulations of the City Council were conveyed to Mr. Holborow with an expression of their own acknowledgment of his valuable public services. Dr. C. B. Marson, Fellow, Senior Chemist to the Northern Coke Research Committee, Armstrong College, Newcastle-upon- Tyne, has been appointed Head of the Department of Chemistry at the Hull Municipal Technical College. Dr. William Stewart Patterson, Fellow, has been appointed Head of the Chemistry Department of Sunderland Technical College on the retirement of Dr.C. F. Baker. 263 National Certificates in Chemistry, 1932. THECouncil has received and adopted the Report of the Joint Committee of the Board of Education and the Institute on National Certificates in Chemistry. Assessors.-Professor G. T. Morgan, O.B.E., D.Sc., F.R.S., Professor T. Slater Price, O.B.E., DSc., F.R.S., and Professor J. E. Coates, O.R.E., D.Sc. The following is an abstract of the Report. I. Introductory.-During the present session, five schools have submitted candidates for the first time in the senior grade and two in the advanced grade. The number of entries in the senior grade was zoo, of whom 120 passed, In 1931, there were 195 candidates, of whom 108 passed. In the advanced grade there were 88 candidates, of whom 65 passed. In 1931,there were 71 candidates, of whom 48 passed.Of the 88 candidates, 63 had previously obtained the ordinary certificate, and of the 65 successful candidates, 47 had previously obtained the ordinary certificate. 11. Inorganic Chemistry, Theory.-The standard attained by candidates was much the same as last year. There was still a marked tendency to make clumsy statements in such a way as to show that they were purely a result of memory, without any understanding of the principles underlying them. This was especially noticeable in the use of formulae, both chemical and mathematical. Facts can only be properly appreciated when the principles on which they are based are understood.If chemistry is taught simply as a mass of facts, the student will be hopelessly confused when he comes to the more advanced stages. In most cases the compulsory question was on the periodic classification of the elements. In a few schools very good answers were given, but generally speaking the answers were poor. It is significant that many candidates did not realise that the rare gases were undiscovered when Mendelejeff drew up his table. Very little understanding o€ the way in which Mendelejeff made 264 his predictions was shown, and in only two or three cases was Lothar Meyer mentioned. Sometimes Newlands’ Law of Octaves was ascribed to Newton. It was clear-and this applies to past years also-that, generally, candidates had no idea of the distinction between an arc and a resistance furnace. Carborundum was often stated to be made in an arc furnace.In the advanced grade the work was very satisfactory, the candidates generally showing a good knowledge of the subject. There is still a tendency, however, towards memorising too much detail: for example, in one school, all the candidates gave the yield to two places of decimals, obtained in the synthesis of ammonia at different temperatures and pressures. Some also gave the figures for the solubilities of the hydroxides and various salts of the alkaline earth metals. 111. Inorganic Chemistry, Practical.-It was again noticeable that the standard in the practical work was appreciably higher than in the theoretical, The results obtained in the quanti- tative work were generally of a high order of accuracy.It is still necessary to emphasise that dry tests are important even in those qualitative exercises which are not to be solved by dry tests only. Candidates’ descriptions of the quantitative work were more satisfactory than those of the qualitative exercises, which were often given in a slovenly manner and were difficult to read. A student should realise that a clear and concise report of his work is very important. The work in the advanced grade was again of a high standard, the accuracy attained in the quantitative work being very not iceable. IV. Physical Chemistry.-In some schools the paper in inorganic chemistry also contained questions on physical chemis- try, there being no separate paper in the latter subject.In these schools it was observed that the answers to the questions on physical chemistry were sometimes very poor, the teaching of that subject having been apparently somewhat neglected. In schools where a separate paper on physical chemistry was set there was a distinctly higher standard. There is, however, still evidence of weakness arising from the fact that candidates in some schools have had little opportunity of gaining practical experience in the subject. This was indicated especially in answers to questions involving a description of practical mani- pulations, such as cryoscopic and conductivity measurements. There is also still too great a tendency to rely on the use of formulae without understanding the principles on which they are based.It was noticeable that many candidates when asked to explain the rotation of polarised light by certain organic com- pounds, proceeded to give an explanation of the polarimeter. The work in the advanced grade was more satisfactory, because it showed a better practical acquaintance with the subject. V. Organic Chemistry, Theory .-The papers in this section contained a judicious choice of questions arranged to cover fully the syllabuses of instruction. The compulsory questions were in the main answered thoughtfully and completely by the stronger candidates. A question on the comparison between aliphatic and aromatic amines brought forth many adequate reports on the preparation and properties of these important substances.References were made to the differences of origin and basic strength and to the action of nitrous acid on the amines and their salts. Alkylation was mentioned, and the carbylamine mustard oil tests were also indicated. The less satisfactory replies to this question stated that aliphatic amines were decomposed by alkalis, liberating ammonia. The methods given for the preparation of aliphatic and aromatic amines, by the action of ammonia on alcohols and phenols respectively, were more probably derived from an intelligent anticipation of the results of high pressure chemistry than from a knowledge of commonly accepted facts. In the preparation of aromatic amines from nitro compounds inappropriate reagents were sometimes cited, such as ammonium sulphide for the reduction of m-dinitrobenzene to m-phenylene- diamine.It was sometimes assumed that this diamine and its isomerides are distillable in steam and insoluble in water. The older German method of producing phthalic anhydride from naphthalene with sulphuric acid and a mercury catalyst retains its vitality, although even in the lower grade reference is occasionally made to aerial oxidation of the hydrocarbon over a vanadium catalyst. The isolation of an aromatic sulphonic acid was usually effected by decomposing its barium salt with sulphuric acid. The alternative method of extracting it with an organic solvent was not spccificd, although it deserves to be mentioned.266 The Tiemann and Reimer’s synthesis of hydroxyaldehydes was sometimes described as a variant of the Friedel and Craft’s reaction leading to meta-orientation. Answers to the questions on the chemical reagents used to distinguish various organic types showed evidence of sound teaching on modern lines. For instance, 3 : 5-dinitrobenzoyl chloride was suggested as a means of characterising alcohols. To this reagent might be added phenylcarbimide and its ana- logues, utilisable in yielding well-characterised derivatives of both alcohols and phenols from which these hydroxyl compounds are readily regenerated. For ketones and aldehydes, 2 :4-dinitrophenylhydrazine is to be recommended. References to high pressure syntheses are beginning to appear in the answers to both grades, but are presented somewhat at random.In the higher grade, descriptions of the methanol syntheses were incomplete and misleading. Although Grignard compounds have been discussed for many years the state of knowledge concerning these reagents is still lacking in precision. The part played in their formation by dry ether is not generally realised even in the advanced grade. The striking contrast between organic compounds of magnesium and zinc is not sufficiently appreciated. Methods of distinguishing between the three dihydroxy-benzenes were often impracticable. Catechol was oxidised either to o-benzoquinone or to phthalic acid; quinol to benzene -$-dicar- boxylic acid.Benzoyl chloride was occasionally confused with benzyl chloride and prepared by chlorinating toluene. In the higher grade, comparisons instituted between benzene and naphthalene and their respective derivatives (amines and phenols) were often erroneous. One school furnished a thoughtful set of answers on the difference between the quinones of benzene, naphthalene and anthracene. In another school benzene and naphthalene were contrasted as regards their ozonides. Some preparations were complicated unnecessarily. High marks were given for the production of chlorobenzene not by direct chlorination, but through nitrobenzene, aniline, and the Sandmeyer reaction. In the last mentioned process cuprous iodide was used in the replacement of the amino group by iodine.Recent applications of selenium and selenious acid in the dehydrogenation and selective oxidation of organic substances were mentioned. 267 Primary, secondary and tertiary bases were separated by Hinsberg’s method using 9-toluenesulphonyl chloride, but one important practical point was omitted. The primary amines may simulate the behaviour of secondary bases by a twofold con- densation with this reagent leading to the formation of a product R.N(SO,.C,H,), insoluble in aqueous caustic alkali. VI. Organic Chemistry, Practical.-On the whole, the scripts of the practical examination were neater than heretofore. Organic substances often contain inorganic components. These are sometimes imperfectly diagnosed, and discriminating tests are not generally used for the halogens when present in organic compounds.Difficulty still arises in the uses of Lassaigne’s test for organic nitrogen. It frequently fails to give a positive result. p-tolui-dine was returned as benzophenone, and in the hydrochloride of this base only chlorine was detected. “Halazone” (p-sulphon- dichloraminobenzoic acid), which contains chlorine, sulphur and nitrogen, was examined by one school, when ten out of twenty candidates missed the nitrogen. Solubility in water is not sufficiently appreciated, otherwise oxamide would not be returned as urea and aniline sulphate as acetanilide or sulphanilic acid. Acetone bisulphite was set as an exercise in hydrolysis, when the candidates returned the volatile constituent as ethyl or methyl alcohol. In the more technical examinations candidates concentrated on such exercises as the examination of dyestuffs, and left untried the separation of a mixture of two organic substances.A sample of commercial #&naphthol was rendered impure by addition of sodium sulphate for examination purposes. Correct estimations were returned of the essential ingredient, but the impurity was not detected. VII. Technological Swubjects.-The papers in the technologi- cal subjects were discriminating, in both the theoretical and practical examinations. It might be advisable in future years, however, to include in the written papers a greater proportion of questions bringing out the chemical principles underlying the respective branches of chemical technology.In connection with the dyeing of cotton and artificial silks an accurate survey was often made of the dyestuffs appropriate to the different textile fibres. Especial attention was directed to the use of azoic colours, vat colours, ionamines and S.R.A. 268 dyes. Some confusion of thought was manifested in regard to the old natural dye, cutch, which was stated to be not an ordinary dyestuff, but a coloured inorganic compound. Some candidates mentioned its application to cotton in conjunction with copper salts, but added tannic acid as a part of the complex mordant. Satisfactory answers were received on the application of sulphide dyes and on the chemical nature of direct cotton dyestuffs, suitable for development after dyeing.Reference was also made to the use of vat dyes either on reduction or in their solubilised condition. Candidates had a good knowledge of the methods of identifying dyes and textile fibres, and of the chemical classification of dyestuffs. Occasionally, lapses occurred even in regard to the nature of such old colouring matters as naphthol green B. In other cases somewhat scrappy information was given on the chemical constitution of naphthol AS and its analogues. Com-paratively few candidates attempted constitutional formulae even for such relatively simple or well-known dyes as malachite green and dianisidine blue. Modern scouring, foaming, mordanting, and wetting out agents were mentioned, and in many cases their chemical nature was indicated.The important anti-mildew agent "Shirlan " was correctly formulated. A paper on the chemistry of cellulose led to thoughtful answers on the industrial uses of this material and its derivatives. The manufacture of the latter products was accurately described. Recent views on the chemical structure of cellulose were e pi tomised. In several technological papers the question of water softening arose ;and several answers contained descriptions of plant without precise reference to the chemical changes involved. The answers on oils, fats and waxes showed that candidates understood such underlying chemical facts as the nature of saturated and unsaturated acids, the composition of waxes and of the glycerides, such as lard and other fats, and the significance of cholesterol and phytosterol in the examination of animal and vegetable oils. Accurate descriptions were given of the determination of acetyl values in castor oil, and of oil hardening by hydrogenation.In the practical examination assays of spermaceti and of mixed oils were accurately carried out. 269 The papers set on theoretical metallurgy offered a judicious choice of questions devoted partly to chemical principles and partly to technical processes. In the practical exercises the preparations and assays were successfully accomplished. VIII. Physics and Mathematics.-In general, the papers set were of satisfactory standard, and only a few additions were made to the draft papers.On the whole, it may be said that the scripts were fairly well written, but there is still much room for improvement in diagrams. While some good answers were received, many showed lack of interest and attempts to memorise that which was not understood. It was again noted that the answers to questions on the principles of electrolysis were very poor. It is important that students should learn to record their actual observations, and enter them directly in the examination book. Candidates often gave the difference of readings and not the readings themselves, and reported the mean of unrecorded observations. They should show all calculations. National Certificates, Scotland.-Three ordinary certij-cates and three advanced certiJicates have been granted to candi- dates who presented themselves for examination in Scotland.270 Obituary. RICHARDHALIBURTONADIE, died at Cambridge on 18th May, in his 68th year. He studied at the Royal College of Science, London, where he won the Hodgkinson Prize for Chemistry in 1883, and at Trinity College, Cambridge, where he graduated in Parts I and I1 of the Natural Science Tripos with chemistry as his chief subject, subsequently proceeding to M.A. From 1886-1 890, he was assistant demonstrator in the Cavendish Physical and Physiological Laboratories; in 1890 demonstrator in chemistry at Caius College, and in 1895 was appointed lecturer in chemistry at St. John’s College, and lecturer to the Cambridge and Counties’ Agricultural and Education Board.He was the author of papers published in tho Journal of the Clzemical Society, and contributed to the Proceedings of the Cambridge Philosophical Society. He was an Alderman of the Cambridgeshire County Council. He was elected a Fellow of the Institute in 1919. BROWNSWORDFRANK died at Old Colwyn on 1st June, aged 65. From 1884 to 1890, he studied at Owens College, Manchester, under H. B. Dixon and A. Schuster. He graduated B.Sc. subsequently proceeding to M.Sc. in tho Victoria University of Manchester. After passing the examination for the Associateship of the Institute in 1890, he was engaged for about two years in private teaching before he was appointed Science Master at the Hereford County College.In 1894, he obtained a similar appointment at The College, Shebbear, North Devon, which he held until 1902, when he moved to Old Colwyn, where he was Headmaster of Bryn Derwen School, until his retirement in 1930. He was elected a Fellow of the Institute in 1895. CECIL HOWARDCRIBB died at Beckenham, Kent, on 30th June, in his 69th year. He studied from 1880 to 1883 under Edward Frankland, Guthrie and Huxley, at the Royal School of Mines, London, and during the following session under Professors Forster Morley and Schiifer at University College, and graduated as B.Sc. (Lond.), in chemistry in 1884. During the next two years, he was a demonstrator at St. Andrews Univer- sity, under Purdie, but, in 1886, returned to London and established a practice as a public analyst and consulting chemist, which he conducted successfully until his death, holding appoint,ments, first as public analyst for the Strand district, and later for Fulham and the City of Westminster (jointly with the late ColonelCharles E.Cassal and Mr. P. A. EllisRichards). He contributed many papers to The Analyst, and was joint author with Dr. H. Mansfield Robinson of The Law and Chemistry of Food and Drugs(1895). An ingenious manipulator, he devised several pieces of laboratory apparatus, including a form of condenser, with which his name is associated. He was elected a Fellow of the Institute in 1888, served as a Member of Council for four periods (in all ten years), was for many years an active Member of the Public Appointments Committee, and from 1907 to 1911, Examiner in the Chemistry (and Microscopy) of Food and Drugs.27 1 His funeral was attended by several Fellows, including past and present Members of Council, and by the Registrar, and a sheaf of flowers was sent in the name of the Institute. Mr. Cribb has bequeathed to t)ho Institute an antique sloping double- tubed barometer and his collection of prints of historical chemical intorest, on condition that it be kept together as the “Cribb Collection.” ERNEST ROADLEY DOVEYdied at Hong Kong, on the 9th June in his 44th year. Educated at the Grammar School, Sydney N.S.W., and Merchant Taylors’ School, London, he continued the study of chemistry at the Imperial College of Science and Technology, where he obtained tho diploma, A.R.C.S., in 1910.In 1913, he became assistant to Mr. Frank Browne, Government Analyst, Hong Kong, whose work he continued, after Mr. Browne’s retirement in 1915, for two years, when he was formally appointed as Mr. Browne’s successor. He was also lecturer in chemistry at Hong Kong Technical Institute, and examiner in chemistry to the Univer- sity of Hong Kong. He served for several years in the local Defence Corps, being attached to the Engineer Company, afterwards transferring to the Reserve. He was one of the best revolver shot,s in the Colony, and as a .member of the Police Reserve took an active part in founding and training a Sharpshooters Company. He was elected an Associate of the Institute in 1918 and a Fellow in 1924.WILLIAMMOGFORDHAMLETdied at Glenbrook, New South Wales, on 18th November, 1931, at the age of 81 years. Born at Portsmouth, he was educated at Bristol, and at the Royal College of Chemistry, London, where he studied under Frankland and Valentine. He received an appointment as official public analyst for King’s Lynn, and later proceeded to the West Indies, as chemist and assayer to a gold mining company. Health reasons induced him to proceed to Australia, where he received the appointment of Government Analyst for New South Wales in 1887. During his long tenure of public service, his aid was sought in many criminal trials which excited considerable public interest, amongst the most famous being the Smith-Baikie and the Dean murder charges.He attained a considerable reputation as a handwriting expert, and came into prominence in numerous forgery cases. He was an active member of the Royal Society of New South Wales, to the Proceedings of which he made many original contribu- tions. From the date of his retirement from the position of Government Analyst in 1915 until a few months before his death, he was engaged in private practice as a consulting analyst. He was elected a Fellow of the Institute in 1888, and for several years acted as a Honorary Corresponding Secretary for New South Wales. JOHN HATFIELDADAMS died at Glasgow on 14th May in his 59th year. He studied under Tilden at Mason College-now the University-Birm- ingham, taking metallurgy undor Professor Thomas Turner.From 1895, he was analytical and research chemist with Messrs. John Lysaght, Ltd., at, Wolverhampton, later transferring to the Orb Jron Works of the same Company at Newport, Mon., until 1921, when he obtained an appointment with the Monmouthshire Branch of Messrs. Baldwins, Ltd. From 1924, until his death he was engaged with Messrs. Smith and RlcLesn, LtcL, Gartcosh Steel and Iron Works, Lanarkshire. He was elected an Associate of the Institute in 1894, and a Fellow is 1897. 272 ARCHIBALDKNOXdied at Dennistoun, Glasgow, on 4th December, 1931, in his 46th year. He was educated at a Higher Grade School, and at the Royal Technical College, Glasgow, and from 1902-1907 was assistant to Dr.John Clark. From 1907 to 1910, he was assistant chemist to the Scottish Co-operative Society, Ltd., and Erom 1910 to 1912 chemist and works manager to Robert Young and Co., Glasgow. He was then for two years assistant chemist with Messrs. Williain Beardmore & Co., Ltd., and after a year as assistant chemist with the Research Laboratories Inc., New York, he returned to Messrs. Beardmore as night-supervisor in the bullet-proof armour department. In 1916, he was appointed shift chemist on plant supervision, with Messrs. Chance and Hunt, Ltd., at H.M. Ex-plosives Factory, Oldbury, where he remained until the end of the war. Shortly after he became chief chemist to the Chemical and Metallurgical Corporation, Ltd., at Harlesden, London, where he remained for over six years.In 1926 he became works manager to Messrs. Brands’ Pure Spelter Co., Ltd., and the Kyle Chemical Co., Ltd., at Irvine, Ayrshire, and from May, 1929, until his death, was Assistant Manager of the St. Rollox Works of the United Alkali Co. (I.C.I.). He was an Associate-Member of tho Institution of Chemical Engineers. He was elected an Associate of the Institute in 1928, and a Fellow in 1930. ROBERTLAW died at hlelbouirne, Australia, on 27th July, 1930, in his 6lst year. He studied chemistry and metallurgy at the Glasgow and West of Scotland-now the Royal-Technical College, where he continued for six years as assistant to Professor Humboldt Sexton, He also attended courses at the Royal School of Mines, London, and at the Konigliche Bergakademie at Freiberg, Saxony, and in 1890, after competitive examina- tion, was appointed assistant assayer under George Foord, Fellow, in the Melbourne Branch of the Royal Mint, where he became second assayer iii 1894 and assayer in 1919,-the appointment being later styled that of Chemist and Refiner.At tho time of his death he had nearly completed 40 years service in the Mint, except during the war, when, having held a corn-mission since 1906 and already attained tho rank of Major in the Australian Engineers in 1912, he was in command of the Lights and Communications at Port Phillip Heads, and for some Limo staff officer in charge of embarkation, from the outbreak of war until early in 1916.He formed and commanded the 3rd Pioneer Battalion of the A.l.F,, with whom he was on active service until November, 1917. He was in command at the Battle of Messines and at the third Battle of Ypros, after which he was invalided back to Australia. After the War, he commanded the 34th Fortress Company, Australian Engineers, with whom he continued until his retirement from the actire list. He was a member of the Australian Chemical Institute, and for four years (1926-1929) President of the Society of Chemical Industry of Victoria. He gave several interesting addresses to the Society and was the author of various papers, including a paper on metallography read before the Victoria Institute of Engineers, in October, 1912. He was elected a Fellow of the Institute in 1894.Information has only lately been recoivcd that JAMESMACWHIRTER,of Landore, Swansea, died suddenly on the 12th April, 1931, in his 50th ycnr.Educated at Ayr Academy and at Allan Glen’s School, Glasgow, he hecamc a pupil with Messrs. Tatlock and Thomson, and attended classes at the Glasgow and West of Scotland-now the Royal-Technical College. After some exprience, during 1902, in the laboratory of Tho Steel Co., of Scotland, he joined the staff of Messrs. William Beardmore & Co., Ltd., 273 early in the following year. In 1908, he became chief of the research labora- tory. In tjhe following year he was appointed chief chemist in charge of the general and research laboratories, and later was also consulting chemist for the associated works of the firm, with whom he remained until t,he end of 192.5.In 1930, he joiiiod Mossrs. l<altlwins, Ltd., at Landore. He was elected a Fellow of the Institute in 1918. IEUAN OWEN died at Crymlyn, Skewen, on 3rd August, at theTHOMAS age of 30 years. Educated at Cardigan Secondary School and at University College, Aberystwyth, he graduated E.Sc. (Wales) with honours in chemist,ry in 1923, and shortly after joined the staff of National Oil Refineries, Ltd., at Skewen, where he was still employed at the time of his death. He was elected an Associate of the Institute in 1923. WILLIAM ROBSONPAWSON died at Kalka, India, on the 18th June in his 43rd year. Educated at the Normal College, Cape Town anti at Kingswood College, Grahamstown, he studied chemistry at the University of Cape Town where he graduated with honours in 1910, subsequently proceeding to M.A.; at the University of Halle, Germany, where he was awarded the degree of Ph.D., mapa cum Jaude, and thereafter at University college, London, where he was engaged on research under Professor Collie. While at the Cape, he wes for six months lecturer in chemistry in Victoria College, and during the war served as Lieutenant in the 3rd East Yorks Regiment, but in 1917 was transferred to the Royal Gunpowder Factory, Waltham Abbey, where he continued until 1919, when he was appointed chemist at the Cordite Factory, Aruvankadu, India, later becoming Chief Inspec tor of Explosives. He was elected an Associate in 1919.ARTHURROSSdied at Upper Norwood, on 4th March, in his 67th year. He received his sciontific education under Meldola, Sylvanus Thompson, and John Perry at the City and Guilds of London Institute, Finsbury Technical College, from 1885-1 888, and soon after established a practice in the Old Kent Road, London, S.E., specialising in the examination and analysis of waters used for technical purposes, and in the analysis of scales and deposits produced in steam boilers. He founded the firm of Arthur Ross, Hotchkiss and Co., Ltd., boiler treatment consultants, of which he was an active director until his death. He was elected an Associate of the Institute in 1894 and a Fellow in 1898. FRANCISGEORGECOAD STEPHENS died at Huddersfield on the 23rd July, 1930, at 50 years of age.Educated at the Stationers’ Company’s School, he studied at Finsbury Technical College from 1899 to 1906, during the last two years as research assistant to Professor Meldola, and at the University of Leeds, where he devoted special attention to tinctorial chemistry, being engaged in research with Professor A. G. Green. He then obtained an appointment with Messrs. Read Holliday & Sons (later British Dyes, Ltd.) and while in the employ of this firm did much valuable pioneer work towards resuscitating the dyestuffs industry in this country, working out and establishing manufacturing processes for soveral products never previously made in England. In September, 1920, he left British Dyes, Ltd., to become Manager and Chief Chemist to National Dyes,Ltd.He was elected an Associate of the Institute in 1917. 274 SAMUEL died at Kirkcaldy, Fife, on 18th November, 1931, STEWART in his 70th year. Educated at Brisbane Academy, Largs, Ayrshire, he became a pupil with Messrs. Wallace, Tatlock & Clark in Glasgow, and also attended classes at Andorson’s College and at the Royal Infirmary Medical School, subsequently being assistant to Dr. John Clark for two years. In 1882, he was appointed chemist to the Caledonian Railway Co. at the St. Rollox Stores, which appointment he held until 1891, when he proceeded to Argentine, and was for several years chemist with the Highland Scot Canning Co. On his return to Scotland, he was appointed chemist with Messrs.Michael Nairn & Co., Ltd., Linoleum Manufacturers, Kirkcaldy, with whom he remained until his retirement early in 1924, when, having acquired a good knowledge of Spanish language and literature, he visited Spain and Portugal. He was for many years Secretary of the Kirkcaldy Naturalists’ Society and of the Kirkcaldy Photographic Society, and for some time filled the office of President of the latter. He was elected a Fellow of the Institute in 1888. JOHN who died at Yeoville, Johannesburg, on the 29th April, WATSON, in his 71st year, was educated at the Icepier Grammar School, Houghton- le-Spring, Co. Durham, and at the University of Durham College of Physical Science-now Armstrong College-Newcastle-upon-Tyne, where he studied chemistry under Professors A.Freire Marreco and P. Phillips Bedson. From 1880 to 1883 he was assistant chemist in the laboratory of the Newcastle Chemical Co. (formerly C. Allhusen and Sons) at Gateshead-on- Tyne. In the latter year he was appointed chemist at Tigars Chemical Manure Works at Beverley, Yorks., but, towards the end of the same year,he returned to the Xewcastle Chemical Co., with whom he remained until 1896. In 1897 he proceeded to South Africa and was appointed assayer at the Langlaagte Estate, and later chemist to the African Saltpetre Co., near Griquatown, and thereafter held appointments with the Rand Central Ore Reduction Co., the Lancaster Gold Mining Co., Jumpers Deep, and with the Stanhope Gold Mining Co., to whom he was assayer and cyanide manager.In 1902, he spent nearly a year in New Zealand developing a mica property, but in November of that year returned to South Africa and was appointed chief assayer to the City and Suburban Gold Mining and Estate Co., which position he held until September, 1918, when he proceeded to India as chief chemist and works manager to the Magadi Soda Co., Calcutta, At the end of 1919, however, he again returned to Johannesburg, where he established a private practice, in which he continued until his death, except for a short period in 1923-1924 when he was engaged as chief assayer to Transvaal Platinum Limited. He was an early member of the Chemical, Metallurgical and Mining Society of South Africa and a frequent contributor to its proceedings.He passed the examination of the Institute and was elected a Fellow in 1887. 275 Books and their Contents. Since the publication of the JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGS, Part 111, 1932, the following books have been presented by the authors or publishers. Copies may be seen in the Library of the Institute. “Chemical Encyclopzdia, A Digest of Chemistry and Its Indus-trial Applications.’’ C. T. Kingzett. 5th Edition, Pp. viii + 1014. (London: BailGre, Tindall and Cox.) 40s. net. Since the publication of the 4th Edition in 1024, the work has been brought up to date, many new substances have been introduced and the bibliographies1 references have been augmented. “Modern Chemistry, The Romance of Modern Chemical Dis- coveries.” Frederick Prescott.Pp. xiii + 370. (London Sampson Low, Marston & Co., Ltd.) 12s. 6d. net. The scope and development of chemistry; the atom and beyond; chemi- cal elements; story of radium; chemistry in the service of electricity;metals and alloys; fuels and illurninants ;nitrogen problem; explosives; cellulose products ; the chemical silkworm ;colour chemistry ;harnessing micro-organisms;chemistry versus disease. “Cubic Crystal Structure of Elements and Compounds, Tables of.” I. E. Knaggs, and B. Karlik, with a section on Alloys by C. F. Elam. Foreword by Sir William Bragg. Pp. 90. (London: Adam Hilger, Ltd.) 11s. 6d. net. “Liesegang Rings and Other Periodic Structures.” Ernest S.Hedges. Pp. viii + 122. (London: Chapman & Hall, Ltd.) 10s. 6d. net. Some properties of colloidal media ;Liesegang phenomena ;theories of the Liesegang phenomena ; periodic diffusion structures without chemical reaction ;periodic crystallisation and allied phenomena ;natural periodic structures; bibliography of priodic structures ; indexes. “Microchemical Laboratory Manual.” Friedrich Emich, with a section on Spot Analysis by Fritz Feigl, translated by Frank Schneider. Pp. xvi + 180. (London: Chapman & Hall, Ltd.) 18s. 6d. net. Introduction; purposes of microchemistry ; apparatus and methods ; practice exercises; spot analysis. Appendices and Index. 276 “Organic Syntheses.” An Annual Publication of Satisfactory Methods for the Preparation of Organic Chemicals.Frank C. Whitmore, Editor-in-Chief. Volume XII. Pp. vii +96. (London: Chapman & Hall, Ltd.) 10s. 6d. net. “Physical Chemistry.” John Eggert, translated by S. J. Gregg, with an Introduction by A. Caspari. Pp xii + 632 and Inset. (London: Constable & Co., Ltd.) 24s. net. (A translation of the Third Edition of Lehrbuch der Physilcalischeit Chemie revised in collaboration with Dr. Lothar Hock.) Problems and methods of physical chemistry ; atomics and energetics ; the nature of matter (atoms, molezules, states of aggregation);chemical reactions (chemical equilibrium and the law of mass action, thermo- chemistry, electrochemistry ; chemical kinetics; photochemistry) ; bibliography; index. ‘‘Physics.” Fundamental Laws and Principles with Problems and Worked Solutions.Edgar Booth and Phyllis M. Nicol. Pp. 648. (Glebe, N.S.W. : Australasian Medical Publishing Co., Ltd.) Mechanics; properties of mattor; heat ; electricity and magnetism ; progressive waves and sound; light; appendix; index. “Protective Films on Metals.” Ernest S. Hedges. Vol. V of a Series of Monographs on Applied Chemistry. Edited by E. Howard Tripp. Pp. xii + 276. (London: Chapman & Hall, Ltd.) 15s. net. Introduction; mechanism of corrosion; protective effect of oxygen 011 metals ;protective films formed during atmospheric corrosion ;protectivefilms formed in liquid media; anodic film; practical applications of oxide and similar films; coating by hot-dipping; electro-plating; sprayed metal films;cementation ;miscellaneous protective metallic films ;paints, lacquers, enamels; index.Fertilisers and Feeding Stuffs Act, 1926.-The Ministry of Agriculture and Fisheries and the Department of Agriculture for Scotland have made new regulations to replace the Fertilisers and Feeding Stuffs Regulations, 1928. The new regulations are known as the Fertilisers and Feeding Stuffs Regulations, 1932, (S.R. & O., 1932, No. 658.) (H.M. Stationery Office, Adastral House, Kingsway, W.C.2. rod. net.) The principal matters in the Regulations affected by the revision are (a)the method of sampling and analysis, and (b) alterations to the Schedules to the Act. The provisions relating to the manner of taking samples have been rearranged and amended in order to facilitate the work of 277 the officials concerned.The methods of analysis have been amended by the adoption of the British Standard Test Sieve, Mesh No. 100,in place of the present prescribed sieve for the determination of the fineness of grinding of basic slag, etc.; and also by the inclusion of a method of analysis for the determination of citric soluble phosphoric acid. The alterations to the Schedules to the Act include alterations of the Schedules which were contained in the Regulations of 1928, and fresh amendments, which, however, are confined to the First, Second and Fourth of the Schedules to the Act. The First and Second Schedules to the Act include the classes of articles in respect of which the seller is required under the Act to give to the purchaser a statutory statement, which has effect as a warranty, containing certain prescribed particulars.In the Fourth Schedule to the Act the names of the more com- monly used fertilisers and feeding stuffs are defined, and the use in a statutory statement of any of these names constitutes a warranty that the articles accord with the relative definitions. The new regulations come into operation on 1st September, 1932-Safety in Mines Research Board.-Tenth Annual Report, including a Report of Matters dealt with by the Health Advisory Committee, 1931. (H.M. Stationery Office. 2s. net.) General progress of work; safety instructions; progress of safety re-searches; health advisory committee ; appendices.The Sixty-Eighth Annual Report on Alkali, etc., Works by the Chief Inspectors, recording proceedings during the year 1931,has been published by H.M. Stationery Office, price @. net. The British Standards Institution published in June the following specifications :-No. 146-1932. Portland-Blast-furnace Cement (revised). 2s. net, and No. 458-1932. Xyloles (Pure Xylole, 3" Xylole, and 5" Xylole). 2s. net. The British Standards Institution has published a revised edition of the Indexed List of British Standard Specifications together with the Annual Report. (C.C., 7822, price IS.) 278 The Saghalien Central Experiment Station of Japan has forwarded to the Library of the Institute copies of Reports “The Economic Wild Plants in Southern Saghalien,” and “The Clover-Leaf Beetle. ” The Murex Welding Processes, Ltd., have issued a Hand-book for Electric Welders.IS. net. Fuel.-The British National Committee of the World Power Conference has announced the publication of the third edition of Technical Data of Fuel, edited by H. M. Spiers, 12s. 6d. net. Postage 6d. (Copies may be obtained through the Institute at a special price of 10s. 6d.). Africa.-Messrs Erlangers, Ltd., have published a series of volumes on the Manufacturing Industries of the British Empire Overseas. Part VI: Africa (West, East and Central), published in May, was the concluding volume. It contains a preface on the causes of the world crisis, and a comprehensive compilation of information regarding the manufactures, industries and products for all the countries in Africa, tariffs and comparative statistics, and a synopsis of the history and economic position of each British country.(Obtainable from Charles Barker & Sons, Ltd., 31,Budge Row, London, E.C.4. 7s. 6d. net.) The Cambridge University Press announces the publication at an early date of the second volume of Dr. J. L. Simonsen’s book “The Terpenes,” dealing with dicyclic terpenes and the sesquiterpenes. The work will contain a detailed account of the chemistry of the dicyclic hydrocarbons and ketones, special attention being given to structural problems. In dealing with the sesquiterpenes, the extensive researches of Ruzicka and his co- workers are discussed. The Cambridge University Press has published for the School of Agriculture, Cambridge, a new edition, revised by H.H. Nicholson, of “A Course of Practical Work in Agricultural Chemistry €or Senior Students,” by T. B. Wood. Pp. 56. 2s. 6d. net. Messrs. W. Heffer & Sons, Ltd., announce that on 30th Sep-tember the new ‘‘British Pharmacopoeia ” will be published. The volume will contain 758 pages, large demi-octavo, price 21s. net. 279 Water Pollution Research.-The Department of Scientific and Industrial Research has issued a ‘I Summary of Current Literature on Water Pollution Research,”-Vol. V, No. 9. September 193z,-Abstracts Nos. 1045-1146. (H.M. Stationery Office, 2s. net.) Messrs. Leonard Hill, Ltd., have published the eighth edition of “Chemical Engineering and Chemical Catalogue,” which has been compiled with the co-operation of leading British manu- facturers, and edited by Dr.D. M. Newitt. It is a catalogue of heavy and fine chemicals, raw materials, machinery, plant, and equipment, applicable to production industries, standardised, condensed, and cross-indexed, with a foreword. 10s. net. It contains a register of German and English technical equivalents; tables and data relating to materials for the con- struction of industrial plant, etc., and a comprehensive biblio- graphy of recent chemical and technical literature. 280 The Register. At the meetings of Council held on 17th June, and 22nd July, 1932, 11 Associates were elected to the Fellowship, 29 new Associates were elected, and 17 Students were admitted.The Council regrets to report the death of 12 Fellows and 3 Associates. Associates elected to the Fellowship. Arnott, John, Laboratory Department, Messrs. G. & J. Weir, Ltd., Cathcart Glasgow.Cowpe, William, Shelling Hill, Cullybackey, Co. Antrim, N. Ireland, Derrett-Smith, Donald Alford, A.C.G.F.C., Rostherne, Lambeg, Co. Antrim, N. Ireland. Fermor, Herbert Frederick Francis Burdett, 32, Trossachs Road, London, S.E.22. Green, Arnold Trevor, Corbar, Dartmouth Avenue, Newcastle-under-Lyme, Staffs. Kerr, Carl Aloysius, B.Sc. (Q.U.B.), Ph.D. (Glas.), Preswylfa, Bryntirion Terrace, Llangollen, N. Wales. Kirkby, William Anthony, M.Sc., Ph.D.(Mane.), 26, Hartington Road, Millhouses, Sheffield. Knaggs, John, B.Sc., P1.i.D. (Lond.), A.R.C.S., D.I.C., c/o Messrs. Portals, Ltd., Laverstoke Mills, Whitchurch, Hants. Marson, Cecil Brittain, M.Sc., Ph.D. (Leeds), Northern Coke Research Laboratories, Armstrong College, Newcastle-on-Tyne. Pitkethly, Robert, c/o Dr. A. E. Dunstan, F.I.C., Research Laboratory, Sunbury- on -Thames , Middlesex. Regan, Colston James, B.Sc. (Lond.), 14, Penerley Road, London, S.E.6. New Associates. Adams, Clifford Hubert, B.Sc. (Lond.), The Grove, Danbury, Essex. Chapman, Kenneth Thomas, B.Sc. (Lond.), 47, Kyrle Road, London, s.w.ll. Gill, John Lewis, B.Sc. (Lond.),27, Carless Avenue, Harborne, Birmingham. Greer, Eric Norman, B.Sc. (Lond.), Garden Reach, Stanmore, Middlesex.Hullett, Ernest William, M.Sc. (N.Z.), Agricultural College, Lincoln, Canterbury, New Zealand. Hunter, George John Ernest, M.Sc. (Otago), 3, Market Street, Musselburgh, Dunedin, N.Z. Krupeney, Max Mendel, Ph.D., B.Sc. (Leeds), 43, Reuben Street, Carlton Hill, beds. Kuriyan, Kuruvila Ittyeran, B.A. (Madras), M.Sc. (Agra), Puliyampallil, Kottayam, S. India. 281. Livingston, Charles Sinclair, B.Sc. (Glas.), 24, Mansfield Road, Prestwick, Ayrshire. Rlackness, John ILaimes, B.Sc. (Lond.), A.R.C.S., D.I.C., Southwood, Holland Avenue, Sutton, Surrey. Morrison, Angus Reid, B.Sc. (Glas.), 77, Ibrox Street, Glasgow, S.W.l. Muir, Geoffrey Dale, B.Sc. (Glas.), La Santarita, Lenzie, Glasgow. McFarlane, James Robert, B.Sc.(Liv.), Usine Ste. Madeleine, San Fernando, Trinidad, B.W.I. McNeill, David Harold Baxter, B.Sc. (Glas.), 23, Bank Street, Greenock, Renf rewshire . Nandi, Birendra Lal, M.Sc. (Calcutta), 21, Cromwell Road, London, S.W.7. Niyogi, Manmathanath, M.Sc. (Calcutta), 8, Duke Street, Bevis Marks, London, E.C.3. Nunn, Gordon, B.Sc. (Liv.), 28, St. Martin’s Street, Castleton, Rochdale, Lancs. Pedder, John Saxon, Ph.D., B.Sc. (Lond.), Mortimer House, Eskdale Avenue, Chesham, Bucks. Pleaden, Ronald Francis, B.Sc. (Lond.), 31, Hall Street, Hockley, Birm- ingham.Rankine, John, B.Sc. (Lond.), 15, Blythswood Drive, Paisley. Roy, Mriganka Bhusan, B.Sc. (Patna), Assistant Chemical Examiner to Government of U.P. 85 C.P., Chhipitola, Agra, India.Simpson, Thomas Wake, B.Sc. (Dun.), Villa St. Clair, Skegness, Lincs. Southgate, Bernard Alfred, Ph.D., B.A. (Cantab.), Marine Biological Association, Cleveland Shipyard, Middlesborough. Suri, Harnam Das, M.Sc. (Punjab), Central Board of Revenue, Control Laboratory, Government College, Lahore, India. Taylor, Ernest, M.Se. (Leeds), Clifton, Station Road, New Longton, nr. Preston. Thompson, Horace Henry, B.Sc., Ph.D. (Lond.), A.R.C.S., D.I.C, 66, Burlington Avenue, Romford, Essex. Williams, Arthur Franklyn, B.Sc. (Wales),5, Whitehall Road, Handsworth, Birmingham.Worrell, Stanley Wilson, B.Sc. (Lond.), Hillside, Carisbrooke Road, Harpenden, Herts. Wright, James Matson, B.Sc. (Lond.), A.R.C.S., 381, Spring Bank West, Hull. New Students.Bentley, Lionel Victor, 55, Burlington Avenue, Kew Gardens, Surrey. Burman, Arthur Duncan, Dunaverty, Provanmill, Millerston, Glasgow. Campbell-Gamble, Derek John, 7, Welby Gardens, Grantham, Lincs. Fish, Hubert James, 37, Eastcote Road, Harrow, Middlesex. Holmes, Kenneth Edwin, 47,The Crescent, Letchworth, Herts. Jupp, Raymond Herbert, 1,Annandale Road, Addiscombe, Surrey. Lawrence, Edwin Charles Higgins, 32, Glover’s Hill Road, Kingsteignton, nr. Newton Abbot, Devon. Medhurst, Edward Frederick, 67, Glenfarg Road, Catford, London, S.E.6. Millidge, Alfred Frank, 48, Medina Avenue, Newport, Isle of Wight. Parker, Robert Thomas, 19, Whitworth Road, London, S.E.18. Paxon, Leslie Arthur, 30, St. George’s Road, London, N.13.Pickstone, Richard Esdaile, 64, Alexandra Road, London, N.W.8. Roe, Miss Edna Margaret Frances, 66, Drury Road, Harrow, Middlesex. Senior, Sydney, Woodroyd, Grafton Road, Gloucester. Strudwick, John William, 44, Marten Road, London, E.17. Tone, Gerard Monteith, 286, Bath Road, Hounslow, Middlesex. Vicary, George Thomas, 26, Stanley Street, Bristol. 282 DEATHS. Fellows. Richard Halihurton Adie, M.A. (Cantab.), B.Sc. (Lond.).Frank Brownsword, M.Sc. (Mane.).Cecil Howard Cribb, B.Sc. (Lond.).Ernest Roadley Dovey, A.R.C.S. William Mogford Hamlet. John Adams Hatfield. Archibald Knox, A.M. I.Chem.E. Robert Law. James MacWhirter. Arthur Ross. Samuel Stewart. John Watson. Associates. Ieuan Thomas Owen, B.Sc. (Wales).William Pawson Robson, M.A.(Cape), Ph.D. (Halle). Francis George Coad Stephens. CHANGE OF NAMES. Frederick Clarkson HaroId, Associate, to Frederick Clarkson-Harold- by Deed Poll. Sophy M. Harrison, Associate, to Sophy M. Ireland,-on her marriage. 283 General Notices. Lectures.-Professor A. J. Allmand, D.Sc., F.R.S., will deliver Two Lectures at the Institute, on Friday, zIst, and Friday, 28th October, at 8 pm., on “The Nature of Simple Molecules and of Elementary Processes. The Streatfeild Memorial Lecture, 1932.-Mr. W. A. Williams, Fellow, Works Manager, North British Rubber Co., Ltd., has consented to give the Streatfeild Memorial Lecture for 1932, at the Institute, on Friday, 18th November, at 8 p.m. Subject: Rubber.’’‘I The S.M. Gluckstein Memorial Lecture, 1932, will be given in December. Further particulars will be announced in due course. All Lectures are open to Fellows, Associates and Registered Students of the Institute, and the Streatfeild Memorial Lecture will be open to former Students of Finsbury Technical College. Tickets of admission may also be obtained by persons other than Members and Students of the Institute on application to the Registrar. Annual Chemical Dinner, 1932.-The Annual Chemical Dinner will be held on Thursday, the 8th December, at the Connaught Rooms, Great Queen Street, London, W.C.2, at 7 for 7.30 p.m. This will be a social event in which members of the various societies and institutions interested in chemistry are invited to participate. The dinner will be followed by music and dancing.Tickets, price 15s. each-for lady or gentleman-including gratuities, but not wine-will be obtainable in October and November, from Mr. F. A. Greene, The Chemical Club, 2, Whitehall Court, London, S.W.I. Further particulars will be announced in due course. 284 Examinations, 1933.-The arrangements for examinations during 1933 will be as follows:-FORTHE ASSOCIATESHIP. Dates of Examinations. Entries close. 9th to 14th January. Monday, 7th November, 1932. (Notebooks: 16th December.) 24th to 29th April. Monday 6th February, 1933. (Notebooks: 17th March.) 18th to 23rd September, Monday, 10th July, 1933. in London and Glasgow. } (Notebooks: 8th September.) FORTHE FELLOWSHIP. 1st to 6th May.Monday, 6th February, 1.933. 25th to 30th September. Monday, 10th July, 1933. For Candidates wishing to be examined in Branch "G"-Industrial Chemistry, the list will close on 9th June, 1933. The Meldola Medal (the gift of the Society of MaccabEans) is awarded annually to the chemist whose published chemical work shows the most promise, and is brought to the notice of the administrators during the year ending 31st December prior to the award. The recipient must be a British subject not more than 30 years of age at the time of the completion of the work. The Medal may not be awarded more than once to the same person. The next award willbe made in January, 1933. The Council will be glad to have attention directed, before 31st December, 1932, to work of the character indicated.285 including problems connected with fuel economy, chemical engineering, and metallurgy. Awards will be made not on the result of any competition, but in recognition of continuous work of exceptional merit, bearing evidence of distinct advancement in knowledge and practice. The administrators of the Fund are the Presidents, the Honorary Treasurers, and the Secretaries of the three partici- pating Institutions, who will meet in the latter part of June, and will be glad to have their attention directed to outstanding work of the nature indicated. Correspondence on this subject should be addressed to the Convener, Sir George Beilby Memorial Fund, Institute of Chemistry, 30, Russell Square, London, W.C.1, not later than 1st June, 1933.Sir Edward Frankland Medal and Prizefor Registered Students.-A Medal and Prize (LIO 10s.) for an essay not exceed- ing 3,000 words will be awarded in January, 1933,and will be presented at the next Annual General Meeting, or at a meeting of the Local Section to which the successful competitor is attached. Entries are limited to Registered Students who are less than 22 years of age at the time of forwarding the essay. The object of the essay is to induce Registered Students to develop a sense of professional public spirit and to devote thought to questions of professional interest and to the position of chemists in the life of the community-the essay to be on a subject of professional as opposed to technical or purely chemical impor- tance.Having due regard to the objects stated above, Registered Students are informed that the Council is prepared, for the present year, to consider an essay on any subject which has a bearing on chemistry or chemical work, from the professional or personal point of view, provided that it does not deal with any purely technical, chemical, or historical subject. Notice to Associates.-The Council desires to encourage all Associates to qualify for the Fellowship, and to impress upon them the importance of proceeding to the higher grade as soon as possible. Copies of the regulations and forms of application can be obtained from the Registrar. 286 Appointments Register.-A Register of Fellows and Associates who are available for appointments, or are desirous of extending their opportunities, is kept at the offices of the Institute.For full information, inquiries should be addressed to the Registrar. Fellows and Associates are invited to notify the Institute of suitable vacancies for qualified chemists, Students who have been registered as Students of the Institute for not less than six months, and are in the last term of their training for the. Associateship, may receive the Appointments Register of the Institute, provided that their applications for this privilege be endorsed by their professors. Lists of vacancies are forwarded twice weekly to those whose names are on the Appointments Register.Fellows and Associates who are already in employment, but seeking to improve their positions, are required to pay 10s. for a period of six months. Members and Students who are without employment are required to pay 6s. 6d. for the first period of six months, and, if not successful in obtaining an appointment, will thereafter be supplied with the lists gratis for a further period, if necessary. The Institute also maintains a Register of Laboratory Assist- ants who have passed approved Preliminary Examinations and, in some cases, Intermediate Science Examinations. Fellows and Associates who have vacancies for Registered Students and Laboratory Assistants are invited to communicate with the Registrar. The Library.-The Library of the Institute is open for the use of Fellows, Associates, and Registered Students between the hours of 10a.m.and 6 p.m. on week-days (Saturdays, 10a.m. and I p.m.), except when examinations are being held. The library is primarily intended for the use of candidates during the Institute’s practical examinations. The comprehensive Library of the Chemical Society is avail-able, by the courtesy of the Council of the Society, for the use of Fellows and Associates of the Institute wishing to consult or borrow books, from 10 a.m. to g p.m. on week-days (Saturdays from 10 a.m. to 5 p.m.), except during August and the early part of September, when the hours are from 10 a.m. to 5 p.m. 287 Registered Students of the Institute are also permitted at present to use the Library of the Chemical Society for reference purposes, but not to borrow books.Members and Students of the Institute using the Library of the Society are required to conform to the rules of the Society regarding the use of its books. The Science Museum, South Kensington.-The Director and Secretary of the Science Museum, South Kensington, has notified the Council of the Institute that arrangements have been made for the issue of books and periodicals on loan to scientific workers introduced by approved institutions. Books which can be obtained easily from other institutions are not ordinarily lent by the Science Library. The Science Library, however, contains some 360 periodicals specially devoted to chemical science, and arrangements have been made (on com- pleting a form of requisition obtainable from the Registrar of the Institute) for borrowing any of these, and of other periodi- cals in the Library which may not be available elsewhere.Boots Booklovers’ Library.-With Part I of the JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGS,published in February, a circular was issued, by direction of the Council, giving particulars of the special terms to be allowed to Fellows and Associates desiring to use Boots Booklovers’ Library. Over 260 members are now partici- pating in the scheme. Covers €or Journal.-Members who desire covers (buck- ram: IS. zd. each) for binding the Journal in annual volumes, are requested to notify the Registrar of their requirements, indicating the years for which the covers are required.Arrangements may be made with Messrs. A. W. Bain & Co., Ltd. , 17-19,Bishop’s Road, Cambridge Heath, London, E.2, to bind volumes of the JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGSon the following terms: buckram cover, IS. zd.; binding, 2s. gd.; postage and packing, gd. ;in all, 4s. 8d. Lantern Slides for. Lecturers.-A collection of slides is kept at the Institute and is available to members who wish to illustrate lectures. Enquiries should be addressed to the Registrar. 288 As the slides are frequently in demand, members are requested to notify their requirements at least 14 days before the date on which the slides are to be used. Changes of Address.-In view of the expense involved through frequent alterations of addressograph plates, etc., Fellows, Associates, and Registered Students who wish to notify changes of address are requested to give, so far as possible, their permanent addresses for registration.Institute of Chemistry Benevolent Fund. Founded in 1920 as a memorial to Fellows, Associates and Students who died in the service of their country, 1914-18. Contributions may be forwarded to The Hon. Treasurer, FUND,INSTITUTEBENEVOLENT OF CHEMISTRY, 30, RUSSELL SQUARE, W.C.I.LONDON,

ISSN:0368-3958    

DOI:10.1039/JG9325600231

出版商:RSC    

年代:1932

数据来源: RSC

摘要:

THE INSTITUTE OF CHEMISTRY OF GREAT BRITAIN AND IRELAND. FOUNDED 1877. INCORPORATED BY ROYAL CHARTER, 1885. JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGS. 1932. PART V. Issued under the supervision of the Publications Committee. RICHARD B. PILCHER, Registrar and Secretary. SQUARE,LONDON,30, RUSSELL W.C. I. Ocfober, 1932. Publications Committee, 1932-33. LEWIS EYNON (Chtairnzan), G. C. CLAYTON (President). 0. L. BRADY, J. C. A. BRIERLEY, R. BRUCE, W. F. BUIST, W. J. A. BUTTERFIELD, R. M. CAVEN, F. D. CHATTAWAY, A. COULTHARD, W. R. FEARON, P. F. GORDON, I. M. HEILBRON, H. H. HODGSON, J. R. JOHNSON, PATRICK H. KIRKALDY (Hon. Treasurer), D. JORDAN LLOYD, H. M. MASON, W. D. ROGERS, E. RUSSELL. 291 Proceedings of the Council.SEPTEMBER-OCTOBER, 1932. Death of Mr. Alfred Chaston Chapman, F.R.S., Past President (1921-1924).-The President and Council deeply regret to record the death of Mr. A. Chaston Chapman, which occurred on 17th October. Mr. Chapman, who had been a Fellow of the Institute for nearly 40 years, served as a Member of Council for three periods- from 1903 to 1906, 1909 to 1911, and 1918 to 1921,-was an examiner in general chemistry from 1911 to 1915, and in bio- chemistry from 1914 to 1919, President from 1921 to 1924, a Vice-president from 1924 to 1927, and a Censor from 1919 until the time of his death. Throughout his career he was keenly interested in the work of the Institute, and at the completion of his term of office as President, his colleagues on the Council gratefully acknowledged the debt which they and the whole Institute owed to him for his able guidance of its affairs, and for his valuable services to the profession generally.His loss will be no less felt by many other learned and scientific societies, by a wide circle of friends, especially members of his own profession, by whom he was so highly esteemed. Industrial Administration.-In JOURNAL AND PROCEED-INGS, Part IV (pages 234 and 235), it was reported that the Council had requested the Nominations, Examinations and Institutions Committee to consider whether some modification might be made in the examinations for the Fellowship, in order to include a paper or questions on the subject of Industrial Admin- istration, on the lines suggested by Mr.Davidson Pratt, whorhad attended a conference of representatives of professional and technical institutions to discuss whether it was desirable that facilities should be provided for instruction in the principles of industrial management, in order to encourage professional and technical men to qualify themselves for administrative positions, It will be recalled that Dr. E. F. Armstrong had previously attended an informal conference, at the request of the President, 292 and that he and Mr. Davidson Pratt concurred in the view that professional scientific and technical men do not get their fair share of the senior positions, because they are thought to be deficient in knowledge of the essentials of management.Both representatives of the Institute deemed it desirable that chemists should be encouraged to have regard to the subjects suggested in a syllabus prepared by the Institute of Industrial Adminis- tration, and that the Council should consider the advisability of including a paper or questions on such subjects, in the examina- tions either for the Associateship or Fellowship, as an optional part of the examinations. The Nominations, Examinations and Institutions Committee felt, however, that the importance of the subject was such that the principle involved should be discussed by the Council, due notice having been given, before the Committee proceeded to consider the measures to be taken to give effect to the wishes of the Council.The “fundamental” syllabus suggested by the Institute of Industrial Administration may be referred to at some length, because it undoubtedly suggests a valuable course of study, from which those who are otherwise fitted to occupy managerial positions would derive benefit, if it were possible for them to incorporate such a course, or any part of it, in their professional education. The course may be summarised as follows:- BASIC. (i) Industrial History and Elementary Economics. Trade Expansion and the Mercantile System; the growth of the Factory System and development of Trade Unionism. Meaning of Economics. Population and Productivity. Consumption. (ii) Management Theory.The Rules of Management. Distinction between Art and Science of Management.The Five Primary Functions-Pro-duction, Distribution, Development, Accounts, and Finance, Legal and Secretarial-how they evolve in the development of an industrial concern. (iii) Indztstrial Organisation. The responsibilities of Foremen, Departmental Managers,General Manager and Managing Director. The delegation of responsibilities. Interlocking of duties, Methods of Payment. FUNCTIONAL (iv) Production I. Job, Batch and Mass Production. Variation of the production problem under these three classes. Relative advantages and disadvantages from the commercial point of view. 293 (v) Production II. Planning for production from the order to the despatch. Buying-the underlying principles.Inspection; why necessary and how carried out. (vi) Production III. Selection and training of personnel. Shop organisation. Problems of storage, transport and despatch. (vii) Distribution I. Sales Organisation and Distribution Methods. Sales quotas. Marketing, Sales Records and their use. (viii) Distribution II. Service and its value to both seller and buyer. Service principles. Publicity from a modern standpoint. (ix) Development and Research. Importance of Development Function. Necessity for opening new lines of manufacture and sale. Market Research work and its value. (x) Management Graphics. Presentation of facts more effective by charts than by statistics. Simple Bar and Line Charts. Scales. Simple Multiple Line Charts.(xi) Cost Accounts I. How a cost is made up. Time and Job Cards. Allocation of material, labour and overhead. Job and Process Costing. Costs in relation to Market Price. (sii) Cost Accounts II. Absorption of overhead. Methods of distributing overhead. Stock valuation records. Mechanical costing. (xiii) Financial Accounts. Trading and Profit and Loss Accounts and Balance Sheets- simple examples explaining how these are made up. (xiv) Budgetary and Higher Control. The Theory of Budgetting. Simple Examples. The Sales Pound. The “Statement of Accounts” on which Higher Control is built. What Higher Control means. (xv)Industrial Law. Legal responsibilities of Management. Industrial Disputes,Conciliation and Arbitration. Wages Legislation and National Insurance.Factory Legislation. (xvi) Ofke Organisation. The duties in the office. Modern office methods and machinery. Routine forms and their design. Correspondence and Piling. The Council of the Institute felt that it was its main duty to encourage the education of chemists, as such, and that it was inadvisable to add to the already very comprehensive curriculum for the examinations for the Associateship; but agreed that training and experience on the lines indicated by the syllabus were very desirable in the case of chemists whose ultimate aim was to secure managerial positions. 294 Professor Hilditch, Examiner in Industrial Chemistry to the Institute, in correspondence on the matter, said that he had never held the opinion that an industrial chemist’s training and outlook tended to unsuit him to occupy a position of higher administrative or executive control.Nevertheless, a man who had spent all his time in acquiring the status of a competent chemist could hardly be expected to develop, without further application, the qualities necessary for efficient management. He felt that it was desirable to introduce in the examination in Industrial Chemistry a slight bias in the direction of “Industrial Economics” and thus help to direct the attention of candidates to the desirability of acquiring such knowledge as had been sug-gested by the Institute of Industrial Administration. The full syllabus, however, seemed a formidable addition and, in some respects, he preferred a somewhat simpler syllabus which had been suggested by the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, if it could be modified to render it more applicable to chemists.It might be practicable in London to arrange courses on the lines suggested, but he thought that it would be difficult to duplicate them in many provincial centres. It might be possible to provide suitable instruction by supervised courses of reading. His view was that the examination for the Associateship should remain as it is,-a test of competency in chemical knowledge and practice; with regard to the Fellowship examination, he did not see that candidates in certain branches should be expected to undertake the subject, although for those who took industrial chemistry it was highly desirable.Even in this category an additional paper might throw out of perspective the importance of general chemical technology as compared with general industrial method. Professor Desch, who also wrote on the matter, presumed that the subject would, in any case, be an optional one, but said that he had little faith in the testing of such knowledge by means of examination, although if it were pressed for by leaders of industry he had no objection to its inclusion, provided that no pressure was brought to bear on candidates to submit the subject in place of any definite branch of chemistry. The syllabus for the Examination of the Institute in general industrial chemistry includes the following :-The candidate will be expected to have:- <‘ (i) A general knowledge of-the application of well-known chemical and physical laws to industrial operations ; the development, control and transmission of heat and power; fittings and stores; 295 properties of materials used in general construction of plant ; process costs ;working costs ;economicsof manufacture ;a working knowledge of the operation of plant in general use in industrial chemical works. (ii) A specialised knowledge of the application of the foregoing of the section of industry selected by the candidate including: the sources and characters of its raw materials; the uses of finished products; the treatment of any by-products or effluents; the technical methods of analysis employed. Papers will be set in general chemical technology, and on the selected industry. The candidates will also be tested practically and orally, and may be required to interpret drawings or models of plant and fittings.” The Council concluded that the present syllabus for the examination in industrial chemistry afforded indication to candidates taking that branch, of the desirability of acquiring experience on the lines suggested.However, it was advisable to inform the Fellows and Associates of the Institute regarding the deliberations of the Council on this matter, in view of its im- portant bearing upon the position of chemists in industry generally. The Council feels indebted to the Institute of Industrial Administration for promoting the discussion, and to Dr.Arm- strong and Mr. Davidson Pratt, for representing the Institute at the conference held jointly with delegates from other pro- fessional and technical bodies. Professional Interests.-The Council deplores that their attention should be directed so frequently to the endeavours made by institutions in receipt of state aid, public authorities, quasi-public bodies, and teaching institutions, to establish laboratories for the purpose of undertaking practice in competition with private consultants and analysts. Reference was made in Part IV to the activities of a depart- ment of an important corporation, which, however, has now given a further assurance that it will avoid encroaching upon the legitimate work of consulting chemists in the district.Lately, a technical college has been advertising publicly for consulting and analytical practice, and it has been necessary for the Council to make representations to the authorities con- cerned ; a “coaching” college encouraged by two trade journals, offers to conduct tests and to advise on technical matters relating to an important industry; private indi duals, sometimes not even chemists, under the guise of an “institution” or “school,” have issued circulars offering professional chemical services and 296 certificates; and in several cases public companies have en-deavoured to exploit their chemists by advertising that their laboratories are available (on a schedule of fees) for consultations and analyses, even of materials unconnected with the products of the companies.Believing that these activities constitute an abuse of the functions of the organisations referred to, the Council feels that Fellows and Associates should do all they can to co-operate with the Institute in bringing to light instances of such abuse, parti- cularly at a time when private practitioners are suffering from the prevailing economic depression. It appears to the Council that it is not the business of the Municipal Corporations and Local Authorities to encourage their departments to conduct practice in competition with private practitioners who are ratepayers; it is not the business of uni- versities, colleges and technical institutions, as such, to undertake practice, and it does not improve the prospects of students in training, that teaching institutions should be so engaged ; while it is discouraging that limited liability companies, established for manufacturing purposes, should endeavour to recoup the salaries paid to their chemists by entering into competition with the profession.The Appointments Register Committee has reported that the number of vacancies notified during the twelve months ending 30th September, was 569 compared with 490 during the previous corresponding period. The majority of vacancies were for men with somewhat specialised experience. The following table gives a rough analysis of the vacancies:- University and Technical College appointments : professors,lecturers and demonstrators ..,. .. .. .. 27 Schools ' . . .. .. .. .. .. .. .. a4 Appointments with Educational Authorities . . .. .. 10 Scholarships and Research Grants .. .. .. .. 15 Government appointments .. .. .. ,. .. 6 Appointments with other public bodies, including Public Analysts, Research Associations .. .. .. .. 35 Industrial chemists .. .. .. .. .. .. 250 Chemical engineers .. .. .. .. .. .. 17 Technical salesmen .. .. .. .. .. .. 16 .IJunior appointments .. .. .. .. *. 28 Appointments for women . . .. .. .. .. .. 70 Temporary appointments .. .. .. .. .. .. 11 -569 297 Of the above, 27 were abroad, compared with 33 in the previous corresponding period. The total number of members using the Appointments Register, which in October 1931 was 424, has since risen to 443.Unem$Zoyment.-The following table shows the number of members who have informed the Institute that they were un- employed at the stated times. Figures for the previous corre-sponding period are given in brackets:- F.I.C. A.I.C. Total. October, 1931 November . . .. .. .. .. 27 (15) 28 133 (76) 144 160 (91) 172 December . . .. .. 27 146 173 January, 1932 February . . March .. .. .. .. .. .. 27 (20)29 30 154 (90) 160 162 181 (110) 189 192 April .. May ,.June .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 31 (19) 33 34 164 (92) 164 160 195 (111)197 194 July . . .. August . . September .. 10th October .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 33 (23) 33 37 37 (27) 160 (112) 162 161 162 (133) 193 (135) 195 198 199 (160) It will be seen that the sharp rise in the number of unemployed, which was reported as having taken place in the summer and autumn of 1931, continued until about April of this year, but that since then the rise has not been appreciable. Of the total unemployed list of 199, including 10 women, 55 have apparently been unemployed for three months or less; 67 for from three months to one year; and 77 for over one year.It is regretted that the number who have been unemployed for a long period has shown an increase. The Ages of the Members at present unemployed and the corresponding numbers of each are here indicated :-21-25 .. .. .. .. 43 25-30 .. .. .. .. 52 30-35 .. .. .. .. 38 35-40 *... .. .. I7 40-45 --.. .. .. 24 45-50 * * .. .. .. I1 50 and over .. .. .. I4 The total membership of the Institute at the date of the last report of Council, January 1932, was 6,000. The percentage 298 of unemployed is therefore, about 3.3 per cent. as against 2.7 per cent. at this time last year. Register of Laboratory Assistants.--This list now contains IIZ names. The number of vacancies notified has been very few, only 33; but this shows a slight increase on last year's total. The Council hopes that Local Sections will assist the work of the Appointments Register, by informing the Officers of the Institute of vacancies notified in local newspapers and journals published in their respective districts, and that all Fellows and Associates will co-operate in making known the facilities afforded by the Appointments Register, and in bringing suitable vacancies to the notice of the Institute.Benevolent Fund.-In order to meet the requirements of the Board of Inland Revenue, the Benevolent Fund Committee has adopted a Declaration of Trust, which has been accepted by the President and Council of the Institute, under which it is definitely provided that all monies and investments belonging to the fund now or hereafter held by the Institute as trustee shall be held by the Institute under Seal as trustee upon irre- vocable trust in accordance with the rules of the trust for the purposes of the fund; and that the Institute shall at all times keep proper separate books, records and accounts showing all monies and investments from time held as aforesaid, so as to identify the same as distinct from all monies and investments held by the Institute in any other capacity, and such books, records and accounts shall be at all times available for inspection by the Council of the Institute and the Committee of the Fund.At the present time, the current account of the fund is about L60 overdrawn, largely due to an adverse balance of L138brought forward from the previous year, although the total receipts for the year show an increase of about LI~o,and the total payments are about E113 less. On the whole, the amount of distress is not great, but a number of cases require regular allowances which make a steady drain on the income, in addition to regular quarterly payments which are made to widows with children , and cases of a similar nature.Lectures.-% Frederick Gowland Hopkins , President of the Royal Society, has kindly undertaken to deliver the S. M. Gluckstein Memorial Lecture on Friday, the 16th December. (Tickets will be issued in due course.) 299 Professor Gilbert T. Morgan, O.B.E., D.Sc., F.R.S., Director of the Chemical Research Laboratory, Department of Scientific and Industrial Research, has kindly undertaken to give two lectures at the Institute towards the end of April, 1933,dealing with the trend of thought in modern inorganic chemistry. Further particulars will be announced in due course. Examinations.-The Council has received the Report of the Board of Examiners on the September Examinations, an abstract of which is given, together with Examination Papers, in this Part of the JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGS(p.310). Frankland Essay and Prize.-The particular attention of Registered Students is directed to the arrangements made for the award of the Frankland Medal and Prize for 1932 (see p. 346). On the present occasion, the Council is leaving the choice of the subject for the essay to the students themselves. What is Probable Error ? "-The following correction should be noted on page 38 of Dr. J. F. Tocher's lecture on " What is Probable Error ":-t. P-odds. 7 -9548 21 to 1 11 a9711 34to 1 300 Local Sections. Belfast.-Dr. John Hawthorne presided at a meeting of the Section held in the Central Hall of the Municipal College, Belfast, on 4th October, when Mr.Austin Lowe gave a lecture on ‘‘Bakelite Synthetic Resin Materials, and their application in Industry and methods of use.” Mr. Lowe gave a brief historical survey of experimental work leading to the evolution of resin materials of commercial value. Beginning with Baeyer’s work in 1872, he then illustrated the bearing on this subject of the work of Michael, Kleiberg and Smith, Early in this century various patents were taken out, but it was Dr. Baekeland, in 1908, who discovered the key to the problem by using alkali as an accelerator, which enabled these products to be made in an intermediate stage commercially. By the application of heat and pressure they can readily be converted into the insoluble and infusible form of phenol formaldehyde condensation products.Mr. Lowe dealt principally with phenol formaldehyde resin materials known as Bakelite, and with the development of the industry during 20 years, and especially during the last five years. These materials can be divided into seven groups-resins, cements, varnishes, lacquers, moulding materials, laminated sheet, and enamels. Mr. Lowe demonstrated the properties of each, showing the variety of uses to which they can be put, and submitted a large selection of specimens for examination by the audience. At the conclusion of the paper a two-reel film, showing the manufacture and some of the uses of the material, was shown, and much appreciated. Mr.Lowe replied to a number of questions raised by members, and was accorded a vote of thanks, on the motion of Dr. Hawthorne, seconded by Mr. R. G. Baskett. Birmingham and Midlands.-The Eleventh Annual General Meeting took place on zIst March, when the following officers and Committee were elected:-Chairman, Mr. A. W. Knapp; Vice-chairman, Mr. H. H. Bagnall; Hon. Treasurer, 301 Mr. A. G. R. Whitehouse; Hon. Secretary, Dr. F. W. Norris. Committee: Dr. S. R. Carter, Prof. R. H. Hopkins, Messrs. J. R. Johnson, Geo. King and D. W. Parkes (Fellows); Mr. H. Berry, Dr. Hampton, Messrs. R. W. Payne and G. Thomas (Associates). In his Report for the Session, the Hon. Secretary deplored that the attendance at ordinary meetings of the Section had not been satisfactory.The social meetings had always proved popular ; interesting lectures and discussions had been held, to which members of other Chemical Societies in Birmingham had been invited. The support of other Societies greatly contributed to the success of such meetings. The Hon. Treasurer presented a satisfactory Financial State- ment. At the conclusion of the annual business a discussion of the activities of the Section followed. A number of members stressed the importance of social gatherings and their usefulness in enabling chemists to meet and discuss affairs to their mutual benefit. The Committee was urged to consider the possibility of increasing the number of such events in the programme.It was decided, as an experiment, to institute a country outing for members and friends in the early summer. After further discussion with reference to lecturers for the coming session, a vote of thanks was accorded to Dr. Wardlaw for his services as chairman during the previous three years, and the meeting then adjourned. The first summer outing, which took place in perfect weather on 18th June, proved an unqualified success. About 50 members and friends met at Bidford-on-Avon, where tea was served. An enjoyable evening was then spent in bathing, boating, and in motoring in the neighbouring Cotswold Hills. The party met again at Stratford-on-Avon, and the day’s proceedings concluded with supper. Bristol and South-Western Counties.-A conversazione was held on the 15th October at the residence of Dr.A. C. Fryer, in Clifton, who, after tea, showed and described an interesting selection of his collection of lantern slides. Mr. R. H. Ellis, Chairman of the Section, expressed the members’ thanks and appreciation to Dr. Fryer for his hospitality and kindness. The next meeting will be held on 28th November, at 5.15 p.m., in Bristol University, when Dr. F. D. Chattaway will give a 302 lecture at a joint meeting with the University Chemical Society on “Reactions of an Aldehyde.” Cape.-On 19th August, a visit of inspection was made by the members of the Section to the Castle Brewery, Cape Town. The party was received and conducted over the Brewery by Mr.B. P. West, who explained the changes occurring during the various processes. Mr. E. H. Croghan, Chairman of the Section, expressed the thanks of the members to Mr. West for his courtesy. In a recent letter, the Honorary Secretary of the Section, Dr. William Pugh, has asked to be advised when any member of the Institute proposes to visit South Africa, and reiterates the pleasure which members of the Section have expressed when they have been visited by members in the past. Huddersfie1d.-Mr. H. Webster Moss presided at the opening meeting of the Section for the session 1932-33, held on 11th October, at Field’s Cafb, Huddersfield, when Professor R. V. Wheeler, Department of Fuel Technology, Sheffield University, gave a lecture entitled 46 Flame.” In introducing his subject, Professor Wheeler said that the particular phase of flame with which he proposed to deal was the so-called “uniform movement.” This uniform movement was in several respects the most important phase, notably because it characterised the initial stages of an explosion.The great French chemist Le Chatelier, nearly fifty years ago, discovered that when a mixture of an inflammable gas and air was fired at the open end of a horizontal tube, the other end being closed, the flame as it travelled along the tube moved for some distance at a uniform speed. He regarded this uniform movement as the “normal speed of propagation of flame by conduction of heat.” Although this hypothesis was no longer tenable, measurement of the speed of the uniform move- ment under standard experimental conditions helped to gauge the general behaviour of different inflammable gases when burn- ing; for each inflammable gas had its own speed of uniform move- ment of flame.The lecturer then described how the fundamental speed of flame could be deduced from measurements of the uniform movement. By the “fundamental” speed was meant that 303 due solely to the transmission of the zone of chemical reaction from layer to layer of the mixture, irrespective of any mass movement of the mixture itself. This speed was an important constant for use in any intimate analysis of the physico-chemical processes of flame. It would be understood that a direct observation of this fundamental speed must be difficult, if not impossible, because during the whole period of inflammation the products of combustion created currents by their expansion during formation and by convection after formation. Early experiments had shown that the speed of the uniform movement in a given inflammable mixture increased progres- sively with the diameter of the tube along which the flame travelled.For example, with a 9.5 per cent. methane-air mixture the speed was about go cm. per sec. when the tube was 5 cm. in diameter and about 250 cm. per sec. when the tube was 96.5 cm. in diameter. The speed did not, however, increase linearly with the diameter of the tube, but there was an inflection in the curve relating speed of uniform movement to diameter of tube in the region 10 to 20 cm.diameter. A study of such curves for a number of mixtures of methane and air suggested that, in any one mixture, the speed of the uniform movement would be the same in all tubes wider than 20 cm., were it not for some factor the influence of which became increasingly prominent in tubes of more than 15 cm. diameter. The nature of this factor was indicated by an obvious contrast between photographs on a revolving drum of the uniform move- ment in narrow and in wide tubes. Whereas the flame-front in the narrow tube showed a straight line, that in the wide tube was marked by undulations, and the cross-section at each instant of passage of the flame displayed a complex geometrical pattern lof luminous matter.Snapshot photographs yielded further information. With the narrow tube, the flame-front, though nearly hemispherical at the outset, became tilted almost at once at an angle which remained constant so long as the flame travelled in uniform move- ment. With the wide tube, the flame-front, initially smooth and hemispherical, at once became “nodular” and tilted at a steep angle. The shape of the flame-front could thus be altered in two ways by convection: it might be tilted forward, the upper part advancing more rapidly than it would otherwise; and it might .be distorted. Both alterations involved an enlargement of the 304 flame surface, and thus an increase in the amount of gas burnt in unit time with, in consequence, an increased speed of travel of the flame.The rapid increase in the speed of the uniform move- ment with increase in the diameter of the tube above 20 cm. could thus be explained by the disproportionately large increase in flame-surface corresponding with the appearance of the nodular” flame. An explanation of the increase of speed of uniform movement with increase in the diameter of the tube between 2-5 and about 15 cm., which was not accompanied by a definite change in the shape of the flame-front, but only in its inclination, was still needed. For example, with a given mixture of methane and air, the flames were inclined at angles of 3g0, 26&” and 23i0in tubes of 2.5, 5 and 10cm. diameter respectively. It was possible to calcu- late the areas of the flame-surfaces, on the assumption that they were semi-ellipsoids. It was then found that the ratio of the volume of mixture burnt per second to the area of the flame- surface was constant for a given mixture.(Table I gives some examples for a 10per cent. methane-air mixture.) TABLEI. THE FUNDAMENTALSPEEDOF FLAME. 10 PER CENT. METHANE-AIR. Ratio : VOl. Axial burnt speed per sec. Direction of flame. Area of _____ Diameter of tube. of travel of flame. Stage in propagation. em. per see. flame. sq. cm. Area of flame. 10 em. Horizontal. Uniform movement. 111 300 29 10 cm. 5 cm. Horizontal. Horizontal. Initial stage. Uniform movement. 71 92 189 66 29 27 5 em. 2.5 em. Horizontal.Horizontal. Initial stage. Uniform movement. 61-5 71-5 48-5 12.6 25 28 2.5 cm. 5 cm. 5 em. 5 em. 5 cm. 2-5 em. Horizontal. Upward.Upward.Downward. Downward. Horizontal. Initial stage (ii). Symmetrical.Unsymmetrical.Symmetrical.Unsymmetrical. Initial stage (i). 59 68 92.5 61 85 63 10.4 48 66.5 46 63.5 11.0 28 28 27 26 26 28 The ratio, volume of mixture burnt per second to area of the Aame-surface, was the linear speed of flame, in a direction normal to its surface, through a gaseous mixture at rest and at constant temperature and pressure just ahead of the flame. This could be described as the “fundamental speed of flame.” Measurements 305 of this fundamental speed had been made for a series of mixtures of methane and air lying between the limits of inflammability. It ranged from about 6 cm.per sec. at the limits to about 27 cm. per sec. at the maximum over the range 9-5 to 10.0per cent. methane. These measurements could be compared with those obtained by the method, due to Gouy, in which calculation was made from the speed of flow of the mixture and the dimensions of the inner cone of a Bunsen burner ; they corresponded reasonably well, bearing in mind the limitations of Gouy’s method. The uniform movement of flame, therefore, was characterised by constant dimensions of the flame-front. These constant dimensions were maintained by a balance between the effects of a constant speed of propagation of flame normal to the flame-front and a steady operation of convection.The flame was rarely, if ever, a flat disc at right-angles to the axis of the tube, so that the axial speed of propagation was usually much greater than the speed, normal to the flame-front, of a plane flame-front in a stationary mixture. Professor Wheeler described the effect of an applied electro field on flame movement, and concluded by indicating the lines upon which work was proceeding in an attempt to inhibit the spreading of flame in mines, particularly as the result of shot firing. A discussion followed, indicating the great interest which the lecture had evoked. The meeting concluded with a vote of thanks to the lecturer, proposed by Mr. T. A. Simmons, seconded by Mr. H. S. Pink. Irish Free State.-On 2nd November, at 4.30 p.m., in the Chemistry Department of University College, Dublin, Mr.W. E. V. Abraham, Geologist to the Burmah Oil Company, will read a paper before the Section on “Oil Winning in Burma.” The Annual General Meeting of the Section will be held on the 23rd November, at 4.30 p-m., in the Chemistry Department of University College, Dublin. After the usual annual business, Dr. G. Van B. Gilmour, formerly Chief Chemist to English Margarine Works, Ltd., will read a paper on “Margarine.” Leeds Area.-The Annual General Meeting of the Section will be held on 14th November, to elect four members of Com-mittee and two auditors. 306 After the annual business, Dr. F. L. Pyman, F.R.S., will deliver a lecture on “The Variation of Germicidal Action in Homologous Series.” Liverpool and North-Western.-The opening meeting of the session was held in the new quarters of the Section,-The Constitutional Club,--on 13th October.Prof. T. P. Hilditch, who occupied the Chair for the formal opening of the meeting, expressed his great pleasure in introducing Mr. F. Robertson Dodd as his successor in the office of chairman for the coming year. He added that it was almost unnecessary to introduce Mr. Dodd to a Section where he was so well known. After the formal business, Mr. Dodd gave an address on Publicity and other things.” He recalled many interesting stories of old Liverpool, showing exhibits from early Victorian times, e.g., an ancient pistol carried by a member of the Liverpool Exchange as a protection against footpads and rioters; a rattle used to summon the Watch when burglars attempted to enter a house; and a piece of the first Atlantic cable which had sentimental associations for the city, because the Great Eastern sailed thence, and it recalled the memory of Lord Kelvin or Sir William Thomson as he then was, who was one of the first to hold an honorary degree of Liverpool University.Dealing with the subject of Publicity, Mr. Dodd said that every young chemist looked forward to fame and to a place in the limelight; but, he warned his audience, that publicity for chemists did not mean posters with ten-foot letters, nor columns in newspapers attempting to prove their ancient lineage. Such methods belonged to trade; chemistry was a profession.Publicity, for chemists meant creating an abiding impression on their fellow men-and, to attain that object a chemist had to be prepared to submerge his own interest and work for the advancement of mankind. Too many chemists wrecked their chances of success by attempting to emulate the “smart ” business man; human mentality would seldom tolerate the dual personality. He who would be a great chemist had, in large measure, to let his business instincts atrophy. The profession demanded education and culture, not the mere limits of its science, combined with a working knowledge of French and German. The older Universities swayed opinion in this and other countries and their imposed standard of culture was 307 founded on the classics.Chemists had, therefore, to conform to this standard if they were to be respected as a cultured pro- fession. The chemist’s duty was to elucidate a mystery and explain it in plain words, and he could not do this effectively without a knowledge of cultured English. The aim of the profession was not publicity alone, but enduring publicity. Thirty-five years ago it was frequently said “on Change” that a chemist would give any certificate dictated to him for a big enough fee. It had taken years of honest work by honest chemists to efface that impression and gain enduring publicity. If to the character which this struggle had gained for chemists they had the traditional classic culture they would attain enduring professional publicity which would command universal respect.The chemist in industry or other practice had to be prepared to do his best to advance the interests of his employers if he would win recognition. In conclusion, Mr. Dodd expressed the hope that his remarks would evoke a thoughtful consideration of the whole subject. Mr. E. Gabriel Jones proposed a hearty vote of thanks to the chair which was warmly supported by Professor Roberts. The success of the system introduced in the Section last year, whereby members wear plain badges bearing their surnames, has been so pronounced, that it is to be continued. The badge system has already done much to reduce the formality attached to meetings. Visitors and new members quickly realise that formal introductions are unnecessary, and find themselves at once in an atmosphere of comradeship and goodwill.London and South Eastern Counties.-On 26th October, at the Institute, Major D. M. Wilson exhibited cinematograph films comprising b6 Modern Asphalt Pavements ” (by courtesy of Highways Construction, Ltd.), b6 The Story of Beautiful Colours ” (by courtesy of Imperial Chemical Industries, Ltd.),~ “The Story of a Sheet of Paper” (by courtesy of Wiggins, Teape & Co. (1919),Ltd.). 308 The Annual General Meeting of the Section will be held at the Institute on 23rd November for the election of Officers and Committee and the usual annual business. Malaya.-Mr. F. L. Okell presided at a meeting of the Section held in the College of Medicine, Singapore, on 31st May, when Mr.A. W. Burtt read a paper on ‘‘The Purification of Domestic Water Supplies.” Mr. Burtt outlined, in some detail, the principal methods of purification on a large scale, including-storage, aeration, coagulation, filtration, st erilisat ion, and corrosion prevention. He described different types of mechanism devised for these pro- cesses, and the physical and chemical conditions necessary for efficiency. In the discussion, Mr. Cowap commented on the unexpected importance of an optimum pH for aluminium precipitation. He asked about the rate of nitration of ammonia in rapid pressure filters, and why excess lime treatment for sterilisation should not have become more general.Mr. Clark alluded to the occurrence of a resistant white deposit in a new chlorine injection apparatus. Mr. Southall asked if the sand in pressure filters lost its efficacy. Mr. Reason referred to a new chlorine injection apparatus of vacuum type, which eliminated largely the need for extensive metal junctions, and to the distinction between corrosion and incrustation. Mr. Okell enquired whether any purification of water occurred in permutit plants. Mr. Burtt, in reply, said that lime as a sterilising agent was not so rapid as chlorine and might take 24 hours instead of half an hour. There was also the complication of excess removal by carbon dioxide. The oxidation of ammonia to nitrate in pressure filters was very rapid, 0.04 part of ammonia would be quanti- tatively transformed in such a filter (after the grains had been adequately biologically coated) passing I gallon per minute per square foot.Sand in pressure filters did not readily lose its filtration effect. The white deposit in the new chlorine apparatus might be a chlorine hydrate. It was possible that a permutit apparatus would develop some small filtration powers-but these would be negligible. For the sake of brevity he had not, in the paper, referred to the distinction 309 between (a) true incrustation due to, say, iron bacteria (where the pipe surface was unaffected) and (b) corrosion producing bulky basic carbonates, etc., appearing like incrustations. A vote of thanks, proposed by Mr.Okell, to the lecturer and to the Principal of the College, for the use of the lecture room, was carried with acclamation. Printed copies of the lecture were circulated to members of the Section. Manchester and District.-The annual conjoint meeting of Manchester Chemical and Scientific Societies will be held, under the aegis of the Local Section of the Institute, on 10th November, when a lecture will be given by Professor A. Findlay, on ‘‘ Science and the Community.” The Annual Dinner and Dance, which has always been a very popular social function in Manchester scientific circles, will be held at “The Manchester ” Limited, on 8th December. It is hoped that the President will be present on this occasion. Students’ Sectiort.-On zznd October members of the Students’ Section visited the Sunnyside Works of Messrs.Tootal Broad- hurst Lee & Co., Ltd., where they were shown the treatment of cotton through every stage of its manufacture, beginning at the bale breaker, passing on through the spinning mill, dyehouse and weaving shed, to the finished cloth. The party spent a most enjoyable and instructive visit, which will be remembered for a long time to come by the members who participated. 310 September Examinations, 1932. Abstract of the Report of the Board of Examiners. Examinations were held at the times and places mentioned below. The numbers of candidates examined and of those who passed were :- No. No. For the Associateship- Examined. Passed.General Chemistry : at the 17th September . . Institute,-l2th-.. .. .. 28 17 For the Fellowship- Branch A. Inorganic Chemistry: at the Insti- tuteY-l9th-23rd September .. .. 1 1 Brunch A, with special reference to Metal-lurgy and Metallography of Iron, Steel and Alloy Steels: at the Institute and at the Royal School of Mines, London,--SGth-30th September ., .. .. .. 1 1 Branch C. Organic Chemistry, with special reference to Oils, Fats and Waxes: at the Institute,-lSth-23rd September .. .. 2 2 Brunch D. Biochemistry, with special reference to Proteins, Vitamins and Hormones: at the Institute and at University College, London,-lSth-S3rd September ,. .. 1 1 Branch E. The Chemistry, including Micro- scopy, of Food and Drugs and of Water: at the Institute,-lSth-24th September ..8 7 Branch P. Agricultural Chemistry: at the Institute, and at the University, Reading, -19th-23rd September .. .. .. 2 1 Branch a. Industrial Chemistry: at the Insti- tute,-1 9th-23rd September : (i) with special reference to Coal Tar Manufacture. . .. .. .. 1 0 (ii) with special reference to Oils and Fats 1 1 *(iii) with special reference to Petroleum . . 1 -0 I 46 31 *and in the Laboratories of the Anglo-Persian Oil Company, Sunbury. In the examination for the Associateship, five candidates completed their examination by passing in the translation of German technical literature ; two candidates completed their 311 examination by passing in the practical work ; one candidate failed only in the translation of German, and one failed only in the practical work.In the examination for the Fellowship, one candidate in Branch F. failed to satisfy the Examiners only in the paper dealing with foodstuffs, animal nutrition, and dairy products. EXAMINATIONTHE ASSOCIATESHIPIN GENERALFOR CHEMISTRY. INORGANIC AND PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY.-The results Of this examination were rather disappointing. Many of the candidates knew little of the history of chemistry, even of such recent and important history as the discovery of the inert gases, and failed to give a clear account of the influence of these elements on the development of chemical theory. A number of fairly good answers were written on the rare earths, but only a few of the candidates knew much of the metallurgy of antimony and of the nature of substances such as stannic chloride, chromyl chloride and ammonium thiocyanate.Few candidates attempted the question on the quantitative recovery of carbon dioxide, carbon monoxide and chlorine in a mixture of these gases (p. 315). The standard reached in answer to the second paper was better, although here again weakness was shown on the history of chemistry. In general, candidates dealt satisfactorily with partition, allotropy and the theory of the balance. Several good essays were written on radio-activity and also on chemical investigations undertaken by the candidates themselves. Weakness was shown in answer to the question, which called for some originality of thought, on the distinction between a compound and a solution.The qualitative work was well done in some cases and fairly well done in most, but many quantitative results were very poor. The determination of chloride, chlorate, sulphate and phosphate, in a mixture, was found difficult even by candidates who had been engaged for some time in analytical work. Failure to detect cadmium in cadmium molybdate was noticeable. The general standard of the practical work was not so high as that attained in recent examinations. ORGANIC CHEMISTRY.-The paper in theoretical organic chemistry allowed considerable latitude in the choice of questions, but certain of the alternatives proved to be unpopular. Only a few candidates attempted one of the three essays on theoretical 312 topics and, even among these, only one moderately satisfactory attempt was submitted.Surprisingly, the question on cellulose derivatives was attacked by two or three candidates only, and thus the extremes of theory and practice were poorly treated; on the other hand, fairly good knowledge of the body of the subject was displayed. Usually the practical examination in organic chemistry is within the capabilities of most candidates for the Associateship, but on this occasion some simple exercises were not at all well carried out and there was evidence of a lack of common sense in planning the work. For example, a large number of candidates proposed to estimate ethylene glycol, in what they rightly took to be a mixture of the substance with water, by oxidation to oxalic acid by means of nitric acid, followed by titration with perman- ganate.It occurred to no candidate that a direct oxidation by acid-permanganate might be applicable, Again, simple organic identifications were sometimes bungled by men whose theoretical knowledge was evidently sound. The language tests, especially German, indicated that there was still room for improvement. The necessity for translation into English possessing meaning must again be emphasised. & EXAMINATIONSTHE FELLOWSHIP.FOR BRANCHE.-The technique was very good, and the candidates showed that they understood how to tackle their problems methodically. The analysis of the medicine showed that the candidates had retained their knowledge of inorganic chemistry.It might be mentioned that the method of dealing with the analysis of the sausage was the subject of a paper in the number of The Analyst published immediately before the examination. Candidates who had kept themselves up-to-date in their reading naturally reaped an advantage. The reports on the sample of abnormal milk were satisfactory. The microscopical work was up to the usual standard, but there was still room for improve- ment in the framing of official certificates. ANDTHERAPEUTICS,PHARMACOLOGYMrcRoscoPY.-The papers were well done by the majority, and the oral examination showed that all the candidates had a good working knowledge of drugs and their uses.In fact, the quality of the answers in this section of the examination was very gratifying. Several candidates seemed to be uncertain as to what reducing substances were most likely to be present in urine, and, therefore, 313 wasted time looking for uncommon substances before proving the absence of those most likely to be met. The isolation of aspirin and salicylic acid was difficult, but the exercise was a valuable one, as it was possible to judge, from the way the work was tackled, whether a candidate understood the principles of toxicological analysis, The exercise on the sample of blood was, on the whole, well done. BRANCHG. INDUSTRIALCHEMISTRY.-The candidates not unnaturally gave the best and fullest answers to questions involving processes and plant in their own branches of industry.Good answers were also usually returned to the questions of a more general nature, but in these cases it was evident that more difficulty was encountered. A question on the location of chemi-cal works in relation to access to raw and other materials, was attempted only by one candidate, who gave only a partial reply; and another, on heat interchangers, elicited answers confined to the usual cases of boiler practice and distillation, but the utilisation of exothermal heat developed in chemical reactions (other than fuel combustion) was completely overlooked. Candidates are reminded that they may be required to answer questions on some topic of generaE industrial chemistry outside the special field of work chosen by them.Although the know- ledge of the technology of the special fields of work reached a high standard, there was some evidence that candidates taking this Branch are apt to neglect their strictly chemical reading, as some weakness was evinced in the fundamental chemistry underlying the various technical applications. The Pass List is attached. PASS LIST. Examination in General Chemistry for the Associateship. Barton, Leonard Henry Greenwood, The Polytechnic, Regent Street. Burke, Thomas Eric, Central Technical School, Liverpool. Bussell, Leonard Herbert, Birkbeck College, London; and West Ham Municipal College. Currie, Henry Thomas, Municipal College of Technology, Belfast. Edwards, Cyril, B.Sc.(Lond.), University College, Nottingham. Gore, David Neville, Technical College, Cardiff. Johnston, William, Heriot-Watt College, Edinburgh. Jones, Robert Emrys, A.M.C.T., College of Technology, Manchester. Macdonald, George Edward, Central Technical School, Liverpool. Matthews, Robert Karran, Central Technical School, Liverpool. Moses, Geoffrey, A.M.C.T., College of Technology, Manchester. 314 Reeve, Miss Evelyn Caroline, B.Sc.(Lond.), Sir John Cass Technical Institute, London. Stooken, Lloyd Arthur, University College, Nottingham. Trower, Geoffrey John, A.R.C.S., Royal College of Science; and Sir John Cass Technical Institute, London. Turner, Hubert Laurence, Central Technical College, Birmingham. Walker, William Bernard, A.M.C.T., College of Technology, Manchester.Whittle, Ernest George, B.Sc.(Lond.), Portsmouth Municipal College. Examinations for the Fellowship. In Branch A : Inorganic Chemistry : Jones, Ronald Henry. In Branch A : Inorganic Chemistry, with special reference to Metallurgy and Metallography of Steel, etc. : Ward, Robert, B.Sc.(Lond.). In Branch C : Organic Chemistry, with special reference to Oils, Fats, etc. : Thompson, John Samuel, B.Sc. (Lond). Williams, Thomas Pearl, B.Sc. (Lond.). In Branch D : Biochemistry, with special reference to Proteins, Vitamins and Hormones : Howitt, Frederick Oliver, M.Sc. (Lond.). In Branch E : The Chemistry, including Microscopy, of Food and Drugs, and of Water : Abbott, William James.Cocuzzi, Leonidio, B.Sc. (Lond.). Coppock, Philip Dalton, M.Sc.Tech. (Manc.). Edwards, Frederick William. Greeves, William Francis. Simpson, Ian Alexander, Ph.D. (Liv.). Reynolds, Cedric Victor, Ph.D. (Lond.). In Branch F : Agricultural Chemistry : Pizer, Norman Henry, B.Sc. (Reading). In Branch G : Industrial Chemistry, with special reference to Oils,Pats, etc. : Gileon, George Richard. The following papers and exercises were set:-Examination for the Associateship in General Chemistry. MONDAY, 12th SEPTEMBER, 1932: 10 a.m. to 1 p.m. (Attempt FIVE questions only. Answer briefly and to the point. Give formulae and equations where possible.) 1. Outline the history of the discovery of the inert gases and show 2. Give an account of the interhalogen compounds and the oxy-how our knowledge of them has advanced the theory of chemistry.compounds of the halogens, with special reference to the peculiarities of . iodine and the relative stability of the several types of oxy-acids. 3. What are the chief characteristics of the rare earths and how are they explained ? Describe the industrial treatment of monazite to extract thorium and the commoner “rare earths.” 4. Give an account of the sources, methods of extraction and chief 5. Discuss the chief advances in chemistry associated with the named uses of (a) antimony, and (b) nickel. 315 of Graham, Davy, Stas and Moissan. 6. Describe the preparation, properties and uses of FIVE of the following substances :-chloroplatinic acid, chromyl chloride, anhydrous stannic chloride, nitrosyl sulphuric acid, boron nitride, ammonium thio; cyanate, magnesium silicide, phosphonium iodide.7. Given a mixture of equal volumes of carbon dioxide, carbon monoxide and chlorine contained in a glass globe with inlet and outlet tubes closed by stopcocks, describe with precise experimental details how you would obtain the whole of each constituent in a pure state. 2 to 5 p.m. Attempt FIVE questions only. Anwer briefly and to the point, Give formulae and equations where possible. 1, Discuss the chief advances in chemistry which have arisen from the study of gaseous densities. 2. What is meant by “partition,” and how are “partition coeffih cients” determined ? Give TRREE examples of the application of partitionmeasurements to the solution of chemical problems.3. Outline the theory of the balance, showing the conditions necessary for rapidity and precision in weighing, and describe precisely the calibration of a set of weights and a set of volumetric apparatus. 4, Write a short essay on ONE of t,he following subjects:- (a) Radioactivity. (b) Selenium and tellurium. (c) The constitution of the silicates. (d) Any chemical investigation in which you have taken part, 5. Describe and explain the various phenomena of allotropy, with special reference to the allotropy of carbon and phosphorus. 6. Detail and explain the methods by which you would ascertaih experimentally whether a given homogeneous substance were a compound or a solution.7. Give an account of some applications of electrical measurements in analytical chemistry. TUESDAY, 13th SEPTEMBER, 1932: 10 a.m. to 1 p.m. (Attempt FIVE questions only,) 1. An acidic benzene derivative has the empirical formula C,H,O,. What experiments would you suggest should be made in order to provide further evidence in regard to the molecular structure of the acid? 2. Compare and contrast the properties of ethylene with those of acetylene and mention the general methods for the preparation of sub- stances containing double and triple unsaturated bonds. Illustrate your answer by reference to cinnamic acid and an acetylenic acid. 3. Describe with careful detail the preparation of phenylhydrazine ~from aniline, and also the preparation of PU formic acid.4. Write an essay on EITHER (a)the ionisation theory of tautomeric change, OR (b) the present position of the theory of intra-molecular re-arrangements, OR (c) the evidence for the existence of the co-ordinate link. 5. Give an account of the derivatives of cellulose of industrial importance. 316 6. Describe the synthesis of glycerol from its elements and also give the synthesis of any ONE of the following: nicotine, camphor, dipen- tene, atropine, gentiobiose, luteolin, chelidonic acid, pelargonidin chloride, uric acid, dihydrocinchotoxine (dihydrocinchonicine). 7. Give the constitutional formulae for FIVE of the following sub- stances and write notes to correspond with the indications in parentheses and with these indications ONLY : p-hydroxybutyric acid (physiological importance), fructofuranose (occurrence in polysaccharides), alanine (systematic name), mesotartaric acid (configuration), phloroglucinol (natural product containing the nucleus), caffeine (occurrence in nature), R-acid OR H-acid (formula of dyestuff derived from case selected),a-methylindole (method of synthesis).8. Give an account of the chemistry of ethyl cyanoacetate. 2 to 3.30 p.m. Tramlation from French and German technical Literature. WEDNESDAY, 14th SEPTEMBER, 1932: 10 a.m. to 4.30 p.m. Examine the specimen of ethylene glycol (A) provided, and report upon its degree of purity. (A = Ethylene glycol, 90 per cent.; water 10 per cent.) Prepare two crystalline derivatives of the substance and leave the specimens for inspection. (This exercise may be completed to-morrow.) THURSDAY, 15th SEPTEMBER, 1932: 10 a.m.to 4.30 p.m. 1. Complete yesterday’s exercise. 2. Identify the unknown organic substance in the bottle labelled (B). (One of the Nitroacetotoluidides.) PRIDAY, 16th SEPTEMBER, 1932: 10 a.m. to 4.30 p.m. 1. The solution (C) contains the four acids HCl, HClO,, H,SO,,H,PO,. Estimate each, returning the result aa grams of the anhydrous acid per litre of (C). The estimation should be as direct as possible, and may be either volumetric or gravimetric or both. (This exercise my be completed to-morrow.) 2. Analyse qualitatively the Mixture (D),which contains six radicals.(Mercuric bromide, aluminium phosphate, and sodium chloride ; or lead nitrate, ferric phosphate, and potassium bromide.) SATURDAY, 17th SEPTEMBER, 1932: 10 a.m. to 4.30 p.m, 1. Complete yesterday’s exercise 1. 2. Identify the pure substances (E) and (F). (E = Cadmium molyb- date; F = potassium cobalticyanide.) Examinations for the Fellowship. Branch A. Inorganic Chemistry. MONDAY, 19th SEPTEMBER, 1932: 10 a.m. to I p.m. (SIX questions to be attempted.) 1. Write an essay on ONE of the following subjects:- (a) The influence of light on chemical change. (b) Combustion. (c) Catalytic action. 2. Describe, with an explanation of the theoretical principles in- 317 volved, the process of obtaining oxygen on the industrial scale by liquefying atmospheric air.3. How would you prepare an aqueous solution of hydrogen peroxide ? How can the percentage of hydrogen peroxide in such a solution be de- termined ? On what evidence is the formula H,Oz for hydrogen peroxide based 4 4. What do you understand by the terms polymorphism, allotropy, and isomerism ? Describe the properties of two principal allotropic modifications of phosphorus and of sulphur; explain in each case how the modifications can be changed, one into the other, and compare the condi- tions of transformation in the two elements. 5. Write an account of the phase rule and indicate clearly some useful applications of this generalisation.6. Discuss some methods which have been employed for the fixation of atmospheric nitrogen and give a description of any ONE of the more successful processes. 7. Describe the processes employed in the quantitative analysis of (a) chalcopyrite, (b) dolomite and (c) zinc blende. 8. Compare the general chemical character of copper, silver and gold, and explain why these three elements are placed in the same group in the periodic classification. Give a brief account of the extraction of EITHER silver from argenti- ferous galena OR gold by the cyanide process, explaining the general chemical and physical principles involved. 2 to 5 p.m. (Not more than FIVE qwtions to be attempted. The an.swer8 mwt inclwle (1) or (2) or both of the qwtim.) 1.Describe some recent investigations on the constitution and physical properties of hydrogen. 2. Give an account of the discovery of rhenium, and describe some of its compounds. Discuss its position in the periodic table in relation to its neighbouring elements. 3. State in detail what you understand by the “co-ordination number” of an element, illustrating your answer by typical examples of different co-ordination numbers. In what manner has X-ray analysis contributed to the elucidation of the spatial arrangement of compounds of co-ordination number SIX ? 4. Describe the formation, reactions and constitution of hydrazoic acid and its salts. What is the nature of the reaction between hydrazoic acid and carbon disulphide ? 5. Write an essay on EITHER (a) the complex silicates, with special reference to the structure of the zeolites, natural and artificial, OR (b) the oxyacids of selenium and tellurium.6. What methods have been used for the preparation of pure anhy- drous halides of tervalent elements ? Give some account of the solubility of these halides in various organic solvents, and of their behaviour with amines. 7. Describe briefly methods for the preparation of the polythionio acids from di-to hexathionic acid. State what you know of the constitu- tion of these acids. 318 TUESDAY, 20th SEPTEMBER, 1932: 10 a.m. to 6 p.m. 1. Identify the Mixture (A); the results to be handed in by MID-DAY. Determine the composition of the mixture. (Lead borate; lead dioxide; lead sulphate.) (This exercise may be completed to-morrow.) WEDNESDAY, 21at SEPTEMBER, 1932: 10 a.m.to 5 p.m. 1. Complete the analysis of (A). 2. Identify the constituents of (B). (Lanthanum oxide and lan- thanum sulphate.) 3. Report on (C). (Cobalt chromate and nickel chromate.) THURSDAY, 22nd SEPTEMBER, 1932: 10 a.m. to 5 p.m. Determine the Coy Ni and chromate in (C), returning the resulb as percentages OF cloy Ni and CrO,. (This exercbe may be completed to-morrvw, but two of the determ~ndions must be given in to-day.) FRIDAY, 23rd SEPTEMBER, 1932: 10 a.m. to 5 p.m. 1. Complete yesterday’s exercise. 2. Identify the metal (D) and determine its purity quantitatively. (Metallic thallium.) Prepare two crystalline salts from the metal.Branch A. Inorganic Chemistry, with special reference to the Metallurgy and Metallography of Iron, Steel and Alloy Steels. MONDAY, 26hh SEPTEMBER, 1932: 10 a.m. to 1 p.m. (SIXqzcestiona to be attempted.) As for previous examination (see p. 316.) 2 to 5 p.m. (Srx qzcestions only to be attempted.) 1. Describe, with the aid of sketches, a modern blast furnace with a capacity of 500 tons of pig iron per day. Your answer should include full particulars of the arrangements for charging the ore, flux and coke. 2. Make a sketch of a 70-ton fixed acid open-hearth furnace and indicate the chief dimensions. Describe briefly the working of a chargeand give details of the materials used and the reactions involved.3. What is an alby steel ? Enumerate the chief elements employed in the manufacture of alloy steels, and describe the effects of these elements in the more important alloy steels. 4. Give a brief description of two methods suitable for the determina- tion of phosphorus in steel. In what way would you vary the methods in the presence of interfering elements ? 5. How would you carry out the determination of tungsten and 6. Give an account of the present state of knowledge as regards7. Describe the effect of the following treatments on the micro- vanadium in an alloy steel ? the causes of the hardness produced by suitably quenching carbon steels. structure of a carbon steel containing 0.5 per cent. of carbon (diameter 319 of speoimen, 4 of an inch).In each case the specimen is soaked for 30 minutes before cooling in the manner specified:- (a) Cooled very slowly from 1,200"C. (b) Air-cooled from 820" C. (c) Oil-quenched from 820" C. (d) Water-quenched from 820' C. (e) Water-quenched from 820" C. and tempered at 650" C. Arrange the above heat-treatments in order of merit, as measured by the Ieod Impact test. 8. Describe a method for taking the cooling curve of a special steel from 1,000"C., where it is required to investigate thermal changes occurring in the solid state. Illustrate by a sketch the working of the apparatus. TUESDAY, 27th SEPTEMBER, 1932: 10 a.m. to 5 p.m. Determine the percentages of the chief constituents in the sample of alloy steel.(This exercise may be completed tomorrow.) WEDNESDAY, 28th SEPTEMBER, 1932: 10 a.m. to 5 p.m. 1. Complete yesterday's exercise. 2. Make an analysis of the sample of basic slag. (This exercise may be completed to-marrow.) THURSDAY, 29th SEPTEMBER, 1932: 10 a.m. to 5 p.m. 1. Complete yesterday's exercise. 2. Determine the percentages of the coastituents of the whitemetal. (This exercise mag be completed to-morrow.) FRIDAY, 30th SEPTEMBER, 1932: 10 a.m. to 5; p.m. 1. Complete yesterday's exercise. 2. Identify the four specimens (ferrous and non-ferrous alloys). 3. Find accurately, by metallographic methods, the composition and heat-treatment of two specimens of steel. Sketches of the micro-structures are required with your report.Branch C. Organic Chemistry, with special reference to Oils,Fats, etc. MONDAY, 19th SEPTEMBER, 1932: 10 a.m. to 1 p.m. (FIVEquestions are to be attempted.) 1. Indicate the relationship between stearic, oleic and ricinoleic acids, and describe how the structures of these substances have been determined. 2. What products may be obtained by the action of the following acids upon glycerol: (a) sulphuric, (b) hydrochloric, (c) nitric, (d) phos-phoric, and (e) oxalic. Indicate the conditions in each case. 3. Describe typical methods employed for the synthesis of the a-aminoacids resulting from the cleavage of proteins. 4. How would you convert an aldose (CH,O)n (a)into a ketose of the same empirical formula, and (b) into an aldose of the formula (CHPO) n+l 9 Point out the stereo-chemical consequences in each CW~.320 5. Write out all the possible stmctural formulae for a derivative of benzene having the molecular formula C,H,OCl, and state how you would try to discover the mode of combination of the oxygen atom and of the chlorine atom. 6. For what purposes are the following reagents employed in organic preparative work ? (a) hydriodic acid ; (b) phosphorus pentachloride; (c) nitrous acid; (d) hydroxylumine. Give full experimental details in each case. 7. Describe the synthesis (from carbon) of any one alkaloid OR terpene. 2 to 5 p.m. (FIVEquestions only to be answered.) 1. Describe, with all essential practical details, two methods for the determination of the iodine value of a fat.Indicate the considerations which would guide your selection of the best method to employ in different cases. 2. Describe the modern developments in the cultivation of the oil palm, the associated improvements in the met,hods of extraction of the fats from the fruit, and the bearing of such methods on the market quality of the crude fats. 3. What are the present views as to the chemical nature of vitamin A and vitamin D ? 4. “The chief components of fats and oils are tristearin and tripal- mitin, which are solid at ordinary temperatures, and a liquid glyceride, triolein, which is formed by the interaction of glycerol and oleic acid. When a fat contains a relatively large proportion of tristearin and tripal- mitin it is solid and comparatively hard (tallow) at ordinary temperatures; when, however, it contains a relatively large proportion of triolein, it is soft and pasty (lard), or liquid (olive oil).” Discuss this statement fully, showing whether and how you think it might be modified or amplified at the present time.5. What do you understand by “selective hydrogenation” and by “iso-oleic acids of hydrogenation”? How do these factors influence the uses of hydrogenated fats ? 6. Give an account of the manufacture of soaps by the “cold pro-7. With what developments in the chemistry of the fats do you 8. Discuss the catalytic action of enzymes EITHER {a)as applied in cess.” connect the following names : Chevreul, Twitchell, Bolton, McBain ? technical hydrolysis of fats, OR (b)in its bearing on rancidity.TUESDAY to FRIDAY, 20th to 23rd SEPTEMBER, 1932: 10 a.m. to 5 p.m. each day. 1. Determine the ordinary chemical characteristics of the fatty oil (A), and proceed to identify it. Prepare, in as pure a condition as possible, specimens of two of the component fatty acids of the oil. Prepare, by aqueous saponification with caustic soda, a sample of neutral soap from the oil; and concurrently isolate a specimen of glycerine from it. (Cottonseed oil.) 2. Report upon the genuineness of the sample of raw linseed oil (B) and ascertain the nature and approximate amount of any adulterant present. (80 per cent. raw linseed + 20 per cent.cod liver oil.) 321 3. Report upon the nature and possible use or uses of the material (C). (Hydrogenated sperm oil.) 4. If time permits, make an analysis of the detergent solution (D).(“Clensel.”) Branch D. Biochemistry, with special reference to Proteins,Vitamins and Hormones. MONDAY, 19th SEPTEMBER, 1932: 10 a.m. to 1 pm. (Not more than FOUR questions should be attempted.) 1. What important changes have taken place during the past few years in theories concerning the chemical reactions associated with muscu- lar activity ? 2. Give an account of the phosphatases and discuss their biological significance. 3. Write a general account of the nitrogen metabolism of green plants. 4. Review and discuss the evidence for dehydrogenation as an im-portant step in biological oxidations.5. Discuss the part played by compounds containing three carbon atoms in the metabolism of carbohydrates. 6. What opinions are held regarding the penetration of narcotics into the cell? How are these views related to theories of intracellular oxidations? 2 to 5 p.m. (Not more than FOUR questions should be attempted.) 1. Give an account of recent work on the nature and functions of the ovarian hormones. 2. Discuss the chemical and biological relationships between carotene and vitamin A. 3. What is the present position of knowledge regarding the occur- rence of sulphur in proteins and its significance ? 4. Give a critical account of the evidence in favour of the view that insulin accelerates the conversion of glucose to glycogen.5. Define and explain fully the term “biological value” as applied 6. What is understood by a “protective” synthesis in the animal to the proteins. organism? Illustrate your answer as fully as you can. TUESDAY to FRIDAY, 20th lo 23rd SEPTEMBER, 1932: 10 a.m. to 5 p.m. each day. 1. Prepare a specimen of glutamic acid from the sample of gluten 2. Determine the concentration of reducing sugar in the specimens flour (A). of Blood (B.1-6), which were taken during the course of a physiologicalexperiment. Immediately after withdrawing sample (B.1.) from the animal a dose of 25 gm. of glucose was given by the mouth. Sample(B.2.) was taken 30 minutes after administering the sugar and the other samples after the following times, 60 minutes, 90 minutes, 120 minutes and 180 minutes.Suggest an interpretation of your results. 322 3. Report fully on the nature of the sample of fat (C),including an examination of the constituents of the unsaponifiable fraction. 4. Identify the three substances of physiological interest (D), (E)and (F). (Ergosterol; caseinogen; inositol.) Branah E. The Chemistry (including Microscopy) of Food and Drugs, and of Water. MONDAY, 19th SEPTEMBER, 1932: 10 a.m. to 1 p.m. 1. State briefly the provisions of the Dried Milk Regulations so far 88 they concern the composition and labelling of the product. 2. Describe with the aid of rough sketches, the structures defined by the following terms :-Laticiferous vessel ; glandular hair; medullary ray; bast fibre; stone cell; aleurone grain; callus plate.From what material and by what procedure would you preparetemporary microscopical mounts of typical specimens of each structure ? 3. Explain precisely what is meant by the term pH value and describe one method of determining the pH value of a solution. (Answerin a separate notebook.) 4. Enumerate those preparations of the British Pharmacopoeia of 1914 which contain cocaine. Give their composition and dose. What are the restrictions regarding the sale of cocaine ? 5. Discuss the chemical nature of the saponins. What are the chief uses of these substances? What toxic effects may these substances produce when administered by the mouth or intravenously? 6.What do you understand by the following:- Expectorant Anthelmintic Diuretic HaemolyticAstringent Demulcent Antipyretic ? 2 to 5 p.m. 1. Write out a scheme which you consider adequate for the routine examination of samples of water for drinking purpose8, indicating briefly the signifhance of each determination you include in your scheme. 2. Discuss briefly ONE of the following:- (a) The desirability of standards for foods; (b) The desirability of standardised analytical methods. 3. What are the provisions of the Preservatives Regulations with regard to the following foods : sausage meat; dried apricots; non-alcoholic wines; beer; and grape juice. What are the provisions of the same Regulations regarding the presence in foods of the following: gamboge; lactic acid; glycerine; potassium nitrate; sugar.4. Describe in detail how you would examine bacteriologically a sample of Grade A. Milk. 5. Describe how you would estimate TWO of the following:- (a) Citric acid (or citrates) in dried milk; (b) Formaldehyde in a sample of milk; (c) Salicylic acid in a sample of lemonade; (d) Sucrose in a sample of honey. 6. Give a short account of the pentosans and describe one method 323 for their determination. TUESDAY, 20th SEPTEMBER, 1932: 10 a.m. to 5 p.m. Examine the sample of Cream (A) submitted under the Food and Drugs (Adulteration) Act, 1928. Report on the certificate provided.(A1 = cream with borio acid; A2 = synthetic cream (foreign fat+ boric acid.) WEDNESDAY, 2lst SEPTEMBER, 1932: 10 a.m. to 6 pm. 1. Analyse the medicine (B) and ascertain if it has been correctly dispensed according to the following prescriptions :-Hydrarg Iodid. Rub. .. .. grs. 36 Potass. Iodid. .. .. .. 9, 36 Aq. ad. .. .. .. .. 3viii Fiat. lotio. To be used as directed. (Deficiency in KI.) 2. Identify the colouring agent in the sample of Custard Powder (C).(Maize Starch coloured with turmeric.) THURSDAY, 22nd SEPTEMBER, 1932: 10 a.m. to 5 p.m. 1. Make as complete an examination as possible of the sample of sausage (D) and from your results write a brief report as to its probable composition. (Sausage meat, rusks and SO,.) 2.Examine microscopically the vegetable powder (E) and from the structures you observe form an opinion as to what alkaloid may be present. Verify its presence by chemical tests. (Stramonium leaf.) .FRIDAY, 23rd SEPTEMBER, 1932: 10 a.m. to 5 p.m. 1. The sample of Milk (F)gives the following results on analysis:- Total Solids 12.22 per cent.; Milk fat 4.47 per cent.; Solids-not-fat 7-76 per cent. Make as complete an examination of the milk as you are able in order to determine whether these figures indicate the presence of added water. 2. The powder (G) has been recommended as an acidic constituent of baking powder. Identify it. (Adipic acid.) SATURDAY, 24th SEPTEMBER, 1932: 10 a.m. to 5 p.m. 1. Assume that the specimen A is a sample of the contents of the stomach from a person who was found dead, and who is believed to have died from the effects of poisoning. Examine the material for the presence of poison, discuss the nature of the poison taken, and indicate what would be in your opinion a fatal dose. (To save time a search for inorganic poison may be omitted.) (An artificial mixture containing essentially aspirin about 1 part and salicylic acid 6 parts.) 2.Specimen B is a sample of blood. Prepare a permanent pre- paration to show the essential microscopic structure of blood, and make drawings in your notebook. Prepare also a microscope slide showing haemin crystals, and a test tube containing a solution of haemochomogen.Leave all three preparations on your bench labelled.3. Determine the nature of the reducing substance in the sample of urine. (Lactose.) 324 Branch F. Agricultural Chemistry. MONDAY, 19th SEPTEMBER, 1932: 10 a.m. to 1 p.m. (Answer FIVE questions only.) 1. Describe and discuss some of the principal schemes of soil classifi- cation. 2. Write a description of the official method for the mechanical analysis of soils, giving in detail the reason for each stage of the procedure. What difficulties arise in the cases of organic and chlk soils, and what value do you consider the results to be in these cases? 3. What is meant by the availability of the phosphate and potash compounds of the soil ? Describe at least one chemical and one biological method for the determination of the availability of these substances and discuss the merits and demerits of the methods.4. In addition to supplying plant food, many fertilisers are known to cause important secondary effects in the soil. Quote instances of these and state the explanation which has been given in each case. 5. Discuss the formation of chemical pans in the soil and compare the composition of the pan material with that of the surface layers of the soil. 6. Write an account of the difierences shm by various crops in their demands on (a)the phosphate and (b)the potash, of the soil. 7. Describe the process of partial soil sterilisation and give an ex- planation of the benefits derived from it. 8. Describe the preparation, properties and use in agriculture and horticulture of lead arsenate, paraffi emulsions, tar oil washes and nicotine washes.2 to 5 p.m. (Awer FIVE questions only.) 1. Discuss the accuracy and value of the conventional methods of feeding-stuff analysis. 2. Discuss the principal chemical changes which occur in the diges- 3. Describe in some detail the chemical changes which occur in the 4. How can the net energy value of a feeding-stuff be determined, and 6. What is understood by the maintenance ration of an animal? tion of a feeding-stuff by a ruminant. germination of a seed and the ripening of a fruit. how is this related to the starch equivalent of the same material? How do the maintenence requirements of an animal vary, qualitatively and quantitatively, with (a) the age of the animal, (b)the weight of the animal, and (c) tho external temperature ? 6.A sample of c-heese is submitted to you for analysis. Describe in detail how you would carry out the process. 7. Describe the origin, composition and use of the following feeding- stuffs: fish meal, maize gluten feed, molasses, sugar beet pulp, separated milk, silage and bran. 8. Write a short essay on the colouririg matters of plants. 325 T UESDAY and WEDNESDAY, 20th and 21at SEPTEMBER ; 10 a.m. to 5 pm. each day. 1. Examine, and write a report on, substance A, which was sold as burnt lime. (Lime partially hydiated and carbonated.) (The results of lhis exercise must be handed in on Tuesday.) 2. Make a complete analysis of substance B and write a report on it.(Fish meal suitable for a fertiliser, but unfit for feeding.) (This anaiysis must be handed in on Wednesday.) THURSDAY and FRIDAY, 22nd and 23rd SEPTEMBER, 1932: 10 a.m. to 5 p.m. each day. 1. Estimate the sucrose and reducing sugar in the sample of sugarbeet provided. (This exercise mybe completed to-morrow.) 2. Substance C was sold as a potato manure. Estimate the import- ant constituents. (Mixture of ammonium sulphate, potassium sulphate and superphosphat e .) Branch G. Industrial Chemistry. Taken by all Candidates in this Branch. MONDAY, 19th SEPTEMBER, 1932: 10 a.m. to 1pm. (FOURquestions only to be answered.) 1. Show how the location of a works for the production of a chemical product may be determined by (a)the region in which one or other of the raw materials involved is available, (b) the region in which a particular accessory chemical (or reagent) is available, (c)considerationsof transportof either raw materials, accessory chemicals or finished products.Illus-trate your reply by reference to specific cases. 2. What are the chief fire risks involved in the industry with which you are most familiar, and what precautions can be taken to guard against them P 3. Describe briefly the theoretical principles concerned in, and the operation of suitable plant for, a selected example of a process which involves EITHER (a) distillation in a current of steam under reduced pressure, OR (b)separation of a mixture of liquids by fractional distillation.4. Describe the construction of heat interchangers and cite examples of chemical processes in which their employment contributes to the efficiency of the operations concerned. 5. Show how the composition of samples of flue gases, drawn at different points, is indicative of the efficient working of a steam-raising plant. Give a brief account of the methods used in the analysis of a flue gas and state the limiting percentages of the main components which should be present when the boiler is correctly fired. 6. Without direct weighing, what means are available for ascertainingthe weight of (a)a stock of solid material in granules of varying sizes, and (b) a liquid with solid matter in suspension stored in cylindrical tanks? Describe how you would obtain for analysis an average sample from each of these two classes of material. 326 Branch G.Industrial Chemistry, with special reference to Oils, Fats, etc. MONDAY, 19th SEPTEMBER, 1932: 2 to 5 p.mb TUESDAY to FRIDAY, 20th to 23rd SEPTEMBER: 10 a.m. to 5 p.m. each dag. As for candidates in Branch C (p. 320). Branch G. Induetrial Chemistry, with special reference to Coal Tar Technology. MONDAY, 19th SEPTEMBER, 1932: 2 to 5 p,m. (SIXquestion8only should be attempted, but these mu& include No. 1 or No. 2.) 1. Make a diagrammatic lay-out of what you consider to be the most suitable distillation plant for treating 600 tons of crude tar per 24 hours. Give reasons why you favour your particular arrangement.2. Describe the principles of fractional distillation, explaining how these are applied in the design of distillation plant. Explain the action of steam in the process. 3. What is understood by catalytic hydrogenation of coal tar? How would you expect low temperature tar, vertical retort tar, and horizontal retort tar, to behave? 4. Describe, with sketches of the plant, how naphthalene and anthracene are prepared in a pure form from coal tar. Give two examples of the chemical uses of one of these, giving in each case the formulae and equations involved. 5. Describe the sequence of changes occasioned in coal tar by varia- tion of the temperature of carbonisation of the coal. 6. Give details of a method for the analysis of coal tar.Explain what is the practical value of the data obtained by yourmethod. 7. What sulphur compounds are present in coal tar, and what is their relative importance to the tar distiller? Describe how two of these are isolated, and give their important uses in industry. 8. What influence has the origin of the coal tar upon the type of creosote produced from it? Describe one technical use of creosote, giving the standard specification, and reasons for its main provisions. TUESDAY to FRIDAY, 20th to 23rd SEPTEMBER, 1932: 10 a.m. to 6 p.m. each day. 1. Examine the sample of tar and deduce the type of carbonisation 2. Examine the sample of road tar and report on its suitability for 3. Determine the amounts of phenol, m-cresol and naphthalene in process by which it was prepared, and the type of coal used.roads. How would you suggest improving it ? the sample of creosote. 4. Identify the components of the mixture (A), all of which Occur in appreciable quantities in coal tar. 327 Branoh G. Industrial Chemistry, with speoial referenoe to Petroleum. NONDAY, 19th SEPTEMBER, 1932: 2 to 6 p.m. (SIXque&bna only to be &wted.) 1. What methods have been used in recent years, excluding the use of “dopes,” for enhancing the anti-knock value of motor fuels? Men-tion any disadvantages which may attend such methods. 2. Give an account of the classes of sulphur compounds liable to exist in an unrefined benzine and describe briefly three methods in general use for refhing such a material.3. Write a short essay (about 600 words) on the different types of crude oils which are found in Europe and Asia. 4. If you were supplied with two samples of oil, one from a surface seepage and one from a deep well, describe how you would attempt to ascertain if they were of the same or of different origins. 6. How are the following substances prepared and for what purposes are they used:- (a) Lead tetra-ethyl. (b) 2.2‘.4 trimethylpentane.(c) Vaseline. (d) Activated clay. 6. What tests would you apply to a sample of (a)unused lubricating oil and (b) used lubricating oil, to ascertain if it were suitable for uae in a motor car engine? 7. Give a short description of a modern type of plant for (a) Topping a crude oil for benzine, kerosine and residue fuel; (b) Stabilising a wild gasoline; (c) Producing a white paraffm wax from crude soale.8. Explain the terms:- (a) H.U.C.R.; (b) Octane number; (c) Delay Angle; (d) Potential Gum; and describe how any ONE of these may be determined quantitatively. TUESDAY to FRIDAY, 20th to 23rd SEPTEMBER, 1932: 10 a.m. to 5 p.m. each day. 1. Examine the petrol (A) and report as to its suitability m a motor 2. Analyse the crude petroleum (B) to ascertain the amount of fuel. (Cracked petrol with abnormally high gum-content.) No. 1 Grade benzine it will yield. Prepare a specimen of refined No. 1 Grade benzine from this crude and report the distillation test and aromatic content.3. Examine the lubricating oil (C), reporting its Conradson test and the percentage, nature and purpose of the added component. (Lubricatingoil containing 10 per cent. of light kerosene.) 4. The material (D) has been sold as anti-knock dope for petrol. Report on its composition and probable efficienoy. (Mixture of ether, butanol and aniline.) 328 Notes. Harrison Memorial Prize.-The Selection Committee for the Harrison Memorial Prize (the Presidents of the Chemical Society, the Institute of Chemistry, the Society of Chemical Industry and the Pharmaceutical Society) will proceed to make an award in December next. The Prize, of the value of about Er~o,may be awarded to the chemist of either sex, being a natural born British subject and not at the time over thirty years of age, who, in the opinion of the Selection Committee, has conducted, during the previous five years, the most meritorious and promising original investigations in any branch of pure or applied chemistry and published the results of those investigations in a scientific periodical or periodicals. Applications, five copies of which must be submitted, should contain the following information: (a) Name (in full), (b) Age (birth certificate to accompany application), (c) Degrees (name of University where obtained), (d) Other qualifications, (e) Experi-ence, (f)Titles of published papers, with authors’ names, including full references to publication, (g) Where research was carried out, (h)Testimonials or references, (i)Any other information bearing on the application.Applications, nominations or information as to the candidates eligible for the Prize, should be addressed to the President, The Chemical Society, Burlington House, Piccadilly, London, W.I, not later than Thursday, the 1st December, 1932. Industrial Psychology.-In view of the consideration which has been given by the Council to the subject of Industrial Administration, Mr. Harry Ward, Fellow, has directed attention to the work of the National Institute of Industrial Psychology, of which Viscount D’Abernon is President, Sir Frederick Gowland Hopkins, P.R.S., Lord Rutherford, and Sir Charles Sherrington are among the Vice-presidents, and many men and women well-known in medicine and science are Members of the Council, 329 The study of psychology, the science of the mind, finds increasing application in medicine, education, and in industry and commerce. The National Institute, established in 1921, seeks to eliminate unnecessary expenditure of human energy throughout industry, by employing experienced investigators to study working conditions and methods in factories, mills, mines, stores, and offices.Changes have been introduced which have resulted in increased output, reduction of costs, improved conditions of work, and, in many cases, increased earnings. The National Institute has already conducted these investigations on behalf of a great variety of industrial concerns, and deals with such subjects as lighting, ventilation, organisation and lay-out, arrangement of material, posture of the worker, methods of work, as well as means for eliminating anxiety, friction, monotony, unsatisfactory morale, and lack of incentive.The National Institute, moreover, has devised means of studying and determining individual difference in the general and special abilities of candidates for applications in various occupations, in which it has received the co-operation of several Government departments. Its financial support has been re-ceived up to the present largely from the Carnegie United Kingdom Trust and from the Rockefeller Trust. The Human Factor, the Journal of the National Institute, is published to members, who are allowed other privileges by way of assistance from the Institute on the lines above suggested.School of Librarianship, University College, London-The regulations for the diploma in librarianship have been modified by the Senate of the University of London, and a course of training is now being provided for the benefit of Special Librarians, and other workers in Research Departments and Information Bureaux who are graduates in other faculties than that of Arts. The course for the present session, which began on the 5th October, and is specially intended for librarians and assistants who are engaged in the Research Departments of large industrial corporations, Government works, University and State libraries, covers English composition, languages, bibliography, cataloguing, and indexing, literary history and book-selection, classification, history of science, pakography and archives, library economy, and special library services.The fee for the full course is thirty guineas (for a part-time 330 student taking two sessions, eighteen guineas each session; or taking three sessions, fourteen guineas each session). The British Association for the Advancement of Science has elected Sir Frederick Gowland Hopkins, P.R.S., as President for the ensuing year. Dr. G. C. Clayton, C.B.E., M.P., has been elected Chairman of the Liverpool Gas Company. Mr. David Lever, Associate, has been appointed lecturer in sugar manufacture, at the Royal Technical College, Glasgow, on the resignation from that position of Mr.T. H. P. Heriot, Fellow. Mr. Harold Lowe, Fellow, has been appointed Official Agri- cultural Analyst for the County of Denbighshire in succession to his father, the late Mr. W. Foulkes Lowe, Fellow. Dr. Harold Moore, C.B.E., Fellow, has been appointed Director of the British Non-Ferrous Metals Research Association, in succession to Dr. R. S. Hutton, who has been elected Goldsmiths Professor of Metallurgy in the University of Cambridge. Professor Percy Philip Phillips, Fellow, has retired from the Principalship of the Thomason Civil Engineering College, Roorkee, United Provinces, India. Sir C. V. Raman, F.R.S., has been appointed by the Council of the Indian Institute of Science to succeed Dr.M. 0. Forster, F.R.S., Fellow, as Director of the Institute, from April, 1933, Dr. Alan West Stewart, Associate, has been appointed Public Analyst for the Metropolitan Borough of Paddington, in suc-cession to the late Sir William R. Smith. Dr. James Thompson, Fellow, has been appointed Public Analyst for the county of Berkshire, in succession to the late Sir William R. Smith. Dr. J. Augustus Voelcker, C.I.E., Fellow, has been appointed Official Agricultural Analyst for the County Borough of Oxford, in succession to the late Sir William R. Smith. 331 Books and their Contents. Since the publication of the JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGS, Part IV, 1932, the following books have been presented by the authors or publishers.Copies may be seen in the Library of the Institute. “Anatomy of Modern Science, The.’’ An Introduction to the Scientific Philosophy of To-day, Bernhard Bavink. Trans-lated from the 4th German Edition by H. Stafford Hatfield. Pp. xiii + 683. (London: G. Bell & Sons, Ltd.) 21s. net. Part I. Force and Matter; Part 11.Cosmos and Earth; Part 111. Matter and Life; Part IV. Nature and Man. “Vitamins, Recent Researches on the Nature and Function of .” J. C. Drummond. Cantor Lectures delivered before the Royal Society of Arts. Pp. 32. (London: Royal Society of Arts.) 2s. net. “Atomic Reactions.” Michael Polanyi. Pp. 63. (London: Williams & Norgate, Ltd.). 6s. net. Section I. Recent Developments in the Theory of Chemical Reactions ; Section 11.On Atomic Reactions without appreciable inertia; Section 111.On Atomic Reactions possessing Energy of Activation. “B.D.H. Guide to the B.P. 1932, The.” Pp. xiv + 122. (Lon-don: British Drug Houses, Ltd.) 2s. 6d. Introduction: purpose of the Guide : scope of the British Pharmacopceia, 1932 : deleted articles : added preparations : alterations in strength and nomenclature : crude vegetable drugs : chemical tests for purity : bio-logical tests and assays :alcohol :sterile solutions : storage and labelling : doses : weights and measures. Notes upon official monographs. Laboratory Methods of Organic Chemistry.” L. Gattermann, completely revised by Heinrich Wieland, and translated from the Twenty-Second German Edition by W.McCartney. Pp. 416. (London: Macmillan & Co. Limited.) 17s. Presented by the Translator. Some general laboratory rules ; organic analytical methods and technique; replacement of hydroxyl and hydrogen by halogen;alcohols and olefines; carboxylic acids and their simple derivatives; nitro-compounds and their reduction products ; sulphonic acids ; alde-hydes; phenols and enols ; keto-enol tautomerism; diazo-compounds ; quinonoid compounds ; Grignard and Friedel-Craft’s syntheses; organic radicles;heterocyclic compounds ;hydrogenation and reduction; natural products. Hints for using the literature. Index. 332 “Molecules, The Structure of.” Edited by P. Debye. Trans-lated by Winifred M. Deans. Pp. 190. (Glasgow: Blackie & Son, Ltd.) 15s.Preface : Problems of free rotation about single and double carbon bonds : Experimontal results obtained from band spectroscopy of polyatomic molecules: Raman effect and the structure of molecules and crystals : Raman effect and molecula,r structure : band spectra and dissociation : experimental basis of the theory of predissociation of molecules: on predissociation : valency and the electronic structure of molecules : author index : subject index. Society of Public Analysts.-Dr. Bernard Dyer and Dr. C. Ainsworth Mitchell have produced an interesting volume, to which Dr. Dyer has contributed his reminiscences of the “First Fifty Years of the Society of Public Analysts, (1875-1925)”,and Dr. Mitchell, a review of the scientific activities of the Society during the same period.In the preface Dr. Dyer relates how, having completed fifty years membership of the Society in 1925,and having (to that year) attended every Annual Gcneral Meeting since the foundation, a dinner was held to celebrate his jubilee in the Society, on which occasion he had yielded to the suggestion of Mr. George Rudd Thompson, then President, to write some account of the history of the Society. The foundation of the Society had been decided upon, in August 1874,at a meeting of public analysts, appointed under the Adulteration Acts of 1860 and 1872,to consider the report of a Parliamentary Committee on the unsatisfactory working of the Acts. Within a few months the Council of the new Society formulated and published definitions and standards for foods and drugs, which were adopted by the members and issued to the authorities concerned.The First General Meeting was held in February, 1875,when Dr. Dyer, then assistant to Dr. Augustus Voelcker, was elected an Associate. At this meeting, papers were read by Professor J. A. Wanklyn, Professor Theophilus Redwood, Dr.-later Sir-Thomas Stevenson, and Dr. Auguste Duprb, thus initiating the long and valuable series of contributions to the literature of food chemistry, which has been maintained to the present time. It is difficult for a chemist of the present day to realise the position of the profession in 1875, and the difficulties with 333 which practitioners had to contend, while methods were so little determined and the literature of the subject was so limited, Dr. Dyer proceeds with the history of the Society under successive Presidents, reviewing in turn the work of many members whose names are now famous in connection with the history and development of analytical chemistry, He relates the early vicissitudes of the Society, its differences with ‘‘ Somerset House,” and the part it has taken in the gradual evolution of improved legislation, in which work the Institute has frequently co-operated.Dr. Ainsworth Mitchell, Editor of The Analyst, the journal of the Society, provides a valuable record of its activities in promoting the advance of analytical chemistry, and in devising new methods and apparatus, largely for the detection of adult-eration of food and drugs, but, particularly in recent years, extended to include a wider range of analytical chemistry.(Published for the Society by W. Heffer & Sons, Ltd., Cambridge. Printed on Croxley Antique Laid Paper, bound in green buckram. Pp. vii + 278. 12s. 6d. net. 13s. post free.) Education and Supply of Biologists.-The Economic Advisory Council has published the Report of the Committee appointed to consider the obstacles which stand in the way of the education and supply of Biologists for work in this country and overseas, and to submit recommendations for the removal of such obstacles. The Prime Minister, in a Poreword, states that while it is true that, recruitment for the classes of appointment in the Colonial Service which require an initial training in the biological sciences has so far not been affected so severely as recruitment for other classes, as the result of the existing financial stringency, yet certain schemes of development which previously had been sanctioned have been temporarily suspended, and little expansion of the Colonial scientific service can be looked for in the existing financial conditions.The Report deals with the main divisions of biology :-The dimensions of the problem and the need for certainty; the teaching of biology, in the schools and the problem of the supply of teachers; the teaching of biology in the universities ; post-graduate training in biology; methods of obtaining an adequate supply of the various classes of biologist ; recommendations ; summary of conclusions and recommendations.Appendices deal with I, Evidence received; 11, Statistical Notes ; and 111, Facilities for the teaching of biology at the universities. The Prime Minister’s statement suggests that students who contemplate taking courses of training, with a view to obtaining appointments in any rather narrowly specialised service, should 334 bear in mind that a broad scientific training is in all cases advisable, in order that, in the event of appointments in any particular service being restricted, other opportunities of a successful career may be available. Analytical Reagents.-The second edition of The B.D.H. Book of A. R. Standards, published recently, contains specifica- tions for over zoo reagents.(Obtainable from the British Drug Houses, Ltd., Graham Street, London, N.I. 2s. 6d. net; 3s. by post.) British Standards Institution.-British Standard Speci- fication (No. 470-1932) for Manhole Openings for Chemical Plant-Fixed and Mobile, has been published by the British Standards Institution. (2s. net, post free 2s. ad.) This Specification is for the size and position of manhole openings, and is not applicable for pressures over 175 lb. per square inch. The requirements have been grouped under (I) Process Vessels, (2)Mobile Tanks, and (3) Storage Tanks,- except Tanks for liquified gases. “Sands, Clays and Minerals .”-The second number of this magazine was published in September, and includes articles on Osmiridium; Setting- Refractory Bricks in Marine Boiler Fur- naces; the Analysis of Clay; Ontario as a Metal Producer; Fuller’s Earth ; Rock Sections ; Mineral Resources ; Some little- known uses of Clay; Nimol, a new high Alloy Cast Iron; the Modern Roadstone Quarry; and a Coloured Supplement illus- trating trade marks of British Fire Bricks.(A. L. Curtis, Chatteris, Cambs.). Silicosis and Asbestosis.-The Home Office published in July a Memorandum on the Industrial Diseases of Silicosis and Asbestosis. (H.M. Stationery Office. 3d. net .) The Memorandum deals with the origin and development of silicosis;industries and processes in which silicosis occurs; means of prevention; (i) dust suppression; (ii) exhaust ventilation; (iii) other methods ; (iv) initial and periodic medical examinations ; provisionfor compensation ; medical arrangements for examination and certi- fication of cases; note on asbestosis. Appendices include bibliography ; list of compensation schemes and processes to which they apply; list of panels of silicosis and asbestosis medical board ;fees payable for examinations and certificates by medical board.335 Mr. C. L. Claremont, Fellow, has forwarded a copy of a brochure prepared by himself and Mr. Ian M. Burnet on Some Common Domestic Pests,-Their Life History and How to control them,” in which they deal with practical methods for the destruction of rats and mice, insects, etc. (Published by the Rodent and Insect Pest Destruction Co., Ltd., 69-71a, Sancroft Street, London, s.E.11.6d. net.) Mr. John Evans, Examiner in the Chemistry of Food and Drugs, has kindly presented the Institute with a copy of “Official and Tentative Methods of Analysis,” of the Association of Official Agricultural Chemists, published at Washington, D.C. , 1930. Plastics.-On the 12th October, at the Chemical Society, London, Dr. E. F. Amstrong, F.R.S., presided at a meeting held to inaugurate the Plastics Group of the Society of Chemical Industry, when Mr. H. V. Potter, Fellow, was elected Chairman of the Group, and delivered an address on organic plastic materials, particularly synthetic organic products. Royal Sanitary Institute.-The forty-fourth Congress of the Royal Sanitary Institute will be held from 17th-qth June, 1933, at Blackpool.336 Obituary. ALFREDCHASTON died at Hampstead on 17th October, in CHAPMAN his 64th year. He was educated at Leeds Grammar School and at Uni- versity College, London, where he studied chemistry under A. W. William-son and Charles Graham, and physics under Carey Foster. He was senior demonstrator in applied chemistry for a year before he established his practice as a consulting and analytical chemist in London, in 1888, in which he continued until his death. From that time onwards he con- tributed numerous papers to the Transactions of the Chemical Society, the Analyst, the Journal of the Institute of Brewing, and various technical journals dealing with subjects covering a wide range of pure and applied chemistry, his work being recognised by his election in 1920 as a Fellow of the Royal Society.In the same y:ar he delivered the Cantor Lectures before the Royal Society of Arts on Micro-organisms and Some of their Industrial Uses. ” He entered wholeheartedly into many branches of scientific and public work, and held many offices with distinction and dignity. He was a mem- ber of the Royal Institution, visitor in 1926, a manager since 1930, and a vice-president in 1931; a member of the Board of Studies in Chemistry of the University of London, of the Court of the University of Leeds, of the scientific panel of the Board of Trade under the Safeguarding of Industries Act, of the Advisory Committee on plant and animal products of the Imperial Institute, and of the Medico-Legal Society of London.He was Honorary Secretary of the Society of Public Analysts from 1899 to 1914, and President for the two years following. He was President of the Institute of Brewing from 1911 to 1913, and President of the Royal Microscopical Society from 1924 to 1926. In 1921 Mr. Chapman was appointed a member of the Royal Com- mission on Awards to Inventors, and from that year until 1926 was a, member of the Forest Products Research Board to the Department of Scientific and Industrial Research, and from 1931 a member of the Chemistry Research Board. In 1928 to 1930 he served on the Government Committee on Ethyl Petrol. He was an honorary member of the Soci6t6 de Zymologie Pure et Applique0 of Belgium, a Vice-president of the Juryat the International Exhibition at Brussels in 1910, and honorary Professor, &ole Superieur de Brasserie, Ghent.He was a British delegate to the conference in Paris in 1910 on uniform methods for expressing the results of the analysis of food products, and represented British societies at various international and other congresses. He passed the examination of the Institute in 1892, and was elected to the Fellowship in the following year. The valuable services which he rendered to the Institute, as a Member of Council, Examiner, President, and Censor, have already been mentioned in this Part; but reference should also be made to his work on Committees, -especially on the Public Appointments Committee, of which he was Chairman for several years, and on the Joint Committee of the Institute and the Society of Public Analysts, which was entrusted with the prepara- tion of the List of Reagents for Analytical Purposes in the early days of the war.He was on many occasions an official delegate of the Institute at public functions and conferences, as well as on deputations to Government Departments. In addition to his Presidential Addresses, he read befo:? the Institute, in 1927, the Jubilee Year of the Institute, a review on The Growth of the Profession of Chemistry during the Past Half-Century.’’ At Golders Green, on 20th October, the Institute was represented byMr. Edward Hinks, Vice-president, Mr.George Stubbs and Professor 337 Jocelyn F. Thorpe, Members of Council, the Registrar, and the Assistant Secret ary . A floral tribute was sent from the Institute to the honoured memory of a distinguished and greatly esteemed Past President. JOHNGRAY died at Colwyn Bay, North Wales, on the 25th September, in his 70th year. He was educated at Edinburgh Royal High School, and was subsequently the pupil and assistant of J. Falconer King, Fellow, and attended courses at the School of Medicine, and at the University of Edinburgh under Crum Brown. In 1884 he became engaged in the manufacture of mineral oils from shale, as technical chemist to Clippens Oil Co., Ltd., at first at their Pentland Works, and from 1886 at the Clippens Works, where he became general works manager. In 1898 he joined the chemistry department of Lever Bros., where, in the course of time, hg--became general works manager.In 1906 he was appointed a director and, in 1918, Vice-chairman of the Company, which by that time, in a great measure due to his endeavours, had become the largest industrial undertaking of the kind in the world. Throughout his association with the company he was intimately concerned, and co-operated with Lord Leverhulme, in all matters affecting the welfare of the workers and in the social life of Port Sunlight. In 1920 he relinquished his position with Lever Bros. and became Chairman of William Gossage & Sons, Widnes, and of John Knight, Ltd., of London, until 1924, when he retired owing to ill-health.He was President of the Society of Chemical Industry in 1919, and provided the Society with funds for the endowment of the John Gray Jubilee Scholarship. He was also actively interested in the formation of the Association of British Chemical Manufacturers in 1916. He was elected a Fellow of the Institute in 1888. His son, Mr. George Gray, Managing Director of Messrs. Christopher Thomas & Bros., Ltd., Bristol, is also a Fellow. THOMAS GRAY died at Elie, Fifeshire, on 26th September, in his 63rd year. Educated‘ at George Watson’s College, Edinburgh, he studied science at Anderson’s College, Glasgow, and at the Universities of Glasgow, Jena and Heidelberg. He graduated B.Sc. in tho University of London, and, in due course, proceeded to the D.Sc.of Glasgow, and at Jena obtained the degree of Ph.D. From 1888 to 1893 he was assistant in the chemistry department of the Glasgow and West of Scotland Technical College, from 1893 to 1903 lecturer on chemistry in Queen Margaret College, Glasgow University and in the Royal Technical College. From 1903 he was professor of teachnical chemistry in the latter college, which position he occupied until his death. During the war, he directed much of the work in Scotland for the production of benzene and toluene for the Ministry of Munitions. He was associat,ed with Sir George Beilby in the planning and erection of H.M. Fuel Research Station at East Greenwich, and subsequently for several years was Chairman of the Committee on the Sampling and Analysis of Coal.He was a prominent member of the Scottish Section of the Society of Chemical Industry, of which he was for ten years Honorary Secretary and subsequently Chairman. In 1924 he received tho degree of LL.D. honoris causa, from the University of Glasgow. He was the author of numerous contributions to the Journal of the Chemical Society, Berichte der Deutschen chenzischen Gesellschaft, the Trans-actions of the Institution of Mining Engineers, the Transactions of the Institution of Engineers and Shipbuilders in Scotland, the Journal of Gas Lighting, and the Gas World. He was elected a Fellow of the Institute in 1916, served on the Council from 1925 to 1928, and was keenly interested in the Glasgow and West 338 of Scotland Local Section.He also acted on several occasions as Ex-aminer in General Chemical Technology. At his funeral, the Institute was represented by Mr. Hugh Findlay, Chairman of the Section, Dr. P. F. Gordon, District Member of Council, and many other Fellows and Associates. WILLIAMOAKES KIBBLE died in New York in August, in his 61st year. He received his scientific education at Finsbury Technical College under Meldola, Sylvanus Thomson and Perry, and passed the examination for the Associateship of the Institute in 1894, when he obtained an appoint- ment with the New Explosives Co. at Stowmarket. Later, he was engaged with Messrs. Fowler Brothers, Sugar Refiners, at Blackwall, with Messrs. Johnson & Son, Assayers, and in 1896 was appointed chemist and assayer to a group of gold mining companies in New Zealand.Two years later, however, he went to California, where he was engaged with the Golden Eagle Mining Co. In 1903 he proceeded to Denver, Colorado, and in 1908 to Charlotte, N.C., where he held an appointment as City Biologist. In 1916 he joined the scientific staff of the Permutit Company in New York, from which he retired early in the present year. He was elected a Fellow of the Institute in 1897. JOHN ROBERTSONMCGREGOR died on the 12th June, 1931, at the age of 35 years. Born at Perth, he was educated at Woodside Higher Grade School, and the University, Glasgow. He served with the Forces and held a commission as Lieutenant in the 1st King’s Own Scottish Borderers from 1915 until 1919, when he returned to the University, gradu- ated B.Sc.with special distinction in chemistry, and continued research on the chemistry of the terpenes under Professor Henderson, on which he was awarded the degree of Ph.D. He subsequently held the position of assistant in the Chemistry Department of the University until his death. He was elected an Associate of the Institute in 1921. ANDREWSHORTdied at Enfield, on 2nd June, in his 54th year. Educated at Morpeth Grammar School, he entered Armstrong College, Newcastle-on-Tyne, in 1898, as Professor Bedson’s private assistant. In 1902 he graduated B.Sc. with distinction in chemistry, and then became analytical assistant to Professor S. Hoare Collins, and lectured in agricul- tural chemistry in the college for about a year. He then obtained an appointment as chief chemist to the Priestman Collieries, Ltd., in which capacity he controlled their patent coke oven and by-product plant at Blaydon-on-Tyne, and the chemical work there, from various collieries and brick works.In 1907 he published a research, on the distribution of nitrogen and sulphur in the carbonisation of coal, in the Journal of the Society of Chemical Industry, and in 1910, in the same journal, a paper on the history of coke manufacture. He devised an electrothermic process for the manufacture of ferro-alloys, chiefly ferro-silicon and ferro- chromes, and acted as manager to the Newcastle Alloy Company, during its initial period, at Rowlands Gill.In 1910 he was appointed assistant works manager and research chemist to Messrs. Cookson & Co.’s Howdon Lead Smelting and Desilverising Works and Antimony Works, where, in conjunction with the manager, he effected substantial improvements in the methods of smelting and refining antimony, and adopted a new process for the production of “star” antimony. In 1916 he became manager of tho works, and in 1924 was elected a director, but in 1929 he moved to Enfield to take up an important position with the Associated Lead Manu- facturers, Ltd., with whom he remained for a year, when he retired owing to ill health. He waa elected a Fellow of the Institute in 1918. 339 The Register. At the meeting of Council held on zIst October, 1932,znew Fellows were elected, 12 Associates were elected to the Fellow- ship, 49 new Associates were elected, and 27 Students were admitted. New Fellows.Edwards, Frederick William, 11, Courtlands Drive, Ewell, Surrey. Greeves, William Francis, 402, London Road South, Lowestoft. Associates elected to the Fellowship. Campbell, Alfred Randolph, 12, Darnley Road, Pollokshields, Glasgow. Collin, Miss Ella Mary, B.Sc., Ph.D. (Lond.), 18, Woodstock Gardens, Goodmayes.Coppocb, Philip Dalton, M.Sc.Tech. (Mane.), The Distiller’s Co., Ltd., Groat Burgh, Epsom. Elwes, Eric Vincent, 24, Thistleton Avenue, Claughton, Birkenhead. Howitt, Frederick Oliver, M.Se. (Lond.), 68, Seymour Road, West Bridg- ford, Notts. Jones, Ronald Henry, Glen View, Pontardawe Road, Clydach, Swansea.Reynolds, Cedric Victor, Ph.D. (Lond.), 22, Heavitree Road, Exeter. Sayce, Leonard Alfred, M.Sc., Ph.D. (Dun.), Armstrong College, Newcastle- on-Tyne. Simpson, Ian Alexander, Ph.D. (Liv.), Institute for Medical Research, Kuala Lumpur, F.M.S. Thompson, John Samuel, B.Sc. (Lond.), 69, Helmsley Grove, Willerby Road, Hull. Ward, Robert, B.Sc. (Lond.), 1, Claremont Terrace, Norton-on-Tees. Williams, Thomas Pearl, B.Sc. (Lond.), 13, Pool Bank, Port Sunlight. New Associates. Barton, Leonard Henry Greenwood, 139, Upper Kennington Lane, London, S.E.ll. Burke, Thomas Eric, 21, Hereford Road, Wavertree, Liverpool. Bussell, Leonard Herbert, 10, Kensington Avenue, London, E.6. Cooper, Arthur Thomas, B.Sc., Ph.D.(Lond.), Tugela, Scraptoft, Leics. Crivan, Harry Edward, B.Sc. (Glas.), 22, Avondale Road, Ipswich. Currie, Henry Thomas, 44, Bellevue Park, Whitewell, Belfast, Dhanbhoora, Darasha Rustomji, B.Sc. (Bombay), A.R.S.M., Royal School of Mines, London, S.W.7. Dudgeon, Henry Edwin, B.A., M.Sc. (T.C.D.), 42, St. Kevin’s Park, Dartry Road, Dublin, S.2. Edwards, Cyril, B.Sc. (Lond.), 66, Waverley Road, Southsea. Elkin, Hugh Arthur, B.A., M.Sc. (T.C.D.), Research Department, The Gourock Ropework Co., Ltd., Port Glasgow. Foster, Albert Ridgeby, B.Sc. (Lond.), 31, St. Bartholomew’s Road, Reading.Friend, Norman Alfred Child, B.Sc., Ph.D. (Lond.), A.R.C.S., D.I.C., 29, Lena Gardens, London, W.6. 340 Gore, David Neville, 5, Fidlas Itoad, Llanishen, Cardiff. Hellings, Robert Ferdinand Henry, M.Sc.(S.A.), 21, Milner Street, Grahamstown, S. Africa. Hock, Alfred Gustave Louis Ernest, &I.Sc., Ph.D. (Sheffield), 50, Ferndale Terrace, Widnes. Hudson, Frederick Lyth, M.Sc. (Mane.), Ph.D. (California), The Casita, Fennels Way, Flackwell Heath, Bucks. Hughes, Edward David, M.Sc. (Lond.), Ph.D. (Wales), 97, Gower Street, London, W.C. 1. Jackson, Geoffrey Wansbrough, B.Sc. (Lond.), 11, Deans Parade, Edgware. Jeffrey, Norman Charles Jabez, B.Sc. (Lond.), 5, Rebecca Terrace, London, S.E.16. Johnston, William, 31, Sycamore Road, Waterloo, Liverpool. Jones, Robert Emrys, A.M.C.T., 38, Catherine Street, Crewe. Kenworthy, Leslie, M.Sc. (Lond.), A.R.C.S., New Buckenham, Norwich.Lamb, James, B.Sc. (Lond.), 32, Beehive Lane, Ilford. Littler, William Brian, M.Sc. (Mane.), Burnlea, Beechley Road, Wrexham. Macdonald, George Edward, 26, Thingwall Lane, Broadgreen, Liverpool. Mallinder, R.aymond, B.Sc. (Lond.), 18, Masonic Street, Halifax. Matthews, Robert Karran, The Shack, Irby Mill Hill Wood, Frankby, Wirral. Morgans, Wilfred Morley, B.Sc. (Wales), Ph.D. (Lond.), Charman Dene, Cheshunt, Herts. Moses, Geoffrey, A.M.C.T., Sandon, Manchester Road, Lostock Gralam, Northwich. Moss, Harold John, B.Sc. (Lond.), 13, Tudor Way, London, W.3. Narayanamurti, Duraiswami, M.Sc. (Bombay), A.Tnst.P., Seasoning Section, Forest Research Institute, Dehra Dun, India. Nicholson, Robert Ivan, M.Sc. (N.Z.), Princes Street, Cambridge, Waikato, N.Z.Piper, Gordon Hobbs, B.A., B.Sc. (Oxon.), 10, Herondale Avenue, London, S.W.18. Reeve, Miss Evelyn Caroline, B.Sc. (Lond.), 216, St. James’ Road, London, S.E.l. Ross, John, B.Sc., Ph.D. (Lond.), A.R.C.S., D.I.C., 8, Tavistock Place, London, W.C.l. Scates, William John, B.Sc. (Lond.), 21, Cleverly Estate, London, W.12. Scott, Kenneth Thomas Bartlett, B.Sc. (Reading), Wrington, Lisle Road, High Wycombe. Secret, Kenneth William, B.Sc. (Lond.), 37, High Street, London, S.W.19. Streatfield, Edward Leslie, B.Sc. (Lond.), 16, Friern Road, London, S.E.22. Trower, Geoffrey John, A.R.C.S., 13, Milton Crescent, Ilford. Turner, Hubert Laurence, 63, Weoley Park Road, Selly Oak, Birmingham.Walker, William Bernard, A.M.C.T., 136, Tweedale Street, Rochdale.Wentworth, Victor Harold, B.Sc. (Lond.), 117, Chelmsford Road, London, E.18. Whittle, Ernest George, B.Sc. (Lond.), 15, Hayling Avenue, Copnor, Portsmouth. Widdowson, Eric Joseph, M.Sc. (Shefield), 35, Greenhill Road, Woodseats, Sheffield, 8. Wild, William, Ph.D., B.Sc. (Leeds), 1, Bewerley Street, DewsburyRoad, Leeds. Wilson, Edwin Dennison, B.Sc. (Lond.), 180, Browning Road, London, E. 12. Woolhouse, Thomas Geoffrey, M.Se., Ph.D. (Shefield), 222, Firth Park Road, Pitsmoor, Sheffield, 5. Young, Harold George, B.Sc. (Lond.), A.R.S.M., 54, Hillier Road, London, s.w.11. 341 New Students. Baker, Paul Southgate, 67, Princes Road, Teddington. Booth, Ernest, 80, Raby Street, Moss Side, Manchester.Brear, Arthur, 4, Shay Lane, Ovenden, Halifax. Campbell, George Reid, 60, Claremont Crescent, Kilwinning, Ayrshire.Cooper, Leslie Charles, 22, Moorside Road, Swinton, Manchester. Ellis, Edwin Albert, 78, Station Road, London, E.7. Evans, Arthur Owen, 38, Bryn Gardden, Rhos, Wrexham. Gardiner, William Alfred, 9, Sheephouse, Farnham, Surrey. Heading, William Richard, 19, Burnbank Gardens, Glasgow, N.W. Heath, Alan Leslie, 65, St. Georges Road, London, S.W.l. Hullah, Ralph, 260, Upper Woodlands Road, Bradford. Maber, Wilfred Frank, 37, Mill Lane, Wareham, Dorset. MacCallum, Alexander Joseph, Holyrood Crescent, Clarkston, Glasgow. Nicholson, Andrew, 101, Castle Road, Cathcart, Glasgow. Nightingale, John Edward, 17, Park Avenue, Gillingham.Padget, Harvey, 134, Manchester Road, Deepcar, Sheffield. Rigg, Norman, 23, Hadassah Street, Siddal, Halifax. Robertshaw, Arnold, 329, Gerlington Road, Duckworth Lane, Bradford. Rolfe, Horace George, 70, Kingsley Road, Northampton. Stewart, James McGregor, at 5, St. Helena Road, Westbury Park, Bristol, 6. Taylor, Leonard, 47, Evington Parks Road, Leicester. Teal, Eric Fred, 52, Dorothy Avenue, Alperton, Middx. Timson, Philip Frederick, 24, Cleveland Gardens, London, N.W.2. Walton, Harold Selwyn, 78, Gibraltar Road, Halifax. Wark, John Jeffrey, Charleston, East Road, Irvine, Ayrshire. Wilson, Robert, A.M.C.T., 33, Arpley Street, Warrington. Wright, John, 9, Spring Terrace, Lower Crumpsall, Manchester. DEATHS. Fellows.Alfred Chaston Chapman, F.R.S. John Gray. Thomas Gray, LL.D., D.Sc. (Glas.), Ph.D. (Jena).William Oakes Kibble. Andrew Short, M.Sc. (Dun.). Associates. John McGregor Robertson, Ph.D. (Glas.). CHANGE OF NAME. Max Mendel Krupeney, Associate, to Maxwell Morton Cooper, by Deed Poll. 342 General Notices. The Streatfeild Memorial Lecture, 1932.-Mr. W. A. Williams, Fellow, Works Manager, North British Rubber Co., Ltd., will give the Streatfeild Memorial Lecture at the Institute, on Friday, 18th November, at 8 p.m. Subject : “Rubber.’’ The S. M. Gluckstein Memorial Lecture, 1932, will be given by Sir Frederick Gowland Hopkins, President of the Royal Society, on Friday, 16th December, at 8 p.m. Further particulars will be announced in due course.Lectures are open to Fellows, Associates and Registered Students of the Institute, and the Streatfeild Memorial Lecture will be open to former Students of Finsbury Technical College. So far as accommodation allows, tickets of admission may also be obtained by persons other than Members and Students of the Institute on application to the Registrar. Annual Chemical Dinner, 1932.-The Annual Chemical Dinner will be held on Thursday, the 8th December, at the Connaught Rooms, Great Queen Street, London, W.C.2, at 7 for 7.30 p.m., Professor H. E. Armstrong, LL.D., F.R.S., in the chair. Professor Sir Frederick Keeble, C.B .E., Sc.D., F.R.S., will be the guest of the evening. This will be a social event in which members of the various societies and institutions interested in chemistry are invited to participate. The dinner will be followed by music and dancing.Tickets, price 15s. each-for lady or gentleman-including gratuities, but not wine-will be obtainable in October and November, from Mr. F. A. Greene, The Chemical Club, 2, Whitehall Court, London, S.W.I. Further particulars will be announced in due course. 343 Examinations, 1933.-The arrangements for examinations during 1933 will be as follows:- FORTHE ASSOCIATESHIP. Dates of Examinations. Entries close. 9th to 14th January. }Monday, 7th November, 1932. (Notebooks: 16th December.) Monday, 6th February, 1933. (Notebooks: 17th March.) a4th to zgth Aprily 18th to 23rd September, Monday, 10th July, 1933.in London and Glasgow. } (Notebooks: 8th September.) FORTHE FELLOWSHIP. 1st to 6th May. Monday, 6th February, 1933. 25th to 30th September. Monday, 10th July, 1933. For Candidates wishing to be examined in Branch “G”-Industrial Chemistry, the list will close on 9th June, 1933. Election of District Members of Council.-Fellows and Associates are reminded that, for the election of District Members of Council, to take office from 1st March, 1933, nominations should be received at the offices of the Institute on or before Monday, 12th December, 1932. I. In accordance with By-Law 30 (I), the following Districts were defined by the Institute in General Meeting, held on 7th 1921, and amended on 1st March, 1923:- Birmingham and Midlands, including the Counties of Hereford, Salop, Stafford, Worcester, Warwick, Derby, Nottingham,Leicester, Lincoln, Rutland and Northampton.Bristol and South-Western Counties, including the Counties of Gloucester, Wilts, Dorset, Somerset, Devon and Cornwall. Liverpool and North-West Coast, including the Counties of Flint, Westmorland and Cumberland, and so much of the Counties of Chester and Lancaster as lies to the west of the line drawn through the centre of the postal district of Wigan and Warrington; the towns of Wigan and Warrington and all towns on the line, of which the greater portion of the postal district lies to the west of the line. The Isle of Man. ‘London and South-Eastern Counties, including the Counties of Middlesex, Kent, Sussex, Surrey, Berks, Oxford, Buckingham, Hertford, Essex, Bedford, Cambridge, SufTolk, Norfolk, Hunting- don, Hants, with the Isle of Wight and the Channel Islands.Manchester and District, including so much of the Counties of Lancaster and Chester as lies to the east of the line drawn through the postal districts of Wigan and Warrington as aforesaid. 344 North-East Coast and Yorkshire, including the Counties of Northumberland, Durham and York. Edinburgh and East of Scotland, including the Counties of Nairn, Elgin, Banff, Aberdeen, Kincardine, Forfar, Perth, Fife, Kinross, Clackmannan, Stirling, Linlithgow, Edinburgh, Haddington, Berwick, Peebles, Selkirk, and Roxburgh. Glasgow and West of Scotland, including the Counties of Caith- ness, Sutherland, Ross and Cromarty, Inverness, Argyll, Dum- barton, Renfretv, Lanark, Ayr, Wigtown, Kirkcudbright, and Dumfries.Wales (excluding the County of Flint, see iii). The County of Monmouth. Northern Ireland, as defined in the Government of Ireland Act, 1920, and subsequent enactments relating thereto. Irish Free State, as defined in the Government of Ireland Act, 1920, and subsequent enactments relating thereto. The Commonwealth of Australia, the Dominion of Canada, the Dominion of New Zealand, the Union of South Africa, the Empire of India, the Crown Colonies, and elsewhere abroad. The Council have adopted the following Rules for the election of District Members of Council:- 11. (1) Any five Members whose registered addresses are within any one District, as defined and adopted by the Institute in General Meeting, may nominate one eligible Fellow as a candidate for election as a District Member of Council for that District, but no member shall nominate more than one such Fellow; except that the Committee of any Local Section constituted in accordance with By-Law 94 2(a) may, as such, nominate one candidate for such election, or if there be more than one Local Section in a District the Committees of all the Local Sections in that District shall sit jointly for the purpose of nominating one Candidate for such election.(2) Any nomination made under these Rules shall be delivered to the Secretary at the Offices of the Institute on or before the second Monday in December in the year preceding the date of election, and shall be in the following form :-“We, the undersigned, Members of the Institute of Chemistry of Great Britain and Ireland, do hereby certify that A.B., of (registered address) , a Fellow of this Institute, is, in our estimation, a fit and proper person to be a District Member of the Council of the Institute, and we do hereby nominate him as acandidate for election as a District Member of Council.” (3) Any such nomination may consist of several documents in like form, each signed by one or more Members. Nominations for District XI1 should be received not later than 31st August. 111.(1) On or before the fifth day of January in any year, the Council shall cause to be sent to every Member in each district in the manner prescribed by By-Law 81, a balloting list containing the names of the candidates nominated for election as District Members of Council for such District, and the balloting list shall indicate which, if any, of the candidates has been nominated by the Committee or Committees of the Local Section or Sections in the respective District; except that in the case of District (xii) this rule shall read as if “September” (in the year previous) were substituted for “January.” 345 (2) Each Member desirous of voting- (a) Shall record his vote for a District Member of the Council by making a cross against the name of the candidate for whose election he desires to vote, but no Member shall vote for more than one such candidate.(b) Shall deliver or transmit his balloting list in a sealed envelope bearing on the outside the signature of the Member, addressed to the Secretary, at the office of the Institute, so that it be received not later than by the first post on the third Monday in January in the year for which the election is being held. IV. (1) The envelopes containing the balloting lists shall, on the Thursday next after the third Monday in January in the year in which the election is held, be opened by two Scrutineers, neither Members of the Council, nor candidates nominated for election as District Members of the Council, who shall be nominated by the Council in December of the year preceding the election at a meeting convened specially for that purpose.(2) The balloting list of any member who on the Thursday next after the third Monday in January is in arrear with any subscription or other sum payable by him to the Institute under the By-Laws shall be disallowed. (3) The Scrutineers shall present their Report to the Council at a meeting, on the Friday next after the third Monday in January, specially convened for that purpose. (4) The candidate receiving the greatest number of votes in each District respectively shall be elected and, in any case of an equality of votes, the Council shall decide the matter by ballot. (5) If at any time after the balloting lists have been sent to members, and before the dissolution of the Annual General Meeting, any candidate who would otherwise have beon elected has died or has with- drawn his nomination or has in any way become ineligible for Membership of the Council, then the candidate having the next greatest number of votes shall be elected, or if there be no such candidate, the vacancy shall be filled as provided in Rule V.(6) The election of District Members of Council shall be notified to members when they are served with the balloting list for the election of General Members of Council at the Annual General Meeting. V. After the first election any vacancy among the District Members of the Council occurring between the Annual General Meetings, owing to death, resignation, removal or otherwise, shall be filled by the election by the Committee of the Local Section, in the respective District of one eligible Fellow; or if there be more than one Local Section in the District the Committees of all the Sections therein shall hold a joint meeting for the purpose of such election.Notice convening a meeting for this purpose shall be sent by the Secretary of the Institute to all the members of the Committee or Committees of the Section or Sections concerned at least fourteen days before the date of the meeting. If there be no Local Section within a District, a casual vacancy shall be filled by the election by the Council'of one eligible Fellow from the Fellows resident in that District. If there be a casual vacancy in the case of the District Member of Council for District (xii), such vacancy shall be filled by the Council by the election of one eligible Fellow.The Fellows whose names are given below are the present Members of Council for the Districts indicated. The names of 346 those who have completed the period of three years’ service on the Council and retire in accordance with By-Law 23 are printed in italics. Birmingham and Midlands : Joseph Robert Johnson. Bristol and South-Western Counties : Edward Russell, B.Sc. Liverpool and North- West Coast : Walter Perguson Buist, B.Sc. London and South-Eastern Counties : George Stubbs, C.B.E. Manchester and District: William David Rogers, B.Sc., A.R.C.S. North-East Coast and Yorkshire : Harry Mallcin Mason, M.Sc. Edinburgh and East of Scotland : Robert Bruce, M.C.Glasgow and West of Scotland : Peter Ferguson Gordon, Ph.D. Wales and the County of Monmouth: Leonard Eric Hinkel, D.Sc. Northern Ireland: Jesse Carl Albert Brierley, M.Sc. Irish Free State : William Robert Pearon, M.A., Sc.D. The Overseas Dominions and elsewhere abroad : Edward John Way. Sir Edward Frankland Medal and Prize for Registered Students.-A medal and prize (Eio 10s.) for the best essay, not exceeding 3,000words, will be awarded in January, 1933, and will be presented at the next Annual General Meeting, or at a meeting of the Local Section to which the successful competitor is attached. Entries are limited to registered students who are less than 22 years of age at the time of forwarding the essay. The object of the essay is to induce Registered Students to develop a sense of professional public spirit and to devote thought to questions of professional interest and to the position of chemists in the life of the community-the essay to be on a subject of professional, as opposed to technical or purely chemical impor- tance.Having due regard to the objects stated above, Registered Students are informed that the Council is prepared, for the present year, to consider an essay on any subject which has a bearing on chemistry or chemical work, from the professional or personal point of view, provided that it does not deal with any purely chemical, technical, or historical subject. The following subjects have been selected by the Council for previous essays :-1927: “The Importance of Chemistry to the Welfare of the People.” 1928 : “The Importance of General Education to the Professional Chemist.” 1929: “The Cultural Value of Science.” 1930 : “Chemical Education from the Student’s Point of View.” 1931: “Why I have chosen Chemistry as a Profession.” Each essay must be sent to the Honorary Secretary of the Local Section of the district in which the competitor resides (see list of Local Sections at the end of this PARTof the Journal) on or before the 31st December, 1932, and must be accompanied by a signed declaration that it is the independent work of the competitor.Essays will be valued partly for literary style and technique, but mainly for the thoughts and ideas contained therein.The Committee of each Local Section will be asked to select, from those received, not more than three essays considered to be worthy of the award. The essays selected by the Local Sections will be referred to assessors appointed by the Council. On the report of the assessors, the Council will decide whether an award be made. The award is not made more than once to any individual competitor. Enquiries on the subject of the Sir Edward Frankland Essays should be addressed to the Registrar. TheMeldola Medal (the gift of the Society of Maccabaeans) is awarded annually to the chemist whose published chemical work shows the most promise, and is brought to the notice of the administrators during the year ending 31st December prior to the award.The recipient must be a British subject not more than 30 years of age at the time of the completion of the work. The Medal may not be awarded more than once to the same person. The next award will be made in January, 1933. The Council will be glad to have attention directed, before 31st December, 1932, to work of the character indicated. Beilby Memorial Awards.-From the interest derived from the invested capital of the Sir George Beilby Memorial Fund, at intervals to be determined by the administrators representing the Institute of Chemistry, the Society of Chemical Industry, and the Institute of Metals, awards will be made to British investigators in science to mark appreciation of records of distinguished original work, preference being given to in- vestigations relating to the special interests of Sir George Beilby, 348 including problems connected with fuel economy, chemical engineering, and metallurgy.Awards will be made not on the result of any competition, but in recognition of continuous work of exceptional merit, bearing evidence of distinct advancement in knowledge and practice. The administrators of the Fund are the Presidents, the, Honorary Treasurers, and the Secretaries of the three partici- pating Institutions, who will meet in the latter part of June, and will be glad to have their attention directed to outstanding work of the nature indicated. Correspondence on this subject should be addressed to the Convener, Sir George Beilby Memorial Fund, Institute of Chemistry, 30, Russell Square, London, W.C.1, not later than 1st June, 1933.The administrators will meet in that month. Notice to Associates.-The Council desires to encourage all Associates to qualify for the Fellowship, and to impress upon them the importance of proceeding to the higher grade as soon as possible. Copies of the regulations and forms of application can be obtained from the Registrar. Appointments Register.-A Register of Fellows and Associates who are available for appointments, or are desirous of extending their opportunities, is kept at the offices of the Institute. For full information, inquiries should be addressed to the Registrar. Fellows and Associates are invited to notify the Institute of suitable vacancies for qualified chemists.Students who have been registered as Students of the Institute for not less than six months, and are in the last term of their training for the Associateship, may receive the Appointments Register of the Institute, provided that their applications for this privilege be endorsed by their professors. Lists of vacancies are forwarded twice weekly to those whose names are on the Appointments Register. Fellows and Associates who are already in employment, but seeking to improve their positions, are required to pay 10s. for a period of six months. Members and Students who are without employment are required to pa~7 6s. 6d. for the first period of six months, and, if not successful in obtaining an appointment, will thereafter be supplied with the lists gratis for a further period, if necessary.349 The Institute also maintains a Register of Laboratory Assist- ants who have passed approved Preliminary Examinations and, in some cases, Intermediate Science Examinations. Fellows and Associates who have vacancies for Registered Students and Laboratory Assistants are invited to communicate with the Registrar. TheLibrary.-The Library of the Institute is open for the use of Fellows, Associates, and Registered Students between the hours of 10a.m. and 6 p.m. on week-days (Saturdays, 10a.m. and I p.m.), except when examinations are being held. The library is primarily intended for the use of candidates during the Institute's practical examinations. The comprehensive Library of the Chemical Society is avail- able, by the courtesy of the Council of the Society, for the use of Fellows and Associates of the Institute wishing to consult or borrow books, from 10 a.m.to g p.m. on week-days (Saturdays from 10 a.m. to 5 p.m.), except during August and the early part of September, when the hours are from 10 a.m. to 5 p.m. Registered Students of the Institute are also permitted at present to use the Library of the Chemical Society for reference purposes, but not to borrow books. Members and Students of the Institute using the Library of the Society are required to conform to the rules of the Society regarding the use of its books. The Science Museum, South Kensington.-The Director and Secretary of the Science Museum, South Kensington, has notified the Council of the Institute that arrangements have been made for the issue of books and periodicals on loan to scientific workers introduced by approved institutions.Books which can be obtained easily from other institutions are not ordinarily lent by the Science Library. The Science Library, however, contains some 360 periodicals specially devoted to chemical science, and arrangements have been made (on com- pleting a form of requisition obtainable from the Registrar of the Institute) for borrowing any of these, and of other periodi- cals in the Library which may not be available elsewhere. Boots Booklovers' Library.-With Part I of the JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGS,published in February, a circular was issued, by direction of the Council, giving particulars of the special terms to be allowed to Fellows and Associates desiring to use 350 Boots Booklovers’ Library.Over 300 members are now partici- pating in the scheme. Covers for Journal.-Members who desire covers (buck- ram: IS. zd. each) for binding the Journal in annual volumes, are requested to notify the Registrar of their requirements, indicating the years for which the covers are required. Arrangements may be made with Messrs. A. W. Bain & Co., Ltd., 17-19, Bishop’s Road, Cambridge Heath, London, E.2, to bind volumes of the JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGSon the following terms: buckram cover, IS. zd.; binding, 2s. gd.; postage and packing, 9d.; in all, 4s. 8d. Lantern Slides for Lecturers.-A collection of slides is kept at the Institute and is available to members who wish to illustrate lectures.Enquiries should be addressed to the Registrar. As the slides are frequently in demand, members are requested to notify their requirements at least 14 days before the date on which the slides are to be used. Changes of Address-In view of the expense involved through frequent alterations of addressograph plates, etc., Fellows, Associates, and Registered Students, who wish to notify changes of address are requested to give, so far as possible, their permanent addresses for registration.

ISSN:0368-3958    

DOI:10.1039/JG9325600289

出版商:RSC    

年代:1932

数据来源: RSC

摘要:

THE INSTITUTE OF CHEMISTRY OF GREAT BRITAIN AND IRELAND. ~~~ FOUNDED 1877. INCORPORATED BY ROYAL CHARTER, 1885. JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGS. 1932. PART VI. Issued under the supervision of the Publications Committee. RICHARD B. PILCHER, Registrar and Secretary. 30, RUSSELLSQUARE,LONDON,W.C. I. December, 1932. Publications Committee, 1932133. LEWIS EYNON (Chairman), G. C. CLAYTON (Preside&), 0. L. BRADY, J. C. A. BRIERLEY, R. BRUCE, W. F. BUIST, W. J. A. BUTTERFIELD, R. M. CAVEN, F. D. CHATTAWAY, A. COULTHARD, W. R. FEARON, P. F. GORDON, I. M. HEILBRON, H. H. HODGSON, J. R. JOHNSON, PATRICK H. KIRKALDY (Hon. Treasurer), D. JORDAN LLOYD, H. M. MASON, W. D. ROGERS, E. RUSSELL, A. W. M. WINTLE. 353 Proceedings of the Council.NOVEMBER-DECEMBER, 1932. The Chemical Society.-The Council of the Institute has received a communication from the Council of the Chemical Society intimating that a number of local representatives have been appointed to look after the interests of Fellows of the Society residing beyond the metropolitan area. The Council of the Society proposes to arrange meetings in certain provincial centres for lectures and discussions on pure chemistry, and has instructed the local representative to act in the fullest co-operation with other organisations, especially with Local Sections of the Institute. The Council of the Society has also expressed the hope that the local meetings will be of value to Fellows and Associates of the Institute.The Council of the Institute, in reply, has expressed its gratification with the arrangements which have been made, whereby Fellows and Associates of the Institute may attend the meetings arranged by the Society; and Local Sections have been informed that the Council will be glad if members throughout the country will co-operate, as fully as possible, with the representa- tives of the Society on the lines suggested. The first meeting under the new scheme was held at Birm- ingham University, on the 25th November, when Dr. F. W. Aston, F.R.S., delivered the fourth Liversidge Lecture, taking as his subject "Physical Atomic Weights." Professor J. F. Thorpe presided in the unavoidable absence of Professor Henderson, President of the Society, and the meeting was attended by 300 chemists from the Midlands and under-graduate members of the Chemical Department of the University.Professional Interests.-The reference made in Part V (p. 295) to St at e-aided institutions undertaking professional practice has led to similar instances being brought to the notice of the Council. Appropriate action has been taken with satisfactory results. 364 Beet Sugar Industry.-In November, the Council received information regarding the employment of chemists in the British Beet Sugar Factories, from which it appeared that, although a reduction had been made in the numbers of aliens employed, the higher positions-those of superintendents and technical managers-were still held in nearly all cases by men of foreign nationality.In the House of Commons, on 1st December, Dr. G. C. Clayton, President of the Institute, asked the Minister of Labour if he would state how many aliens were employed in the British Beet Sugar Factories during the years 1930and 1931,how many were still so employed, and how many of these aliens occupied positions as superintendents or technical managers. Sir Henry Betterton, in his reply, said that the numbers of aliens employed under permit in Beet Sugar Factories were 67 in 1930, and 25 in 1931. The number still so employed under permit was 12, of whom 6 were superintendents or technical managers, in addition to 18 permanently resident aliens. On the 8th December, Dr.Clayton asked whether the British Beet Sugar Companies had yet given any undertaking to replace the 18 permanently resident aliens with British subjects. Mr. Hudson, Parliamentary Secretary to the Ministry, in reply, said that as these persons were permanently resident in this country, the question of such an undertaking from the employers did not arise ; whereon Dr. Clayton asked whether it was not the intention that British subjects should be trained to take the place of those aliens, and received the reply that Mr. Hudson gathered that some British subjects were trained and that the persons who were brought in, in anticipation of the training, had left the country; but there were others whom it had been found impossible to replace by British subjects, and they had now become permanently resident here.The President has intimated that he does not consider the above reply satisfactory and will confer on the matter still further with the Ministers concerned. Chemical Society Library.-Professor H. V. A. Briscoe has been appointed representative of the Institute on the Library Committee of the Chemical Society in succession to Mr. G. Ned Huntly, who has retired after serving in that capacity during the. past four years. 355 Lectures.-Professor Robert Robinson’s lectures entitled Outline of an Electrochemical (Electronic) Theory of the Course of Organic Reactions,” given before the Institute in April last, were published and issued to Fellows, Associates and Registered Students of the Institute, in November.Professor A. J. Allmand, F.R.S., Professor of Chemistry, King’s College, University of London, delivered two lectures at the Institute, on 21st and 28th October, on “The Nature of Simple Molecules and Elementary Processes.” The President presided at the first lecture, and Mr. Edward Hinks, Vice-president, at the second. Professor Allmand’s lectures were published and issued to Fellows, Associates and Registered Students in December. The Fifteenth Streatfeild Memorial Lecture, by Mr. William Arthur Williams, Fellow, Works Manager of the North British Rubber Co., Ltd., was read, in the unavoidable absence of Mr. Williams through illness, by Professor G. T. Morgan, O.B.E., F.R.S. The subject selected was *‘ Rubber.” Mr.Lewis Eynon, Vice-president, who presided, in the un-avoidable absence of the President, reminded the meeting that the Streatfeild Memorial Lecture was established by past students of Finsbury Technical College, in memory of Frederick William Streatfeild, a Fellow of the Institute, who had been a member of the staff of the College as a teacher of applied chemistry for over 35 years, and throughout that period had endeared himself to all who came under his teaching and influence. At the conclusion of the reading Professor Morgan moved a vote of thanks to Mr. Williams, and that a message of sympathy be sent to him in his illness, with the good wishes of the meeting for his speedy recovery. The motion was seconded by Mr.E. M. Hawkins and supported by Mr. Julian Baker and carried. Professor Morgan received, on behalf of Mr. Williams, a bronze medal, kindly presented by the City and Guilds of London Institute, together with a portrait of Streatfeild. The thanks of the meeting were also accorded to Professor Morgan for reading the lecture, and to Mr. Eynon for presiding at the meeting. The Lecture will be published and issued as a separate monograph. 356 The Fourth Gluckstein Memorial Lecture was de-livered at the Institute on 16th December, by Sir Frederick Gowland Hopkins. The President reminded the members that it was the fourth occasion on which they had assembled to honour the memory of Mr. S. M. Gluckstein, who had delivered a remarkable lecture before the London Section of the Institute in 1927.That lecture had illustrated the views of an industrial leader on the value of the services which might be rendered by chemists to industry. Mr. Gluckstein had been the prime mover in the establishment of a very considerable chemical department in the company of which he was a director, and was, therefore, able to speak from personal experience. He had lived only a short time to see the success of that project, but the chief chemist, Dr. Lampitt, and the staff of the laboratory, had asked the Council to establish the S. M. Gluckstein Memorial Lecture, the main purpose of which was to illustrate the im-portance of chemistry to the community, to industry, to com- merce, to health, and to life itself.The Institute had had excellent lectures from Dr. Lampitt, on “The Chemist and Commerce,” from Dr. A. E. Dunstan, on “The Transmutation of the Chemist,” in which he had dealt with the chemist as a manager and leader in industry, and, last year, from Sir Frank E. Smith, on “Chemistry and the Com- munity,” in which he had shown the importance of science to the State. On the present occasion, the Institute was honoured, and very greatly honoured, by the presence of Sir Frederick Gowland Hopkins, President of the Royal Society, who had been a Fellow of the Institute for over forty years, and had devoted so much of his life to biochemistry; he would speak on “Chemistry and Life.’’ At the conclusion, the President moved a vote of thanks to the lecturer, which was received with acclamation.The Lecture will be published in due course. Pedler Scholarship .-The Pedler Fund Commit tee, with the approval of the Council, reported, in August last, that the Scholarship held by Dr. Barnett Levin would be extended until October, 1933. Dr. Levin, however, has since been appointed lecturer in the Medical School at Guy’s Hospital, and the Council has, therefore, concurred in his retirement from the Scholarship. 357 It is hoped that the results of Dr. Levin’s work on the methods of estimating small quantities of calcium and magnesium under varying conditions, will be available for publication in the near future. The Pedler Fund Committee will proceed to the consideration of the appointment of the third Pedler Scholar early in the new year.National Certificates in Chemistry.-The President and Council of the Institute has conveyed a message of good wishes to Mr. A. Abbott, C.B.E., on his retirement from the appointment of Chief .Inspector, Technological Branch, Board of Education. Mr. Abbott had been associated with the work of the Joint Com- mittee of the Board of Education and the Institute in the scheme of examinations for National Certificates in Chemistry since its inception. The Cribb Collection.-The collection of prints and engravings of historical chemical interest, and an antique sloping double-tube barometer, bequeathed to the Institute by the late Mr. Cecil H.Cribb, have been received from his executors, and arrangements are being made for their preservation. The President has expressed to the executors, on behalf of the Institute, appreciation of Mr. Cribb’s kind thought, and has assured the executors that the collection is gratefully accepted and will be suitably preserved, in accordance with his wishes. Further particulars of the collection will be published in due course, and it is hoped that, on some suitable occasion, itmay be displayed for the inspection of the Fellows and Associates, Institutions.-The Harris Institute, Preston, has been added to the list of colleges recognised for the training of candi-dates for the Associateship of the Institute, and the Merchant Venturers’ Technical College, Bristol, has been replaced on the list.358 Local Sections. Aberdeen and North of Scotland.-Professor James Hendrick presided at a meeting of the Section held at Marischal College, Aberdeen, on and December, when the Registrar of the Institute gave a lecture on (* Alchemists in Art and Literature.” The thanks of the meeting were accorded to Mr. Pilcher, on the motion of Professor Findlay. Birminghamand Midlands.-On 25th October, the Section enjoyed a Social Evening and Dance, in which members of other Chemical Societies in the Midlands were invited to participate. On 8th November, Mr. N. C. Beetlestone, delivered a very interesting lecture on the subject of (( British Wines ” Mr. Beetlestone said that the origin of wines could be traced by legend, folk-lore and deduction to prehistoric times.Most pro- bably wines were in general the fermented juices of any, or every, berry, but the superiority of the product from grapes led first to its adoption as a standard and so, by natural evqlution, it came to be regarded as the wine, and finally as the only wine. The first known British wine was the mead or heather wine, i.e., fermented honey,-the sacramental wine of the early Britons. The making and use of this beverage were pre-Roman, and per- sisted through the Saxon and Norman eras, down to the Jacobean period. Indeed, its preparation was still continued as a cottage craft in some of the remoter spots of these islands to-day. From the 13th to the 15th centuries the monastic establish- ments of England made grape wines, probably strengthening their musts with honey.Some of these wines gained not only local but international repute. The truest native wines nowadays were the products of the fermentation of the juice of the apple and pear-cider and pew; but, in addition, the fermented infusions of fruit in sugar solutions made very palatable beverages. Such fruit wines had at various times been adopted as a more or less satisfactory substitute for 359 grape wines, particularly during such periods as the Napoleonic wars, when grape wines were practically unprocurable owing to the embargo. British wines might be divided into three classes : (a)Empire wines, made from grapes grown in the Colonies and fermented there in imitation of Continental wines; (b) English wines fer- mented in England from imported grape juice, both the methods of fermentation and the products running true to those typical of certain Continental wines; (c) other British wines, viz., fermented fruit and root infusions.(a)and (b)might be, and indeed very often were very creditable reproductions of the wines they imitated. There were big diver- gences in both palate and bouquet, but not however more than might be found between foreign wines of similar class. The British wines, on the other hand, were quite distinctive, having their own marked characteristics; yet if properly made they would bear comparison with well-made grape wines. A number of interesting recipes was given for such wines, and samples were exhibited.An outline of the methods of making British wines and the discussion of various technical difficulties brought the lecture to a conclusion. The lecturer replied to a number of questions put by various members, and was accorded a vote of thanks on the motion of Mr. A. W. Knapp, Chairman of the Section. Members of the Section have been invited during the last two months to a number of functions held under the auspices of other Chemical Societies. These meetings , which have been recorded in detail in other journals, have included an extra meeting of the Chemical Society, held in the University, Birmingham, on 25th November, when Dr. F. W. Aston, F.R.S., lectured on the subject of “Physical Atomic Weights.” On 26th November, the British Association of Chemists held their Annual Meeting in Birmingham, the Section being repre-sented by Mr.Knapp, at the Dinner-Dance at the Midland Hotel in the evening. A number of members have also attended lectures given by the University Biochemical Society. These have included- “Fermentation,” by Prof. A. Harden, F.R.S. ;“Instinct and Appe-tite,” by Dr. L. J. Harris; and “Some Chemical Factors in Anaphylaxis,” by Dr. S. Peat. 360 Bristol and South-Western Counties.-At a joint meeting by the Local Section of the Institute and of members of the Bristol University Chemical Society, held in the University chemical lecture theatre, on 28th November, Dr.F. D. Chattaway, M.A., F.R.S. a Vice-president of the Institute, gave a lecture on Reactions of an Aldehyde,” and particularly described a research carried out at Oxford on the preparation and properties of chloral. After recalling that this compound was first prepared by Liebig in 1831, and was the forerunner of chloroform and other anaesthetics, the lecturer, with the aid of lantern slides, discussed its composition, properties and uses, and indicated the complex reactions, some of which were not yet satisfactorily explained, which the compound produced with different reagents. Dr. Chattaway varied his lecture with reminiscences of his work over a wide experience. Mr. R. H. Ellis, Chairman of the Local Section of the Institute, presided.On the proposition of Mr. Day a vote of thanks was passed to Dr. Chattaway for an instructive and interesting lecture. Edinburgh and East of Scotland.-The first meeting of session was held, jointly with the Local Section of the Society of Chemical Industry, at the North British Station Hotel, Edinburgh, on 20th October, when Dr. W. 0. Kermack, Chairman of the Local Section of the Society, delivered his inaugural address entitled Some Recent Work on the Chemistry of Proteins.” After referring to the fundamental nature of Fischer’s work on the structure of proteins, the lecturer briefly indicated its main conclusions, namely, that proteins consisted of amino-acids joined together in peptide chahis. Other modes of linkage were not excluded, but appeared to be of relatively minor importance.The presence of diketopiperazine rings in the protein molecule, postulated by Abderhalden and supported by considerable experimental evidence, was probable;but it seemed unlikely that such rings accounted for more than a small percentage of the amino-acids. In recent years, considerable evidence had accumulated to indicate that, at the iso-electric point, the 361 protein was not really electrically neutral, but that a consider-able number of the amino- and carboxyl-groups existed in the ionised condition, so that the molecule as a whole, was a zwitter-ion. The problem of protein denaturation had long remained a mystery, and the recent work of Anson and Mirsky, which appeared to prove that in certain instances at least denaturation was a reversible phenomenon, seemed to constitute a definite step in the elucidation of a puzzling subject.The remarkable results of Svedberg, which had been obtained during the past six or seven years by the use of the ultra centrifuge, were described. The magnitudes calculated by Svedberg were more properly described as micellar weights than molecular weights. The suggestion was made that the protein micelle measured by Svedberg might consist of aggregations, in a more or less definite arrangement, of smaller peptide chains, corresponding to Sved- berg’s pro-proteins. An analogy seemed to exist between native and denatured protein, on the one hand, and amylose and amylopectin, as described by Hirst, Plant and Wilkinson, on the other.In conclusion, some of the main features of the colloidal behaviour of protein solutions were discussed, and diagrams were exhibited which indicated the main facts in the interaction of proteins with ampholytic colloids at various hydrogen ion concentrations. The discussion which followed was led by Professor Slater Price. On the motion of Professor Barger, a vote of thanks wils accorded to the lecturer. Glasgow and West of Scotland.-The Annual General Meeting of the Section was held in the Royal Technical College on mst October,-Mr. H. Findlay in the Chair. The following office bearers were duly elected:-Mr. R. G. W. Eadie, Hon. Treasurer; Mr. J. R. Ferguson, Hon. Asst. Secre- tary; Mr.A. R. Campbell and Dr. T. S. Stevens, Members of Committee; and Dr. A. B. Crawford, Hon. Auditor. The reports of the Hon. Secretary and Hon. Treasurer were received and adopted. At the conclusion of the business the members examined an exhibit of photo-electric apparatus, kindly arranged by the General Electric Co., Ltd., to whom the Chairman expressed the thanks of the Section. A joint meeting with the Local Section of the Society of Chemical Industry was held in the Royal Technical College on 362 4th November,-Prof. F. J. Wilson in the Chair. Mr. C. S. Garland gave a most instructive address on Ceramic Insulators, their manufacture and testing.” A report of this paper was published in Chemistry and Industry on 18th November (p.961). A meeting of the Local Section was held on 11th November in the Ca’doro Restaurant, Glasgow, for a discussion on professional matters. Prof. R. M. Caven occupied the Chair in the unavoidable absence of Mr. H. Findlay, the Chairman of the Local Section. The Chairman read an extract from the notice convening the meeting, in which it was stated that “It is intended that this meeting should be quite informal, more in the nature of a talk among members than a pre-arranged discussion.” A period of twenty minutes was allowed for each subject, with an allocation of not more than five minutes to each speaker. The first subject dealt with was “Unemployment among Chemists.” Dr. P. F. Gordon opened this subject and dealt sympathetically with the question. He also pointed out that, by a peculiar paradox, chemists, by virtue of their own particular abilities for improving processes of manufacture and control, were partly responsible for the unemployment in certain branches of the profession.Dealing with the Appointments Register, Mr. Peden suggested that employers should be further encouraged to apply direct to the Institute for chemists, rather than advertise in the general press. In this connection, Dr. W. M. Cumming suggested that the practice of replying to box numbers should be discouraged. If an applicant gave his full name and address it was only fair that the advertiser should do likewise. The Benevolent Fund was next under consideration. Mr. Lever appealed for very generous support for this deserving section of the Institute’s activities.Following this, Mr. J. G. Duncan made the very practical suggestion that a collection should be made for this purpose, and as a result the sum of -@ IS. 3d. was collected and duly forwarded to the Benevolent Fund. The subject of “Refresher Courses ” for post-graduates was raised, and various suggestions were dealt with at considerable length. On a vote being taken, it was decided that such courses 363 were desirable, and the Committee was instructed to investigate the possibilities in this direction. The question of the subjects for the Food and Drugs Exami-nation (Branch E) was discussed. It was pointed out that tuition in this branch was available in London, but not elsewhere, and it was asked whether attendance at these courses satisfied the Institute with regard to their stipulation that the candidate for the Fellowship in Branch E must have three years’ experience in the practice of this Branch.* Dr.W. M. Cumming proposed a vote of thanks to Prof. R. M. Caven for presiding at the meeting, and said that the Section had been fortunate in having Dr. Caven and Dr. Gordon, both Members of Council, present at the meeting to assist in the discussion. Dr. J. Sword thanked the Honorary Secretary for initiating this type of meeting, which he hoped would be continued, and thus stimulate interest in the work of the Institute. A joint meeting of the Local Sections of the Institute and the Society of Chemical Industry was held in the Shipbuilders’ and Engineers’ Institute, Glasgow, on 25th November, when Dr.G. D. Bengough delivered one of the Jubilee lectures on ‘‘Corrosion of Metals in Salt Solutions and Sea Water.” The lecture was reported in Chemistry and Industry on 2nd December (p. 998). The Annual Ramsay Chemical Dinner, in which all the Chemical Societies in the district participated, was held at the Central Hotel, Glasgow, on 9th December,-Sir Harry M’Gowan in the Chair, After the loyal toasts, Sir Harry M’Gowan, in submitting “The Profession of Chemistry,” said that day by day he was made keenly conscious of the results of scientific work. The difficulty was not to use new knowledge but to reconcile it with other conditions.Sometimes the industrialist might be forgiven for feeling that science moved too quickly. Manufacturing * It is understood that courses in the chemistry of food and drugs and in therapeutics, pharmacology and microscopy are also available in Man-Chester. Candidates for the Examination in Branch E are allowed to supplement their experience by means of such courses, but no candidate is admitted to the examination on the strength of these courses only. The matters raised at this meeting were afterwards considered at a meeting of the Committee of the Section, which was attended by the Assistant Secretary of the Institute. 364 plant was designed and intended to endure over such a period as would permit of its cost being provided out of the profits it returned.To-day, however, the manufacturer, when weighing the pros and cons of installing new plant, whether for the ex- tension of existing processes or for developing new products, was haunted by the possibility that new scientific discovery or technical development might shortly reveal more economical methods of effecting his purpose. As a safeguard, liberal provision for obsolescence became a cardinal point in financial policy. But heavy expenditure on scientific research could not be withheld. Indeed, its necessity was perhaps increased rather than diminished. Turning to discuss commercial and industrial affairs, he said that, while the export trade of the world had, since September 1931,continued to fall, the decline in British exports had been somewhat less.Just as our exports became cheaper by that step, so all imports tended to be made dearer. In some part, however, that increase in import prices was restrained by the fall in gold prices caused by our leaving that standard. The institution of tariffs, however, reinforced the restriction of imports so that in the year following September 1931,the rate of fall in value of British retained imports had exceeded that of the eighteen principal industrial countries. These two steps had, therefore, largely arrested the decline in British industrial conditions. They had not, however, been strong enough to raise the dead weight of the downward tendency of world trade. On the other hand, there had been certain reliefs from the economic pressure of the abnormal fall in prices of the past few years.The reduction in the volume of trade had freed so much money that excessive money market funds had brought the current rate of interest down to the usual low crisis level. The Chancellor of the Exchequer had thus been able to carry through National Debt conversion operations of an unprecedented magnitude with unequalled success. That triumph might have led in the next Budget to some reduction in the burden of our taxation, but other unfortunate events might now preclude any such relief. Industry had, however, gained a little by new capital issues, and, though they might only have replaced former commitments, the fall in interest rates meant a welcome economy.The principal purpose of the coming World Economic Con-ference would be to find a solution of these interrelated problems 365 of unaltered interest burdens and disastrously low prices for the staple commodities of world trade, which had directly led to the present network of monetary and fiscal restrictions upon inter- national commerce. Apart from world difficulties, British industry had also its own special problem. In his view, loss of competitive power had been largely due to the fact that British industry had not kept pace in recent years with progress elsewhere in industrial organisation. There had been, and still was, a tendency to be contemptuous of the idea expressed by the word "rationalisa-tion." It represented a principle of great value.For geographical, climatic, and geological reasons it would always be to the advantage of the world to conduct a considerable volume of international trade. But, coupled with that necessity, we had to recognise and meet for many years the natural desires of great nations, and even small ones, to use these powers in such a manner that their national life presented fairly well- balanced industrial and agricultural activities. It was not unnatural that agricultural nations should seek to establish within their boundaries such manufacturing industries as appeared suitable, if only for the greater opportunities and the larger pecuniary rewards that they brought. No matter how suitable a country might be as a whole for food production, it would contain men whose wealth, ability, and disposition could only find satisfaction in manufacturing industries. National pride was not slow to foster that ambition.When, therefore, the present depression had passed away and international and national business activity was restored to a more normal level, we had to look forward, over a long period of years, to some diminution in the volume of international trade in manufactured goods. If that view were correct, its greatest effect would fall upon our own country. It was here that the greatest readjustment would have to be made. As he saw it, the intermediate stage would be one of co-operation between British capital, British industrialists, and their foreign vis-d-vis.In place of British exports to many countries we would see industries established on the spot by joint native and British activity. British savings would be directed towards further foreign investment for that purpose, and for a time the manufacture of the plant would provide employment for our people. But, at the same time, unless economic nationalism shrank before wiser counsels, there 366 was bound, in many present exporting industries, to be a diminu-tion of activity with a consequent reduction in the present value and volume of invested capital. We had, therefore, before us a great financial and industrial problem. It was for these reasons that he considered a far greater measure of industrial organisation was necessary.We needed a Minister of State who would devote all his time and attention to promoting the co-ordinated reorganisation of British industry. There was no idea in his mind of Govern- ment Departments running industry. What he wanted was co-operation, not interference. In present and coming conditions the State would inevitably be more and more concerned with the development of trade, by reconciling divergent interests, ensuring that fresh liquid supplies of capital were attracted to their most efficient use, and promoting a closer contact between banking and industry. Expressed in one sentence, and echoing what the Macmillan Committee had said of finance, his considered view was that we had “reached the stage when an era of conscious and deliberate management must succeed the era of undirected natural evolution. ’’ The imposition of tariffs and the results of the Ottawa Conference, coupled with the obvious necessity and desire on the part of our industries to become more efficient than ever before, gave him hope that-when fundamental international problems were more or less settled, which he believed would be accomplished at not too distant a date-this old country would again lead the world as it had done in the past.The toast was acknowledged by Dr. R. H. Pickard, President of the Society of Chemical Industry, who claimed that chemistry, with its excitements and interests, was the greatest of the professions. Dr. John A. Cranston proposed the toast of “The Guests,” to which Brigadier-General James W.Walker replied. The dinner Convener, Mr. J. C. McCallum, proposed the toast of “The Chairman,” and, in the course of his reply, Sir Harry M’Gowan thanked the Convener and his colleagues for the excellence of the arrangements which had been made to render the evening so successful. The company enjoyed dancing until z a.m. Huddersfie1d.-A meeting of the Section was held in Field’s Caf6, Huddersfield, on 8th November, at which Mr. H. W. Moss presided. 367 The Chairman introduced Mr. K. Gordon, of Imperial Chemi- cal Industries (Fertiliser and Synthetic Products), Ltd., Billing- ham, who gave a lecture on bb The Hydrogenation Process " of which he has kindly supplied the following abstract:- "For some years, countries without indigenous oil supplies have devoted attention to the manufacture of oil from their coal and lignite, because an ever-increasing quantity of oil is imported into these countries with an adverse effect on their trade balance."Hydrogenation provides a complete solution of this problem from the technical point of view. Coal, lignite, shale oil and tars can now be completely converted to oils except for small amounts of gas and residue which are consumed in the process. The hydrogenation process has been developed mainly for the production of motor spirit, which is at the same time the most valuable oil, and the one consumed in the largest quantity. Nevertheless, it is also possible to produce heavier oils by a slight modification of the process.The process has been developed in semi-technical plants in the laboratories of I.C.I. at Billingham, and in an experimental plant treating 15 tons of coal per day also at Billingham. In order to understand hydrogenation it is necessary to compare the compositions of the raw materials and the finished products. Petrol contains 12-15 per cent. of hydrogen, a mean molecular weight of about 100. Heavier oils have higher molecular weights, and generally smaller proportions of hydrogen. "There are three essential differences between these oils and the raw materials-coal, lignite, tars and shale oils, the latter being characterised by- "(a) The presence of impurities-ash, which is an accidental impurity in solid fuels, and the elements-oxygen nitrogen and sulphur.By treatment with hydrogen these elements can be removed as water, ammonia, and sulphuretted hydrogen. "(b) A deficiency of hydrogen. The hydrogenation process supplies this deficiency. "(c) Too great a molecular weight. The molecular weight of hydrocarbon oils can be decreased by 'cracking ';since at 40O0-5OO0 C. heavy oil molecules decompose into smaller molecules. The complex coal molecule cannot be decomposed in this way unless it is first saturated with hydrogen to approximate its composition more closely to that of a hydrocarbon oil. 368 “The hydrogenation process, and that process alone, is thus capable of turning coal (and also, of course, tars and other materials intermediate in composition between coal and oil) into oils.“In the destructive hydrogenation of coal there are four types of reaction proceeding simultaneously : ‘‘ (a) Removal of oxygen, nitrogen and sulphur, by reduction, e.g. the conversion of phenol into benzene and water. ‘‘(b) Saturation of unsaturated compounds. “(c) Cracking. “(d) Gas formation. “This last is an undesirable reaction which is minimised by careful control of conditions. The conditions of hydrogenation must be carefully chosen so that reactions, (a) to (c) proceed at the right relative speeds. If the cracking reaction is allowed to predominate, coke and excessive quantities of gas are produced. The conditions which can be varied during the process are pressure, temperature and the kind of catalyst.For most hydrogenation processes it is essential to work at 200 atmospheres’ pressure at least. At lower pressures, the concentration of hydrogen is not enough for the hydrogenation reaction to proceed with sufficient speed. The temperatures required vary from 400’ to 500’ C., and accurate temperature control is highly important. (‘Catalysts are now of first importance in hydrogenation technique. When the material to be treated is a solid or liquid under the working temperature and pressure, it is treated in the liquid phase in the presence of finely divided catalyst. When the material exists under hydrogenation conditions as a vapour, it is treated in the vapour phase in the presence of solid catalyst.In liquid phase hydrogenation, if coal is the raw material, this is finely ground and mixed into a paste with heavy oil so that it can be treated as a liquid. The feed material is pumped through heat exchangers and heating tubes, together with the necessary hydrogen. At the desired temperature it enters the converter or reaction vessel. This vessel is full of liquid oil, the coal and catalyst being kept in suspension by the agitation of the bubbles of hydrogen. The hydrogenation reaction takes place, and light oils, as they are formed, are evaporated and leave the vessel as vapours mixed with excess of hydrogen, steam, ammonia, H,S and hydrocarbon gases. A portion of the liquid contents of 369 the converter are purged continuously as sludge to remove ash and any part of the coal not converted to liquids.The vaporous products are cooled and light oils and aqueous liquor separated out. Vapour phase hydrogenation has been devised for materials boiling below 300’ C., which are completely vapourised under hydrogenation conditions. The vapourised oil mixed with hydrogen is heated to reaction temperature and passed through a vessel filled with catalyst. By varying the catalyst it is possible to control the nature of the products. More active catalysts working at lower temperatures give more saturated products, less active catalysts give aromatic petrols with better knock ratings.’’ The treatment of sludge and ammoniacal liquor, and also purification of the gas by washing, was referred to, and by means of extremely interesting diagrammatic and photographic slides the lecturer described the technical development of the coal hydrogenation process, particularly from the engineering standpoint.Mr. Gordon concluded with some facts about the physical properties of petrol obtained by the hydrogenation process, and also indicated the possibilities of producing other products, such as kerosene, Diesel oil and fuel oil. Samples of the products obtained at the various stages in the liquid and vapour phase hydrogenations were exhibited. The lecture induced an active discussion, in the course of which Mr. Gordon enlarged on certain points in the actual operation of the process and in the plant employed.A vote of thanks was accorded to Mr. Gordon, on the motion of Dr. H. W. Stephen, seconded by Mr. N. Hall. Irish Free State.-A meeting of the Section was held in University College, Dublin, on the 2nd November,-Professor W. E. Adeney presiding. Mr. W. E. V. Abraham, B.Sc., A.R.C.Sc.I., read a paper on ‘‘ Oil Winning in Burma.” The lecturer first gave an account of the geology of oil-bearing districts, where oil occurs in the pore spaces of sandstone, covered by an impervious stratum of shale. When such beds of sand- stone and shale have acquired the shape of an inverted saucer, oil rises towards the top while water remains in the flanks of the dome. 370 Drilling is carried out by two methods, percussion and rotary.The former necessitates the lining of the bore hole every 20 feet with steel tube, while in the rotary method, boring may be carried to depths of 2000 to 3000 feet, before the bore is lined with tube in 80-feet lengths. In the latter method, mud is fed in during the drilling to remove the material which has been loosened by the drill. Natural oil contains gases such as methane, ethane and butane, and the pressure of these gases is utilised for lifting the oil to the surface, where it is stored in tanks prior to conveyance by pipe- line to the refinery. Mr. Abraham dealt, in some detail, with geological mapping, geophysical exploration, well-surveying and the functions of gas and mud in oil production, and also described a simple instrument, the Weva Inclinometer, for measuring the amount and direction of deviation of bore holes from the vertical.A vote of thanks to the lecturer was proposed by Mr. G. O’Callaghan, and ‘seconded by Mr. H. Thornton. The Annual General Meeting of the Section was held in University College, Dublin, on 23rd November,-Professor W. E. Adeney in the Chair. Dr. James Bell, Hon. Treasurer, presented his report, which was received and adopted. The following were declared elected as members of committee : Dr. W. E. Adeney, Dr. J. Bell, Mr. B. G. Fagan, Dr. G. G. Leonard, Dr. J. H. Millar, Mr. A. O’Farrelly and Mr. J. W. Parkes. Dr. G. Van B. Gilmour then read a paper on bb Margarine.” The foundation of the margarine industry was laid in 1870, during the siege of Paris, by Mege Mouries, who was awarded the prize offered by Napoleon I11 for a butter substitute.The spread of the industry and its magnitude to-day were indicated by statistics of production and consumption per head per annum in various countries. Scandinavian peoples are the largest consumers, Denmark leading with a consumption of over 54 lbs. per head per annum, the consumption in Germany being 18 lbs., in England, 16 lbs., and in the Irish Free State, 3 lbs. In the early days of the industry, margarine was made from animal fats, mainly beef fat and lard, but, at the present time, 37 z the bulk of margarine contains chiefly vegetable fats. Margarine may be defined as a solidified emulsion of fat and milk or of fat and water in which fat forms the continuous phase.It is by law limited to a water-content of 16 per cent.; it contains between 80 and go per cent. of fat and about 1-5per cent. of salt. Margarine would be almost white were it not for the small amount of dye added to give it the rich yellow colour of butter. A description was given of different materials added to margarine during manufacture to improve the taste, texture, frying pro- perties and food value, also of materials added for the purpose of easy detection. Details were given of different methods of margarine manufacture, and comparisons were drawn between them. The lecturer dealt with the origin, refining and preparation of the various fats used by the manufacturer, such as beef fats, lard, cocoanut, palm kernel, ground nut, cotton seed, soya bean, etc., and referred to the present tendency to have the fat refinery alongside the margarine factory, thus enabling refining to take place only at the rate of margarine production. Refined edible fats are very susceptible to oxidation, a condition easily detected by taste; for this reason the margarine producer should use only recently refined fats.The importance of pure milk for margarine making was emphasised; also the care that has to be taken in regularly sterilising all plant with which the margarine comes in contact, otherwise the margarine would quickly develop objectionable flavours. Reference was made to the use of hydrogenated fats in margarine, and several processes of hydrogenation were explained, including the preparation of the nickel catalyst.An efficient catalyst is obtained by adding 85 parts of kiesel- guhr to a solution of 70 parts nickel sulphate, precipitating the nickel as carbonate by sodium carbonate and then reducing the precipitate by hydrogen at 300' C. Thus prepared, the catalyst contains 15 parts of nickel and 85 of kieselguhr, the latter being added to facilitate the removal of the nickel from the hardened oil. Hydrogenation affects those acids with the greatest number of double bonds first. Iso-oleic acid is produced in the process of hardening, and this may rise to 30 per cent. The presence of iso-oleic acid in an oil may be used as an indication of hydro- genation, as it occurs to the extent of only I per cent.in natural oils. In concluding, comparisons were made between butter and 372 margarine, the lecturer stating that, apart from vitamin-content, both had approximately the same food value. Margarine can be purchased with a vitamin potencyas high as that of thebest butter; the ccst of adding vitamin concentrates to margarine is small t~i~iiriardly affects the retail price. The main differences between butter and margarine are taste and texture, in which properties high quality butter is still a long way ahead of its rival. So long as there is an appreciable margin between the price of butter and the price of margarine, there will be a demand for the latter, and the consumer of margarine can rest satisfied that he or she is getting a commodity of high food value, prepared under hygienic conditions. A vote of thanks was passed to Dr.Gilmour for his interesting paper. Replying to questions following the paper, Dr. Gilmour said that the nickel catalyst was not completely removed from har- dened oil, but remained to the extent of one part in twenty millions hardened oil, but remained to the extent of one part in twenty millions, an amount which could be readily detected by the dimethyl-glyoxime test. The texture of butter and margarine could be gauged by their spreading power. Margarine spreads well when the fats have not crystallised to too great an extent. Butter being a super-cooled oil spreads well.Vitamin A is usually added to margarine in the form of concentrates from whale liver oil. Dr. James Bell, Hon Treasurer of the Section, was the principal guest of the Dublin Rotary Club, on 31st October, when he read a paper on ‘‘The Importance of Academic Research.” He said that science began in pre-historic times with the subconscious observations of primitive man on the phenomena taking place around him. The methods of physical science remained in a crude form until the thirteenth century. Roger Bacon introduced methods of designing and carrying out experi- ments to test the truth of theories. Numerous workers in the field of science had gradually added to our knowledge, under the impulse of human curiosity, and the sum total of this work constituted the realm of pure science.Other research workers operated in the industrial world, and their work formed the field 373 of applied science,-the improvement of products, the improve- ment of processes, and the discovery of new products. Applied science worked mainly by relying on pure science for information, which would assist in the solution of its problems. Pure science was of equal importance with applied science in achieving progress, but the application of a discovery was often a more difficult piece of work and a greater achievement than the actual discovery itself. Dr. Bell referred to the discovery of argon and the rare gases, andshowed how the work was taken upby applied scientists.Argon was used in the electric light industry; helium as’a non-infiam- mable gas for airships; neon in advertisement signs. He referred also to liquid air and to the development of the vacuum flask, and to the uses of selenium in the electrical industry : the electrical resistance of selenium varied according to the intensity of light to which it was exposed, and this property afforded a useful means whereby electrical currents could be operated by a beam of light. It had been applied in an ingenious device, first used in the Port of Dublin, by means of which a beam of light across the harbour, when interrupted by fog, operated a mechanism which started sirens and switched on the river lights. The same principle was used for automatic lighting of street lamps, and for burglar alarms.Other applications had been found in the automatic recording of racing results, the control of railway systems, and the opening of garage doors. Finally, he referred to the work of Faraday, and its far- reaching results. Science had no final goal: its march would continue to the end of time. Leeds Area.-The Annual General Meeting of the Section was held on 14th November, at the Great Northern Hotel, Leeds,-Mr. H. M. Mason in the Chair. Professor G. M. Bennett and Messrs. J. Barritt, G. J. Denbigh, and A. Woodmansey were elected to serve on the Committee for three years. Messrs. J. T. Thompson and J. M. Wishart were elected Honorary Auditors. Dr. F. L. Pyman, F.R.S., Director of Messrs.Boots Pure Drug Co., Ltd., gave an address on bb The Variation of Germicidal Action in Homologous Series.” The following abstract has been received from the Section :-“ ‘ Chemotherapy’ is now generally understood to mean the 374 treatment of parasitic diseases by chemicals, with the object of destroying the specific parasites of the disease. The most strik- ing success in chemotherapeutical work remains that of Ehrlich, the founder of the science, who in 1910discovered salvarsan. Of the many thousands of organic chemicals prepared since that date, none supersedes salvarsan and its simple derivatives (eg. neosalvarsan) . “Investigations on the germicidal activity of homologous series date from 1911-1917,when Morgenroth and his collabora- tors investigated the o-alkylhydrocupreines ;they found optimum activity towards pneumoccocus at ethyl (‘ optoquin ’), and at isooctyl (‘vazin ’) for diphtheria.The investigations of Johnson and Lane (1921)and of Dohme, Cox and Miller (1926) on the 4-n-alkylresorcinols culminated in the discovery of 4-n-hexyl- resorcinol, now used in this country and in the United States of America as a general antiseptic. Coulthard, Marshall and Pyman (1930) made an extended study of C-alkylated-phenols, -cresols, and -guaiacols, and showed that optimum activity occurs in each series at the C-amyl group; the alkyl-cresols are better germicides than the -phenols and much better than the -guaiacols. 4-n-Amyl-m-cresol, prepared by isomerising m-tolyl valerate with AlC1, to 4-n-valeryl-nz-cresol, and subsequent reduction by Clemmensen’s method, is now marketed.The introduction of the C-w-hydroxyalkyl group in place of C-alkyl increases the solubility of the higher homologues in water, but greatly depresses bactericidal action. “Referring to Gunn’s observation, that harmine possesses anti-malarial properties, the lecturer described an unpublished investigation on various derivatives of harmol, the phenol obtained by demethylating the naturally occurring alkaloid harmine. The o-n-and -iso-alkylharmols possess no anti-malarial properties, but they have been shown to be bactericides (maximum at .n-butyl) and amcebicides (maximum at n-nonyl) ; the n-derivatives are more active than the iso.The further preparation of o-w-diethylamino-n-alkylharmolsby treatment of the sodium derivative of harmol with w-diethylamino-n-alkyl chlorides, NEt2.(CH2)&1, gave a series of compounds possessing increased solubility as salts. The maximum amcebicidal effici- ency is found in approximately the same place (9 or 10 carbon atoms) as in the o-n-alkyl series, but the bactericidal efficiency towards B. typhosus is now optimal at w-diethylaminodecyl instead of rc-butyl. The principle of introducing the dialkyl- 375 aminoalkyl group into amino- and hydroxy-derivatives of quinoline led to the discovery of plasmoquine by Schulemann. “Amongst naturally occurring compounds, no alkoxy deriva- tives other than methoxy are found, but amongst synthetic drugs peaks of activity at or about four carbon atoms are not uncommon.In addition to the examples cited above, the lecturer mentioned other examples including the local anzesthetic ‘percaine ’ (z-butoxyquinoline-~-carboxy-/3-diethylaminoethyl-amide). Whilst nonyloxy-and decyloxy-compounds do not occur in nature, many natural compounds of pharmacological interest contain aliphatic chains of nine to twelve carbon atoms, instances being capsaicin (iso-decenylvanillylamide)and gingerol. “The structures of known synthetic purgatives and of the active principles of natural purgatives suggest that a synthetic purge should be a di-or tri-phenylmethane containing two phenolic hydroxyl groups. Investigation of a series of 4: 4’- dihydroxydiphenyldialkylmethanes, prepared by condensing phenol with dialkyl ketones, showed that the methylethyl derivative was the most active but, even so, was not as efficient as phenolphthalein or cascara.” A prolonged discussion followed, indicating the very great interest which the lecture had evoked.Replying to various questions, Dr. Pyman emphasised the inability to forecast that one member of a particular series would possess optimal bactericidal action; all the compounds had to be tested. Dr. Pyman was accorded a vote of thanks for his interesting paper. Liverpool and North-Western.-At a meeting held at the Constitutional Club, India Buildings, Liverpool, on 10th November, Mr. W. H. Topham read a paper entitled bb Biological Methods used in Vitamin Research.” The paper was illustrated by lantern slides and living exhibits.Mr. Topham first dealt with the vitamins themselves, pointing out that there had been in the past a tendency to regard diseases always as something “caught,” and never as something “lost.” The conception of “deficiency” diseases dated from 1912. These deficiency diseases were due to lack of some particular vitamin, i.e. to the absence of some chemical compound which animals were not as a rule capable of synthesising. 376 The lecturer mentioned the types of animals, usually either rats or guinea pigs, employed in these investigations, and described some of the methods of examining these experimental animals and the symptoms which they exhibited when submitted to a diet deficient in vitamins.He described the various vitamins themselves, their sources in nature, and the types of diseases which resulted from the lack of them in diet. . A vote of thanks to the lecturer was carried with acclamation. The thanks of the Section were also accorded to Mr. Knowles for the lending and operating of the lantern. A Social Evening was held at the Constitutional Club, India Buildings, Liverpool, on 8th December. Following an informal dinner, an excellent musical programme was given. The thanks of the Section were accorded to Mr. F. J. Smith for organising the programme, to which the following artists contributed: Mrs. R. Croad, Mrs. Hardwick, Mrs. J. Lomas, Mrs. Telford, and Messrs.Bowler, Mills, Lomas, Hardwick, Williams and Tucker. London and South Eastern Counties.-The Annual General Meeting of the Section was held at Slater’s Restaurant, High Holborn, on 23rd November, when the officers and com- mittee for the ensuing year were elected:-Chairman, Dr. L. H. Lampitt ; Vice-Chairmen, Professor J. C. Drummond and Mr. J. R. Nicholls; Hon. Treasurer, Mr. C. A. Adams; Hon. Secre- tary, Mr. M. Bogod; Committee, Messrs. L. Balmforth, A. W. Barrett, F. G. Edmed, F. R. Ennos, B. S. Evans, L. Eynon, J. Grant, E. Hinks, A. C. Hoare, A. S. Houghton, T. Howard, H. T. Islip, Miss D. Jordan Lloyd, Messrs. T. Moran, C. E. Sage, J. Watson and D. M. Wilson, and Miss W. Wright. Mr. F. L. Okell, a past Chairman of the Malaya Section, was welcomed by the Chairman.The business of the meeting was followed by an enjoyable smoking concert to which the following contributed :-Mrs. and Miss Boseley, Dr. L. J. Burrage, Mr. R. N. Cunningham, Mrs. Grant, Mr. W. P. Harmsworth, Mr. R. J. Lidworth, Dr. A. A. Levi, Mr. J. G. Maltby, Mrs. Nurse, Mr. Wall Barker, and Miss D. Wilson. Manchester and District.-The winter session was opened on 13th October by a meeting at the Manchester College of Technology,--Mr. J. H. Lester in the Chair. An address was given by Dr. L. H. Lampitt, on ‘‘ The Chemist and Commercial Life,” of which he has kindly provided the following prkis :-“It is only so far as we succeed in applying our scientific knowledge to the needs of the day that we justify ourselves. We are the interpreters in E s, d.of the work carried out in the quietude of the University Laboratory, the interpreters of all the fundamental knowledge being obtained the world over. How best to fit ourselves to carry out this mighty task is a study of supreme importance. “Every one of us has constantly to keep before him the principles on which his connection with industry depends. The mutual demands of any particular firm and its chemical staff change from day to day, and consequently any chemist in industry, no matter what his position may be, must always be changing his attitude and learning; for if he is not learning he is losing grip, and a retrograde action must result. “The longer I am connected with industry the more I realise the supreme importance of personality.I do not feel competent to discuss personality, but certain it is, that without this priceless gift the chemist cannot hope to fulfil satisfactorily his function. Incidentally, I have met men who, in themselves, have confused self-assertion with ‘ personality ’--a dangerous confusion. “It is curious that it needed the cataclysm of 1914-1918, to awaken industry, the Government and the people at large, to the work of science applied to industry, to the potential and unde- veloped possibilities of the application of organised science to all types of activities. In that wave of enthusiasm of the immediate post -war period, Research Associations were formed-some have succeeded, some have failed.It is not for us to discuss the reasons for failure. These Research Associations had for their object the rehabilitation of British Industry, and incidentally many firms who previously had had little or no scientific advice engaged chemists and started laboratories. Was this faith in science misplaced? If British Industry has not beeen rehabili- tated, can the failure be laid to the charge of the chemists? think not. It is a platitude to say that the present serious state of affairs is due to world-wide economic upheavals. But it is so. The banker, the financier, the economist, the organiser, the controller of capital, the propagandist-have all failed in their efforts to rehabilitate business. But I am convinced that we in this country would have been far worse off had it not been that 378 we had started to apply science to industry.No, the forces of destruction of national economic stability have obtained the upperhand, and a new era of intensified scientific control is required. “The world is only now developing the type of mind and the type of education suitable to fit scientific men to take their place in industry. Lack of liaison and lack of sympathy between the commercial man and the scientist have been some of the reasons for tardy results; as well as failure on the part of the chemist to translate his findings into words understandable by the non-scientifically trained mind, and impatience of the com-mercial man at the unpractical attitude of the chemist.How many directors of companies read the reports of the research section? If as ‘non-scientists’ they try to do so, they have my sympathy. But alternatively, how many chemists in industry can fully understand a balance sheet, or a profit and loss account ? Yet it is these that reflect the success or failure of the firm and not the scientifically correct reports of the chemist. I do not say that reports should not be scientific, neither do I suggest that the influence of the chemist is not reflected in the balance sheet. I only use this illustration to express my opinion that the chemist should have an understanding of the E s. d. side of affairs. “I pin my faith on a sound knowledge of chemistry, but if a man is thinking of going into the industrial world I would sacrifice a special course of lectures on the terpenes and substitute one on accountancy; I would forego an intimate knowledge of peptones and amino acids and replace it by a working knowledge of ‘blue-prints.’ “The old idea of science being intepreted by the purely technical staff to those who direct often stultifies progress ; and it is bad alike for the business and for the executive staff them- selves, that the control of science or of the scientific man should be in the hands of the technical man.As I said when I gave the first Gluckstein Memorial Lecture, the technical man does not know his own problems. Certain of them, yes, but many of his problems can only be appreciated by the chemist.” The address was greatly appreciated by the members present, of whom the following took part in the ensuing discussion:- Mr.E. L. Rhead, Mr. J. G, Sherratt, Dr. G. N. Burkhardt and the Chairman. A vote of thanks was accorded to the lecturer, proposed by Mr. S. A. Brazier, seconded by Mr. H. Stevenson. 379 At the Annual Conjoint Meeting of the Local Section of the Institute, with the Local Sections of the Society of Chemical Industry and the Society of Dyers and Colourists, and with the Manchester Literary and Philosophical Society, held at the Textile Institute on 10th November, Prof. Alexander Findlay gave an address entitled L6 Science and the Community.” Professor Findlay suggested that in spite of the great achieve- ments of applied science in promoting the material comfort and physical wellbeing of the people, the appeal for the appreciation and cultivation of science by the community as a whole should be made on the ground of its idealistic aim rather than of its materialistic purpose.For the development and enrichment of a full human nature, seeking for full self-realisation in truth, beauty and goodness, the cultivation of the spirit of science was necessary. The spirit of science, the spirit of “truth,” which gave satisfaction to the claims of the intellect, and gratification to the aesthetic judgment, was opposed neither to “beauty” as expressed in art and literature, nor to “good- ness” as expressed in ethics and morality. These three values were not antithetical but complementary; they were not separate and independent, but strengthened and enriched each other.Since the scientific values were necessary for a complete and perfect humanity, the inculcation of the spirit of science should form an essential element in our system of education, especially in our higher education; and it should be the aim of all our Universities to provide for this, by means of special instruction, adapted to the needs of students by whom the study of science was undertaken as an element of culture and not only as part of a technical training. Although the part which applied science had played in the life of the community had been of the highest importance, this fact did not justify the demand, sometimes made, that men of science should have a special and, in fact, supreme position of power in the government of the country.Such a claim, which was not supported by the general body of scientists, was a product of minds distorted by over-emphasis of the scientific mood, forgetful of the fact that it was the work of statesmen not so much to control inanimate nature, but to adjust the conflicting claims, prejudices and aspirations of men. One might expect to find agreement among men of science regarding the laws of science, but there was no reason to expect unanimity 380 among them in the domain of civil legislation. Men of science should, to a greater extent than they had done in the past, play their part as citizens, and offer, in all humility, their con- tribution towards a solution of the problems which faced the community; but they should remember that there could be no satisfactory solution if the values of “beauty” and of “goodness ” be neglected.Mr. J. H. Lester, Chairman of the Local Section of the Institute, presided. A vote of thanks was accorded to Professor Findlay. Newcastle and North-East Coast.-The Annual General Meeting of the Section was held on 9th November, at the New- castle Chemical Industry Club,-Dr. A. A. Hall presiding. The Committee’s Report and Treasurer’s Financial Statement for 1931-32 were adopted. The Committee and Officers were elected as follows:-Dr. J. T. Dunn (Chairman), Prof. G. R. Clemo, Dr. J. H. Jones, Dr. A.Rule, Dr. L. A. Sayce, Mr. F. H. Walker, Mr. N. Dawson (Hon. Treasurer) and Mr. M. A. W. Brown (Hon. Secretary). Hon. Auditors: Mr. H. C. L. Bloxam and Mr. E.W. Muddiman. Interviewing Committee: Dr. J. T. Dunn, Mr. H. C. L. Bloxam, Dr. P. L. Robinson and the Hon. Secretary. On the Chairman’s motion, a vote of thanks was accorded Mr. N. J. Ivison for his services as Hon. Secretary during the past year. On the motion of Mr. Bloxam, a vote of thanks to the retiring members of Committee was passed. A provisional programme for the ensuing Session, including two joint meetings with the Society of Chemical Industry, was approved. In a discussion with regard to further meetings to be held during the Session, mention was made of a proposed joint meeting with the Chemical Society, also of a suggestion to hold a meeting of the Section at Darlington in the near future.On 18th November, a joint meeting with the Local Section of the Society of Chemical Industry was held at Armstrong College, Newcastle-on-Tyne ,-Professor G. R. Clemo presiding. Mr. C. L. Haddon, Research Chemist to the Gotham Co., Ltd., Nottingham, gave an address on “ Gypsum Plasters and Cements,” illustrated by lantern slides and specimens. 381 Mr. Haddon outlined the formation and occurrence of gypsum and anhydrite, and described methods of winning and grinding, besides the manufacture and uses of plaster of Paris and other calcium sulphate cements. He dealt with the relationships between, and allotropy of, the forms of calcium sulphate, and gave much practical information on several aspects of the subject, referring especially to the increasing use being made of gypsum plasters as building materials.An interesting discussion ensued, and the lecturer, in replying to his many questioners, amplified several points of special interest. A vote of thanks was accorded Mr. Haddon for his address, on the motion of Mr. G. B. Howarth, seconded by Mr. M. A. W. Brown. SouthWales.-On zIst October, at Swansea, Cinematograph Films of “The Story of Sulphur’’ and “The Wallerscote and Winnington Works of Imperial Chemical Industries ” were ex- hibited before a joint meeting of the South Wales Sections of the Institute and of the Society of Chemical Industry.At the conclusion, Prof. Coates, on behalf of the meeting, thanked Messrs. Chance and Hunt and The Imperial Chemical Industries Ltd., respectively, for their kindness in allowing the films to be shown. On 28th October, at Cardiff, Mr. Donald Hicks, Coal Survey Laboratories, Treforest, gave a lecture on *‘The Physical and Chemical Examination of a Coal Seam ” before a joint meeting of the South Wales Sections of the Society of Chemical Industry and the Institute. Mr. Hicks dealt with the functions of a coal survey station, indicating the value of its work in correlating seams. He em- phasised the importance of reliable methods of sampling, and discussed the chemical examination of samples of coal, urging the necessity for standardisation of analytical technique.He also gave an interesting account of the triangulation of the entire coal-field according to a standard property, such as volatile matter. Dr. H. B. Watson, Chairman, Mr. Clarence A. Seyler and Mr. T. G. Watts expressed their appreciation of the paper. Mr. Seyler stated that an attempt was being made to give a practical 382 definition of hardness of coal. Mr. Watts stressed the need for uniformity of analytical methods. The meeting closed with a vote of thanks to the lecturer. Professor J. E. Coates presided at a meeting of the Section, held jointly with the Local Section of the Society of Chemical Industry, at Thomas’ Cafk, Swansea, on 11th November, when a lecture on “The Chemical Basis of Narcosis ” was given by Dr.J. H. Quastel, Director of Research, Cardiff City Mental Hospital. When brain tissue, obtained from various animals, was exposed to narcotics, there resulted a considerable diminution in the velocity of oxygen uptake. This applied to all narcotics tested, and with the dialkyl-barbituric acid series the diminution was greater than 30 per cent. when concentrations were used which were of the same order as those required to induce narcosis in animals. With such small concentrations of narcotics, the oxygen uptake of brain was much more affected than that of living yeast. The narcotics primarily inhibited the oxidation by the brain of substances important in carbohydrate metabolism, viz., glucose, lactic acid and pyruvic acid.The oxidations of succinic acid and p-phenylenediamine, which were freely oxidised by the brain , were unaffected by small concentrations of narcotics. There was a definite parallelism between the intensity of narcotic power and the magnitude of the inhibitive effect of the narcotic on the oxidation by brain of glucose and lactic acid; among drugs of the same chemical type those with the greater narcotic power had the greater inhibitive effects. The brains of chloroformed mice showed a diminished ability to oxidise glucose. Narcotics also inhibited anaerobic oxidations effected in the presence of brain-methylene blue being used as the oxidising agent. Thus, the action of a narcotic appeared to be concerned with the mechanisms which involved the activation of glucose or lactic acid as a substance for oxidation, whether this was aerobic or anaerobic.The narcotic did not interfere with the access (to the cell), or the activation, of molecular oxygen. From studies of the dynamics of the anaerobic oxidation of lactic acid by brain, in the presence of, and in the absence of, a narcotic (chloretone), it was concluded that lactic acid and the drug competed reversibly for the biological catalyst (s) involved. The evidence supported the contention that the narcotic was absorbed 383 at a nervous centre, the amount of absorption being dependent both on its constitution and that of the nervous centre, and that, in so doing, it hindered the access of lactic acid to the centre and so lowered the amount of lactic acid available for oxidation. The supply of energy to the nervous centre in question was thus diminished and a decrease of functional activity-leading to narcosis-ensued.The paper was followed by an interesting discussion to which Dr. Quastel replied. A vote of thanks was accorded the lecturer on the proposition of Mr. A. E. Tyler, seconded by Mr. E. Ayling. It was announced that the paper would be published in the November issues of the Proceedings of the Royal Society (Quastel and Wheatley) and of the Biochemical Journal (Davies and Quastel). On 18th November, at the Technical College, Cardiff, before a joint meeting of the Section and of the Local Section of the Society of Chemical Industry, Mr.John C. Roberts read a paper on ‘‘ Emulsions in Theory and Practice.” Mr. Roberts said that the subject of emulsions was one of ever-increasing importance ; academically, it had contributed to the elucidation of surface phenomena; industrially, a study of emulsions had solved many difficulties with respect to foodstuffs and other materials. Many emulsions occurred in Nature; these were all oil in water (O/W). A brief consideration of naturally occurring emul- sions was of interest. Milk was the commonest natural emulsion, and was produced in the mammary glands of all mammals. Emulsions were found in plants as latex, in latex tubes or laticiferous vessels. It was significant that these laticiferous vessels were found only in certain natural orders of plants, e.g.Papaveraceae, Compositae, Campanulaceae and Euphorbiaceae. This latex was sometimes of great commercial value. The latex occurring in the capsule of Papaver somniferum yielded, on drying, the valuable drug, opium; the latex of Hevea brasiliensis was the main source of the world’s rubber supply. The constituents of these emulsions showed an amazing variety of chemical substances,-e.g. milk contained fats, proteins, sugar, inorganic salts and water; latex might contain starch, resin, protein, oil, alkaloids, glucosides, etc. Opium contained 25 384 alkaloids, mucilage, sugar, wax, caoutchouc, inorganic salts and water. It was the only source of the alkaloid morphine,-one of the most important drugs known to medicine.Rubber latex contained, principally, caoutchouc (CloH16)n,proteins and water. This latex was coagulated by exposing it on the end of a long pole to smoke from burning palm nuts. Coagulation was pro- bably due to precipitation of the proteid by acetic acid in the smoke. An emulsion might be defined as a system containing two liquid phases, one of which (the disperse phase) was distributed as globules in the other (the dispersion medium or continuous phase). The two liquids must be relatively immiscible, or nearly so. Thus, within one pair of immiscible liquids, two types of emulsion were possible-oil in water, and water in oil. Both types might be further divided into simple emulsions and complex emulsions.Simple emulsions were formed from two liquids without the addition of any foreign substance. They might be prepared by one of the following methods :-(I) By refluxing oil and water for several hours. (2) By steam-distillation (in certain cases, e.g. quinoline and water). (3) By pouring an alcoholic solution of oil into water. Dilute emulsions in water thus prepared were colloidal in nature (the size of the globule coming under the class of microns, being about 0.1~). The globules were negatively charged and ex-hibited the phenomena of cataphoresis and Brownian move-ment. They might be separated by ultra-filtration. Simple emulsions were always very dilute and frequently unstable. Complex emulsions were more concentrated and more stable.The presence of a third substance, known as the emulgent, was necessary for st ability. Emulgents were of two types, soluble and insoluble, the latter being the less important. Kieselguhr, pumice powder, lampblack, etc., might be used as insoluble emulgents. By far the more important, however, were the soluble emulgents. Soluble emulgents were all colloidal in nature and were of two types-those giving O/W emulsions and those giving W/O emul-sions. The most important of the former type were acacia gum, tragacanth gum, Irish moss, saponins, soaps and proteins. Each 385 of these had its particular advantage or disadvantage. Irish moss was cheap, and a decoction was used largely as an emulgent in the industrial manufacture of emulsions.Soaps could be used in the presence of acids or for emulsions for internal use. An emulsion made with saponins was unaffected by acids, alkalis, salts or alcohol, but could not be used for internal use-in medicine, since saponins were protoplasmic poisons. Emulgents of the W/O type were mostly of importance in pharmacy. They were of value in incorporating a large quantity of an aqueous medium into an oily or fatty ointment base. Those commonly used were lanolin (and other waxes), and sometimes calcium soaps. Lanolin, or hydrous wool-fat, when added to petroleum jelly to the extent of 2-5 per cent., increased its absorptive power for water some twenty times, without appreciably altering the viscosity of the original base.The theory of emulsions was still in a state of flux. It must be noted that the stability of an emulsion was dependent not on one but on many factors, e.g. viscosity, surface tension, inter- facial tension and adsorption. The research work of recent years seemed to indicate that the adsorption factor was of paramount importance. The oriented-wedge theory of emulsions assumed the adsorption of a unimolecular layer of emulgent at the inter- face. It would seem that, in the case of soaps, this was a fairly rational and certainly an attractive theory. It must be remem- bered, however, that more was known concerning the constitution and spacial configuration of the soap molecule than was the case with most other emulgents. Spacial configuration undoubtedly played a large part in adsorption, and it would be unwise to apply this theory to saponins, proteins, etc., since nothing was known concerning their configurations.One of the strongest pieces of evidence in favour of the above theory with regard to soaps was that the calculated values of the areas of cross section of soap molecules (involving an assumption of the theory) were in excellent agreement with values calculated by entirely different methods. Emulsification on the small scale was generally performed with the aid of a pestle and mortar. On the large scale, revolving paddles, baae plates or worm screws were used. Stable emul- sions were best prepared by allowing the dispersed phase to flow in slowly. It had been shown that an optimum amount of work could be done; excess work might commence to break down the emulsion first formed.386 Emulsions so produced contained dispersed globules of vary- ing diameter. The process of reducing these to an approximately equal diameter, many times smaller than the average previously attained in the emulsion, was known as homogenisation. This process conferred greater stability on, and improved the appear- ance of, the emulsion. These two factors were of great importance in pharmaceutical preparations. In addition, emulsions which were intended for human consumption were thus rendered more digestible. The ease of digestion would increase, at any rate up to a certain limit, with the reduction in the size of the globule.The homogenised emulsion contained globules which might have a diameter I/Iooth of the average diameter of the globules in the emulsion before homogenisation. Such emulsions were very stable, and might even defy separation when centrifuged. De-emulsification was of importance in the manufacture of cream and of rubber, and in the “cracking” of emulsions which were found in condenser-water and in crude petroleum. De-emulsification might be effected by centrifuging, or by electrical or chemical methods. Mr. Roberts suggested that the importance of the subject of emulsions might be judged from a consideration of the matters to which he had referred, although many interesting processes, such as the manufacture of butter, margarine and mayonnaise, had necessarily been passed over.Advances in the theory and in the practical application of emulsions might be expected in the near future. A vote of thanks was accorded to Mr. Roberts for his paper. 387 Notes. Chemical Engineering.-A new laboratory for chemical engineering has been completed and equipped at King’s College, London. Legal.-The cases referred to in JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGS, Part IV, 1932 (pages 260-261) came before the Court of Appeal on 8th November, when Lords Justices Greer, Scrutton and Slesser upheld the decision of Mr. Justice Macnaghten, in the King’s Bench Division, in awarding damages to two chemists for breach of contracts of employment. The Physical Society.-The Physical Societyhas announced that the Twenty-third Annual Exhibition of Scientific Instru- ments and Apparatus will be held at the Imperial College of Science and Technology from 3rd to 5th January, 1933 (3 p.m.to 6 p.m. and 7 p.m. to 10 p.m.). Admission on 3rd and 4th January will be by ticket only-obtainable from the Institute or from the Exhibition Secretary, Physical Society, I, Lowther Gardens, Exhibition Road, London, S.W .7. On 5th January, the Exhibition will be open to the public without ticket. Discourses will be delivered each evening at 8 p.m., as follows:-On 3rd January: “Surface Tension and its Measure-ment,” by Dr. Allan Ferguson; on 4th January: “Cathode Ray Oscillography,” by Mr. R. A. Watson Watt; and on 5th January: “Time Measurement: Old and New,” by Mr.F. Hope- Jones. British Standards Institution.-Members of Technical Committee ACh4 Dopes and Sub-committees dealing with Dope Ingredients, Standard Dope and Doping, and Transparent Sheets, have been informed that, with the approval of the Aircraft Industry Committee, all the Technical and Sub-committees of the Aircraft Section are being re-organised. The original Commit tee and Sub-Committees have been dis- banded, and a new Technical Committee on Dopes, which has been re-numbered :lC/17, has been formed, while a small editing 388 Committee is continuing its work on the preparation of the revised edition of British Standard Specification No. 83 for Dope and Protective Covering. The thanks of the B.S.I.have been accorded to the repre- sentatives of the Institute on the above-mentioned Committee and Sub-Committees. The British Standard Specification No. 470 (1932)for Man- , hole Openings (Size and Position only) for Chemical Plant- Fixed and Mobile (not applicable for pressures over 175 lb. per sq. in.)-has been published. Price zs.,post free zs.zd. The Annual Chemical Dinner, in which fourteen Societies participated, was held at the Connaught Rooms, London, on 8th December,-Professor H. E. Armstrong, F.R.S., in the Chair. Sir Frederick Keeble, C.B.E., F.R.S., the guest of the evening, proposed the toast of “Chemistry,” to which the Chairman replied. Sir Frederick Gowland Hopkins, Fellozt, has been re-elected President of the Royal Society.Professor Robert Robinson, Fellow, has been awarded the Royal Medal of the Royal Society for his work in Organic Chemistry. Mr. William Dalrymple Borland, Fellow, has been elected Master of the Worshipful Company of Gunmakers. Mr. Frederick Dixon, Fellow, has been appointed Public Analyst for the County of Stafford, and Deputy Official Agri- cultural Analyst for the same county. Professor Walter Myers Gardner, Fellow, has resigned from the Editorship of the Journal of the Society of Dyers and Colourists, which he has held for many years, and in which he was formerly associated with Professor Knecht. Mr. Ellis Clayton, Fellow, has been appointed Co-Editor with Professor Frederick Maurice Rowe, Fellow, as Senior Editor.Mr. Adrian Joseph Clifford Lickorish, Fellow, has been appointed Public Analyst for the County of Bedford. Mr. Lionel Guy Radcliffe, Fellow, has retired from his appoint- ment as lecturer in Organic Chemistry in the College of Tech- nology, Manchester. 389 Books and their Contents. Since the publication of the JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGS, Part V, 1932,the following books-have been presented by the authors or publishers. Copies may be seen in the Library of the Institute. ‘‘Inorganic and Theoretical Chemistry, a Comprehensive Treatise on.” J. W. Mellor. Vol. XII. Pp. xii + 944. (London: Longmans, Green & Co.). 63s. Uranium ; manganese ; masurium and rhenium ; iron. “Nerve, Chemical Wave Transmission in.” A. V. Hill. Based on the Liversidge Lecture delivered at Cambridge in May, 1932.Pp. ix + 74. (Cambridge: University Press.) 5s. Illustrates biocheinical problems worthy of the attention of chemists : velocity of nerve impulses; the nerve system; nerve fibres; electric “action current” of nerve; electric organs; properties of the nerve impulse; heat production of nerve ; energy of the electric change; electric excitation ; energy exchanges in muscle ; nature of oxidative recovery. “Organic Chemistry, Laboratory Methods of.” L. Gattermann, completely revised by Heinrich Weland, translated from the aznd German edition by W. McCartney. Pp. xviii + 416. (London: Macmillan & Co., Ltd.). 17s. “Physical Chemistry, A Text-book of.” Vol. I : General Properties of Elements and Compounds.J. Newton Friend. Pp. xii + 501. (London: Charles Griffin & Co., Ltd.). 24s. Periodic table; units and fundamentals; atomic theory; gas laws and the kinetic theory ; vapour pressures of solids and liquids ; critical pheno- mena ; liquefaction, densities and molecular weights of gases ; change of state from solid to liquid and volume relationships; crystalline state ; specific heats of elements and compounds ; viscosity ; surface tension and the parachor ; optical properties ; classification of the elements; solubility and dissolution; diffusion and osmosis ;fusion of mixtures and freezing-points of solutions ;vapour pressures of liquids; adsorption; the colloid state. Cyanide Fumigation of Ships.-Mr. J. D.Hamer, Fellow, Chief Chemist to the Orient Steam Navigation Company, has forwarded copies of his paper on “Cyanide Fumigation of Ships,” read before the Royal Sanitary Institute, on 8th November. [In the JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGS, Part 111,1931 (pp. 149-150), the Council of the Institute of Chemistry advocated the employ- ment of qualified chemists or other persons with special experi- ence in the work, to give certificates of clearance after fumigation operations.] 390 Obituary. THOMAS died at Harlow, Essex, on 3rd December, HENRY BOWLES, in his 58th year. He was educated at the Polytechnic Day School, Regent Street, at King’s College, London, and from 1898 to 1900 under Tilden at the Royal College of Science, South Kensington.He then joined the staff of the Government Laboratory, where he attained the position of a Superintendent Chemist in the charge of the Tobacco Section. He was especially concerned with investigations for H.M. Office of Works bearing on the preservation of the wood work of Westminster Hall. He was joint author, with Dr. J. J. Fox, of a book on The Analysis of Paints, Pig- ments and Varnishes. He was elected a Fellow of the Institut,e in 1917. KATHLEEN COVE,a Registered Student, died at VC’imbledon, VICTORIA on 25th November, in her 42nd year. Educated at Newnham House School and Wimbledon Technical School, she intended originally to study medicine, but pursued chemistry at King’s College while holding appojnt- ments with the National Health Society and under the Minist,ry of Health.SAMUEL died at Dundee, on 24th November, in his “1st year. DONALD, He studied chemistry for three years under Mr. R. R. Tablock at the Mechanics’ Institute, and under Professor Sexton, at the College of Science and Arts, Glasgow, and was then for over three years assistant to Dr. Wallace, City Analyst, before he obtained an appointment as Chief Chemist to the Glasgow Corporation Gas Trust in 1883. In 1892 he moved to Dundee, where he was associated with the Gas Works and t,he Tar Dis- tillation Works, at Carolina Port, until his death. He was elected a Fellow of the Institute in 1888. CHARLESJAMESELLIS,died at Milngavie, near Glasgow, in his 75th year. He was educated at Fettes College, Edinburgh, at Glasgow Univer- sity, under Ferguson, and at the University of Bonn, under Kekul6 and Clausius.He matriculated in the University of London, and subsequently passed several examinations of the City and Guilds of London Institute of the Science and Art Department. He was for six months private assistant to Mills at Anderson’s College, Glasgow, before he obtained an appointment as chemist to the Tharsis Sulphur and Copper Co. Later he was engaged in the laboratory of the Ammonia Soda Works of Messrs. Brunner Mond BE Co., but in 1884, returned to Glasgow as senior assistant to the Professor of Technical Chemistry in the Glasgow and West of Scotland Technical College. In 1894 and 1895 he was engaged with the Mysore Gold Mining Company in Southern India, but in 1896 returned to take upan appointment with the Cassel Gold Extracting Co., Ltd., at Glasgow.At the time of his death he was chemist to the Parozone Co., Ltd., Glasgow. He contributed a number of papers on technical matters to the Journal of the Society of Chemical Industry. He was elected a Fellow of the Institute in 1888. 391 ALFREDBOSTOCKHILL,died at TVeybridge, Surrey, on the 5th Novem- ber, in his 79th year. The son or’ Dr. Alfred Hill, Fellow, Public Analyst and Medical Officer of Health for Birmingham, he was educated at King Edward’s School and Queen’s College, Birmingham. From 1870 to 1875, he was pupil and assistant in his father‘s laboratory, and shortly after was appointed Public Analyst for the County of Warwick and the Boroughs of Warwick, Learnington and Stratford-on-Avon.Later, he was also Public Analyst for Coventry and Shrewsbury, and was joined in partner- ship by Mr. W. T. Rigby, Fellow. He qualified in medicine in 1876, and received the degree of M.D. in the University of Giessen, and the Diplomas of L.R.C.P. and L.R.C.S. from the University of Edinburgh in the same year. In 1881 he obtained the Diploma in Public Health of the University of Cambridge. He devoted special attention to questions of hygiene and public health, became Chairman of the Board of Studies of Hygiene in the University of London, and was an Examiner in Public Health and Medial Jurisprudence in the University of Bristol. He was President of the Society of Medical Officers of Health (1911-1912), and of the Association of County Medical Officers (1917-1924).He was the author of several publications on the filtration of water, purification of sewage, and other sanitary subjects. He was elected a Fellow of the Institute in 1879. ALANMACDONALD,who was killed in an accident, at the age of 30, was educated at Wandsworth Technical Institute, matriculated in 191 8, and after several years’ experience in the laboratories of British Drug Houses, Ltd., and study at Chelsea Polytechnic, graduated B.Sc. (Lond.) with honours in chemistry. In 1926 he obtained an appointment as research chemist at H.M. Building Research Station, in which he continued until his death. He was elected an Associate of the Institute in 1927.CECIL BRITTAINMARSON,died at Hull, on the 26th October, in his 37th year. Born at Hull, he was educated at Wellington House School and at the local Grammar School, and was for two years a pupil of Mr. J. A. Foster, Public Analyst. He served throughout the war, and on returning to civil life, obtained an appointment with the British Thomson-Houston Co., at Rugby, where he continued his studies at the local technical school. Having matriculated in 1914, he continued his training at the University of Leeds from 1921, and graduated B.Sc. with first-class honours in fuel and metallurgy in 1924, having been engaged on research under Professor J. W. Cobb, on the effect of temperature and atmosphere on the scaling of steel and on the catalytic influence of the ash-content on the carbonisation and gasification of coal.He continued at Leeds under a research Fellowship of the Institution of Gas Engineers and worked on the scaling of steel in different furnace atmospheres. In 1925 he was awarded the degree of M.Sc. in gas engineering, and in 1926 the degree of Ph.D. In 1929 he was appointed Chief Chemist to the Northern Coke Research Committee at Armstrong College, Newcastle-upon-Tyne, where he conducted research on the determination of phosphorus in coke; on the effect of oven width in the carbonisation of coking coals; on the determination of the volatile content and swelling of coking coals, and on the experimental error of the deter- minations of carbon, hydrogen, sulphur, and ash in coke, and the specific gravity and porosity of coke.He was elected an Associate of the Institute in 1924, and a Fellow in 1932. 392 ALFREDEDRIDGEPIKE,who died in October in his 68th year, obtained his early training under Dupr6 and Hake at Westminster Hospital Medical School, and also at tho 13irkbeck Institution. He remained with Duprh for 8 years, and in 1891 was engaged by the London County Couricil to under- take some special work on the estimation of organic carbon and nitrogen in water, in connection with the Royal Commission on the Metropolitan Water Supply ;at the same bime, he was appointed one of the GasExaminers to the County of London. In 1892 he established a laboratory at Epping and continued in private practice, paying special attention to explosivework, until 1902.From 1902 to 1911 he held an appointment under the Worcester County Council, and, in the latter year was appointed chemist to George King Harrison, Ltd., Gas Retort and Fire Brick Manufacturers, at Stourbridge. Since 1914 he had held an appointment as chemist with Messrs. Doulton & Co., Ltd., Lambeth. He was elected an Associate in 1888, and a Fellow in 1893. CHARLESMADDOCKSTUART,died at South Croydon, on the 22nd November, aged 75 years. He was the third son of James Stuart, of Harrow, and was born in CalcuDta, during the time of the Indian Mutiny. Educated at Harrow School and, under Liveing and Dewar, at St. John’s College, Cambridge, he graduated with first-class honours in the Natural Sciences Tripos in 1879, and subsequently proceeded to M.A.He was a Scholar, and subsequently a Fellow, of St. John’s College, and also studied for two years under Fittig at Strasbourg. He held appointments as science master at Clifton College, Bristol, for two years, and at the High School, Newcastle-under-Lyme, Staffs, for four years, before he became the first headmaster of St. Dunstan’s College, Catford, in 1888. He was also, for a time, Borough Analyst for Newcastle-under-Lyme. He contributed several papers to the Journal of the Chemical Society and other scientific and educational journals. Under his guidance, St. Dunstan’s College, origin- ally started with less than thirty boys, grew into an important institution with more than 600 boys.In 1922, when he retired, he was President of the Incorporated Association of Headmasters. He was elected a Fellow of the Institute in 1888. 393 The Register. At the meetings of Council held on 18th November, and 16th December, 1932, 4 new Fellows were elected, 7 Associates were elected to the Fellowship, 34 new Associates were elected, I Associate was re-elected, 32 Students were admitted, and I Student was re-admitted. The deaths of 7 Fellows, I Associate and 2 Students have been reported. New Fellows. Damodaran, Manayath, M.A., M.Sc. (Madras), D.Sc. (Lond.), D.I.C., Biochemistry Department, Imperial College of Science & Technology,South Kensington, London, S.W.7. Rose, Colonel John George, D.S.O., Croix de Guerre, Beau Soleil, Salisbury Road, Wynberg, Cape Town, South Africa.Stephen, Henry, O.B.E., D.Sc. (Manc.), Department of Organic Chemistry, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa. Tate, Francis George Henry, 96, Barrow Road, London, S.W.16. Associates elected to the Fellowship. Anfilogoff, Nicholas Lionel, Ph.D., B.Sc. (Lond.), 64, Deyncourt Gardens, Upminster, Essex. Baker, John William, Ph.D., D.Sc. (Lond.), The University, Leeds. Jones, Richard Owen, M.Sc. (Wales), 76, Singleton Road, Kersal, Man- Chester. Lead, Wilfred Livingstone, Ph.D., B.Sc. (Liv.), North View, Swallow House Lane, Hayfield, Derbyshire. Pizer, Norman Henry, B.Sc. (Reading), 10, Downing Street, London, S.W.l. Rheinlander, Arthur Henry, M.Sc.(Lond.), Government Laboratory,Clements Inn Passage, London, W.C.2. Venkataraman, Krishnasami, M.A. (Madras), M.Sc., Ph.D. (Manc.), Forman Christ,ian College, Lahore, India. New Associates. Baird, Ronald John, A.H-W.C., c/o The Grace National Bank, 7, Hanover Square, New York, N.Y., U.S.A. Bolland, Clifford Beaumont, M.Sc. (Leeds), 53, Shay Terrace, Carlinghow, Batley, Yorks. Brent, Maurice, B.Sc. (Lond.), A.R.C.S., Ph.D., D.I.C., 82, Wembley Park Drive, Wembley, Middleses. Brightmore, Raymond George, B.Sc. (Lod.), Faculty of Science, Union Society, University College, Gower Street, London, W.C.l. Brook, Leslie Wadswort,h, R.Sc. (London.), 55, Blackmoorfoot Road, Huddersfield. Bryan, William Stanger, 48, Aldersey Gardens, Barking, Essex.394 Chrisman, Albert Edward, M.Sc. (Birm.), Messrs. The Aftock Oil Co., Ltd., Rawalpindi, India. Driscoll, John O’Leary, B.Se. (Wales), 87, Willow Street, Romford, Essex. Eccles, Alfred, Ph.D., B.Sc. (Leeds), 12, Preston Parade, Beeston, Leeds, 11. Ferns, John Fitzpatrick, M.Sc. (Mane.), 12, The Coppice, Oxhey, Watford. Harris, Samuel, M.Sc. (Lond.), 8, Hillside, Hay Lane, London, N.W.9. Hart, Stephen John, B.Sc. (Lond.), 3, Edna Street, London, S.W.ll. Hathaway, Lester Albert, B.Sc., (Lond.), 21, Underhill Road, Alum Rock, Birmingham, 8. Hill, Miss Evelyn Mary, B.Sc. (Lond.), 97, Woolwich Road, London, S.E.2. Hill, Kenneth Robson, B.Sc. (Lond.), School House, Washington, Co. Durham. Hopkins, Ernest Henry, B.Sc.(Lond.), 6, Adelaide Road, London, S.E.4. Hoyte, William Norman, B.A. (Cantab.), 14, Cefn Pare, Skewen, Glam. John, Tudor, M.Sc. (Wales), Castle House, Llantrisant, Glam. Ledwith, Richard John, B.Sc. (Lond.), 86, Leigham Vale, London, S.W.2. Lowe, William Geoffrey, B.Sc. (Birm.), 93, Canon Street, Cherry Orchard, Shrewsbury. Mackenzie, William Donald, B.Sc. (Glas.), Annieslea, Stepps, Glasgow. Manson, Thomas, A.H-W.C., 25, Kilmaurs Road, Edinburgh. Moss, Edward, B.Sc. (Lond.), Arnside, Riddings Road, Hale, Altrincham. Nixon, Richard Herbert, 9, Churchill Road, Boscombe, Hants. Parkin, Michael, M.Sc. (Sheff .), 50, Bannerdale Road, Millhouses, Sheffield. Patrick, James, A.R.T.C. (Glas.), 6, Heathfield Drive, Milngavie, Dumbar- tonshire.Perry, Miss Hilda Mary, M.Sc. (Lond.), Brooklands, Hawthorn Road, Wallington.Ray, Karunaranjan, M.Sc. (Birm.), Metallurgical Inspectorate, Tatanagar, B.N. Railway, India. Rigby, George Reginald, Ph.D., B.Sc. (Lond.), A.R.C.S., D.I.C., 90, Campbell Road, Stoke-on-Trent. Shukla, Soorya Narayan, M.Sc. (Lucknow), Ph.D., (Lond.), Devi Nivas, Gokarranath Road, Lucknow, India. Smith, John, B.Sc. (St. Andrews), The Anchorage, Methilbrae, Methil, Fife. Subramaniam, Vira, B.A. (Madras), Ph.D. (Mane.), Custom House, Karachi, India. Taylor, Albert, MSc. (Mane.), Cranley, Stamford Road, Audenshaw, Manches ter . Warren, William George Wickham, B.A., B.Sc. (Oxon.), Binegar Rectory, Gurney Slade, Bath. Re-elected Associate. Whitley, Walter, B.A.(Oxon.), Government Laboratory, Dar-es-Salaa,m, Tanganyika, Central Africa. New Students. Banfield, Thomas Arthur, Rock Bank West, Brixham. Bradbrook, Eric Charles Flower, 36, Broom Hill Road, Ipswich. Brine, John Alfred, 12, The Mall, Swindon. Burden, Ronald William, 73, Hackwood Road, Basingstoke. Carroll, Arthur, 54, Collyhurst Street, Manchester. Clark, Jr., John, 2, Brunstane Road, Jopptt, Midlothian. Cluer, Abraham, 5, Nightingale Road, London, E.5. Denbigh, Kenneth George, 42, Barnsley Road N., Wakefield. Ealey, John Alfred, 9, Redriffe Road, London, E.13. Elmes, Albert Walter, 36, Hind Street, Stockton-on-Tees. 395 Farrand, Eric Austin, 201, Goldhawk Road, London, W.12. Fishwick, Miss Joan, 39, Crow Hill North, Alkrington, Middleton. Harris, John Alexander, 27, Laverstoke, Whitchurch.Hewspear, David, 16, Broughton Street, Cheetham Hill Road, Manchester. Holburn, William, 23, Ryburn Buildings, Sowerby Bridge, Yorks. Kerry, Robert Macdonald, 79, Dollis Park, Church End, London, N.3. Louden, John, Mossend, Polmont, Falkirk. McKillop, William Baillie, 8, Sinclair Street, Stevenston, Ayrshire. McInnes, Ian Kennedy, Ellenbank, Reddingmuirhead, Polmont, Falkirk. Merrett, Frank Mark, 12, Albert Road, Ashford, Middlesex. Minton, Lawrence George, Beechfield, Alderley Ridge, Manchester. Nellist, George Rippon, 28, Malvern Road, Billingham-on-Tees. Noble, John, 42, Huntley Terrace, Ryhope, Co.Durham. Osborne, Thomas Lloyd, 68, Ashburton Road, Addiscombe, Croydon.Sharples, Kenneth Strang, Lauriston, Woodford Road, Bramhall, Cheshire. Shaw, Thomas Athinson, 129, Dacy Road, Anfield, Liverpool. Syme, William, 18, Willowbank Street, Glasgow. Taylor, Alfred McMullen, 163, Fox Lane, London, N.13. Watson, Jr., William, 186, Broomfield Road, Glasgow, N. Wedderburn, John Ogilvy Maclagan, Keble College, Oxford. Whitfield, George William, 5 1, Ritchie House, Hazelville Road, London, N.19. Wright, Douglas Alfred, c/o 72, Shaldon Drive, Littleover, Derby. Re-admitted Student. Storrs, Francis Cecil 36, Maxgravine Gardens, London, W.6. DEATHS. Fellows. Thomas Henry Bowles. Samuel Donald. Charles James Ellis. Alfred Bostock Hill, M.D. Cecil Brittain Marson, M.Sc., Ph.D. (Leeds). Alfred Edridge Pike.Charles Maddock Stuart, M.A. (Cantab). Associate. Alan Macdonald, B.Sc. (Lond.). Students. Ernest Eric Baldwin. Kathleen Victoria Cove. 396 General Notices. The Annual General Meeting of the Institute will be held at the Institute, on Wednesday, 1st March, 1933. Nomination of General Members of Council.-Attention is directed to the By-laws relating to the nomination of Members of Council:-By-law 26. (1) Any twenty Members, not being Members of the Council, may nominate one eligible Fellow as a candidate for election as a General Member of the Council, but no Member shall nominate more than one such Fellow. (2) Any nomination made under this By-law shall be delivered to the Secretary six weeks at least before the Annual General Meeting, and shall be in the following form: “We, the undersigned, Members of the Institute of Chemistry of Great Britain and Ireland, do hereby certify that A.B., of (registered address) , a Fellow of this Institute, is, in our estimation, a fit and proper person to be a General Member of the Council of the Institute, and we do hereby nominate him as a Candidate for election as a General Member of the Council.” (3) Any such nomination may consist of several documents in like form, each signed by one or more Members.(The name of every candidate nominated in accordance with By-law 26 will be included in the Balloting List.) By-law 24 (2). No person who has been elected as a District Member of the Council for any year of Office shall be eligible for election as a General Member of the Council for that year of Office, and if such person is elected as President, Vice-president or Treasurer for that year of Office he shall vacate his Office as a District Member of the Council and the vacancy shall be filled up, as on a casual vacancy.The Officers and General Members of Council who retire at the next Annual General Meeting, 1st March, 1933,in accordance with the By-laws and are ineligible for re-election, are as follows:-President. George Christopher Clayton, C.B.E., Ph.D., M.P. Vice- Presidents. Frederick Daniel Chattaway, M.A., D.Sc., F.R.S. Lewis Eynon, B.Sc. Edward Hinks, M.B.E., B.Sc. Bernard Farmborough Howard. Arthur Smithells, C.M.G., D.Sc., F.R.S.397 Members of Council. William John Atkinson Butterfield, M.A. Albert Coulthard, Ph.D. Albert Edward Dunstan, D.Sc. Percy Lewis-Dale, Ph.D. Dorothy Jordan Lloyd, M.A., D.Sc. Bert Pusey Ridge, Ph.D. William Henry Roberts, M.Sc. Nominations for the new Council must be delivered at the Institute before 4.30 p.m. on Wednesday, 18th January, 1933. District Members of Council.-The District Members of Council will be as follows:- Birmingham and Midlands :Joseph Robert Johnson. Bristol and South-Western Counties : Edward Russell, B.Sc. Liverpool and North-Western :William Roscoe Hardwick, B.Sc. London and South-Eastern :Edwin Burnhope Hughes, M.Sc. Manchester and District: Joseph Henry Lester, M.Sc. North-East Coast and Yorkshire :Arthur Ernest Everest, D.Sc., Ph.D.Edinburgh and East of Scotland : Robert Bruce. Glasgow and West of Scotland: Peter Ferguson Gordon, Ph.D. Wales and the County of Monmouth :Herbert Ben Watson, D.Sc. Northern Ireland: Jesse Carl Albert Brierley, M.Sc. Irish Free State: Alfred Godfrey Gordon Leonard, B.Sc., Ph.D., A.R.C.Sc.1. The Overseas Dominions and elsewhere abroad : Edward John Way. Examinations,1933.-The arrangements for examinations during 1933 (after January) will be as follows:- FORTHE ASSOCIATESHIP. Dates of Examinations. Entvies close. Monday, 6th February, 1933. (Notebooks: 17th March.) 24th to 2gth April’ 18th to 23rd September, Monday, 10th July, 1933. in London and Glasgow. } (Notebooks: 8th September.) FORTHE FELLOWSHIP.rst to 6th May. Monday, 6th February, 1933. 25th to 30th September. Monday, roth July, 1933. For Candidates wishing to be examined in Branch “G”-Industrial Chemistry, the list will close on 9th June, 1933. 398 Beilby Memorial Awards.-From the interest derived from the invested capital of the Sir George Beilby Memorial Fund, at intervals to be determined by the administrators representing the Institute of Chemistry, the Society of Chemical Industry, and the Institute of Metals, awards will be made to British investigators in science to mark appreciation of records of distinguished original work, preference being given to in- vestigations relating to the special interests of Sir George Beilby, including problems connected with fuel economy, chemical engineering, and metallurgy. Awards will be made not on the result of any competition, but in recognition of continuous work of exceptional merit, bearing evidence of distinct advancement in knowledge and practice.The administrators of the Fund are the Presidents, the Honorary Treasurers, and the Secretaries of the three partici- pating Institutions, who will meet in the latter part of June, and will be glad to have their attention directed to outstanding work of the nature indicated. Correspondence on this subject should be addressed to the Convener, Sir George Beilby Memorial Fund, Institute of Chemistry, 30, Russell Square, London, W.C.1, not later than 1st June, 1933. Notice to Associates.-The Council desires to encourage all Associates to qualify for the Fellowship, and to impress upon them the importance of proceeding to the higher grade as soon as possible.Copies of the regulations and forms of application can be obtained from the Registrar. Appointments Register.-A Register of Fellows and Associates who are available for appointments, or are desirous of extending their opportunities, is kept at the offices of the Institute. For full information, inquiries should be addressed to the Registrar. Fellows and Associates are invited to notify the Institute of suitable vacancies for qualified chemists. Students who have been registered as Students of the Institute for not less than six months, and are in the last term of their training for the Associateship, may receive the Appointments Register of the Institute, provided that their applications for this privilege be endorsed by their professors.Lists of vacancies are forwarded twice weekly to those whose names are on the Appointments Register. Fellows and Associates 399 who are already in employment, but seeking to improve their positions, are required to pay 10s. for a period of six months. Members and Students who are without employment are required to pay 6s. 6d. for the first period of six months, and, if not successful in obtaining an appointment, will thereafter be supplied with the lists gratis for a further period, if necessary. The Institute also maintains a Register of Laboratory Assist- ants who have passed approved Preliminary Examinations and, in some cases, Intermediate Science Examinations.Fellows and Associates who have vacancies for Registered Students and Laboratory Assistants are invited to communicate with the Registrar. TheLibrary.-The Library of the Institute is open for the use of Fellows, Associates, and Registered Students between the hours of 10a.m. and 6 p.m. on week-days (Saturdays, 10a.m. and I p.m.), except when examinations are being held. The library is primarily intended for the use of candidates during the Institute’s practical examinations. The comprehensive Library of the Chemical Society is avail- able, by the courtesy of the Council of the Society, for the use of Fellows and Associates of the Institute wishing to consult or borrow books, from 10a.m.to g p.m. on week-days (Saturdays from 10 a.m. to 5 p.m.), except during August and the early part of September, when the hours are from 10 a.m. to 5 p.m. Registered Students of the Institute are also permitted at present to use the Library of the Chemical Society for reference purposes, but not to borrow books. Members and Students of the Institute using the Library of the Society are required to conform to the rules of the Society regarding the use of its books. The Science Museum, South Kensington.-The Director and Secretary of the Science Museum, South Kensington, has notified the Council of the Institute that arrangements have been made for the issue of books and periodicals on loan to scientific workers introduced by approved institutions.Books which can be obtained easily from other institutions are not ordinarily lent by the Science Library. The Science Library, however, contains some 360 periodicals specially devoted to chemical science, and arrangements have been made (on com- pleting a form of requisition obtainable from the Registrar of the Institute) for borrowing any of these, and of other periodi- cals in the Library which may not be available elsewhere. 400 Boots Booklovers’Library.-With Part I of the JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGS,published in February, 1932,a circular was issued, by the direction of the Council, giving particulars of the special arrangements made for Fellows and Associates desiring to use Boots Booklovers’ Library.Over 325 members are partici- pating in the scheme. Covers for Journal.-Members who desire covers (buck- ram: IS. zd. each) for binding the Journal in annual volumes, are requested to notify the Registrar of their requirements, indicating the years for which the covers are required. Arrangements may be made with Messrs. A. W. Bain & Co., Ltd., 17-19,Bishop’s Road, Cambridge Heath, London, E.2, to bind volumes of the JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGSon the following terms: buckram cover, IS. zd.; binding, 2s. gd.; postage and packing, gd.; in all, 4s. 8d. Lantern Slides for Lecturers.-A collection of slides is kept at the Institute and is available to members who wish to illustrate lectures.Enquiries should be addressed to the Registrar. As the slides are frequently in demand, members are requested to notify their requirements at least 14 days before the date on which the slides are to be used. Changes of Address.--In view of the expense involved through frequent alterations of addressograph plates, etc., Fellows, Associates, and Registered Students, who wish to notify changes of address are requested to give, so far as possible, their #emanent addresses for registration. Institute of Fuel.-On Wednesday, 11th January, at the Chemical Society’s Rooms, Burlington House, Piccadilly, a paper will be read by Messrs T. E. Oesterrieth and G.Descamps on ‘‘ The Manufacture of Organic Products from Coke-Oven Gas.” The Institute of Fuel has made arrangements for this meeting to which Fellows and Associates of the Institute are cordially invited.401 ATTENDANCES AT MEETINGS OF THE COUNCIL AND DECEMBER. 1932.COMMITTEES. 1sT MARCH TO 19~~ Council Council in Committees Committee 0-da *2%w2 8 0%:: &a Gm *2% z,.J wo;$.- QJ.2PLt 3 2 agzsm”a G.C.Clayton. Pres.* F.D.Chattaway. V.P. L.Eynon. V.P. .. G.G.Henderson. V.P. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 8 .. 6 .. 10 .. 3 0 4 7 1 28 6 25 2 2 1 21 0 4 E.Hinks. V.P. .. .. .. .. 10 6 2 2 3 €3 .F.Howard. V.P. .. .. .. 8 6 2 2 2 A.Smithells. V.P. .. .. .. .. 1 1 6 0 P.H .Kirkaldy. Treas. 0.L.BradyJ.C.A.Brierley .. R.Bruce .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 10 .. 9 .. 2 .. 1 8 7 0 2 27 19 5 3 26 9 0 0 7 5 W.F.Buist ..UT.J .A.Butterfield: .. .. .. .. .. .. 0 9 0 5 5 5 0 4 1 R .M .Caven .. .. .. .. .. 4 0 5 0 N.M.Comber .. .. .. .. 2 3 0 0 A.Coulthard .. .. .. .. 3 1 11 0 C.H.Desch . . .. .. .. .. 4 1 0 0 C.Dor6e . . .. .. .. .. 2 6 3 0 A.E .Dunstan .. .. .. .. 2 1 14 1 F.G.Edmed .. .. .. .. 7 7 3 3 W.R .Fearon .. .. .. .. 0 0 5 0 A.G.Francis .. .. .. .. 10 7 14 12 2 P.F.Gordon .. .. .. .. 2 1 6 1 R.H.Greaves .. .. .. .. 6 6 1 1 2 I.M.Heilbron .. .. .. .. 3 0 6 0 Lord Henley L.E.Hinkel .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 0 1 0 5 1 0 0 0 H.H.HodgsonJ.R .Johnson .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 10 .. 9 7 1 20 5 16 0 G.King .. P.Lewis-Dale .... .. .. .. .. .. .. 0 6 4 4 1 1 0 1 D.Jordan Lloyd H.M .Mason I. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 2 3 5 0 7 5 0 0 1 W.J.S.Naunton .. .. .. .. 1 0 0 0 G.H. Perry .. E .K.Rideal .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 1 1 2 0 14 1 2 1 B.P.RidgeW.Rintoul .. . . .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 3 4 2 2 1 0 1 0 W.H.Roberts .. .. .. .. 3 1 2 0 W.D.RogersE .Russell .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 0 9 0 8 5 6 0 2 S.Smiles .. .. .. .. .. 5 5 1 0 G.Stubbs .. .. .. .. .. 7 0 15 0 1 J.F.ThorpeE.J.Way .. J.Weir .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 7 1 1 4 3 1 14 1 0 8 0 0 A .W .M.Wintle .. .. .. * Ex-o$icio member of all Committees. .. 61-5-i-14 t Ofa possible 6. 14

ISSN:0368-3958    

DOI:10.1039/JG9325600351

出版商:RSC    

年代:1932

数据来源: RSC

摘要:

402 Index: 1932. Aberdeen and North of Scotland Section, 12, 108, 176, 179, 238, 358 Academic Research, 372 Accounts (1931), 21 et seq., 85 Administration, Industrial, 216, 234, 291 Agriculture, 32 Alchemical Literature, 179 “Alchemists in Art and Literature,” 358 Alcoholic Fermentation, 144 Aldehyde, Reactions of an, 360 Aliens in Beet Sugar Industry, 354 Annual Chemical Dinner, 342, 388 Annual Genera.1 Meeting, 82,396 Appointments Register, 4, 19, 81, 103, 296, 348, 398 Armaments, 176 A.S.L.I.B., 237 Asphalt, 307 Attendances, Council, etc., 401 Auditors, 20, 82, 93 Australian Chemical Institute, 10, 175 Bacteriology, 184, 240 Bakelite, 300 Bankers, 82 Beet Sugar Industry, 354 Beilby Memorial Awards, 5, 72, 255, 398 Belfast and District Section, 30, 109, 180, 300 Benevolent Fund, 4, 9, 20, 24, 81, 87, 235 Bequests, 106, 357 Biological Methods used in Vita-min Research,” 375 Biologists, 333 Birmingham and Midlands Section, 12, 30, 300, 358 Books and their Contents, 65, 169, 219, 275, 331, 389 Bristol and South-Western Counties Section, 12,32, 114, 180,238, 301, 360 British Association, 5 British Standards Institution, 6,69, 155, 175, 277, 336, 387 “British Wines,” 358 Building Industry, 217 Canadian Institute of Chemistry, 258 Cape Section, 12, 238, 302 Carbohydrate Metabolism, 177 Catalysis, 122 Censors, 92 Chapman, A.Chaston, 291 Charter, Supplemental, 98, 146 “Chemical Change, The Mechan-ism of,” 186 Chemical Society, 5, 237, 353, 354 Chemical Trades Advisory Com-mittee, 5 Chemical Warfare, 256 Chemist and Commercial Life, 377 “Chemistry and the Law,” 44, 126 Chemists, Chartered, 98, 146 Chemists, Works, 32, 110 Chimie Industrielle, SociBtB de, 5 City and Guilds of London Institute, 5 Coal, 5, 148, 244 Coal Seam, Examination of, 381 Coke, 191 Coke Oven Liquors, 32 Committees, 80 Contracts of Service, 11 “Corrosion of Metals in Salt Solu- tions and Sea Water,” 363 Council, 79, 172 Council Attendances, 401 Council, Committees and Repre-sentatives, 4 Council, District Members of, 27, 94, 343, 397 Council, Nomination of the, 27 Council, Report of, 3, 90 Cribb Collection, The, 357 Cyanide Fumigation of Ships, 389 Deaths, 3,63,156,219,270,336,395 Dinner, Annual Chemical, 342, 388 Dyestuffs, 117, 218, 307 Drug Analysis, 30 Edinburgh and East of Scotland Section, 12, 13, 32, 115, 179, 239, 360 403 Education, Chemical, 58, 190 “Electricity from Town’s Refuse,” 31 “Electrochemical (Electronic)Theory of the Course of Organic Reactions, Outline of an,” 28 “Electro-titrations,” 180 “Emulsions in Theory and Prac- tice,” 383 Examinations, 16, 53, 173, 193, 310, 397 Examiners, Board of, 16, 82, 172 Faraday Centenary Celebrations, 5, 159 Federal Council, 5, 105 Fermentation, 144 Fertilisers and Feeding Stuffs, 11, 19, 276 Finance and House Committee, 4, 6, 80 “Flame,” 302 Food and Drugs (Adulteration) Act, 1928, 11, 19 Foods, 34, 151 Frankland, Sir Edward, Medal and Prize, 17, 28, 346 Fuel, Institute of, 155 Fuels, Liquid, 34, 51, 62, 115, 121 Fumigation of Ships, 19, 389 Germicidal Action, Variation in Homologous Series, 373 Gifts, 8, 106 Glasgow and West of Scotland Section, 12, 13, 34, 117, 179, 181, 361 Glassware, Scientific, 5, 208 Gluckstein, S.M., Memorial Lecture, 26, 356 “Gypsum Plasters and Cements,” 380 Harrison Memorial Prize, 328 Headmasters‘ Employment Corn-mittee, 5 Honorary Corresponding Secre- taries, 19 Honours, 62 Huddersfield Section, 13, 34, 121, 302, 366 Hydrogenation Process, 367 Income Tax, 60, 217 Industrial Administration, 216, 234, 29 1 Industrial Psychology, 328 “Industry, The Southern Drift of,” 121 Institute, Roll of, 3 Institutions, 16, 107, 357 Inventions, 31 Irish Free State Section, 13,41, 181, 305, 369 Journal and Proceedings, 17, 101 Lantern Slides, 18, 74,400 Law, 44, 126, 260, 387 Lectures, 12, 17, 28, 101, 173, 236, 298, 355 Leeds Area Section, 13,44,124,306, 373 Legal and Parliamentary Com-mittee, 4, 10, 80, 98 Legal Notes, 260, 387 Library, The, 17, 73, 160, 349 Library, Boots Booklovers, 74,400 Liverpool and North Western Sec- tion, 13, 183, 240, 306, 375 Local Sections, 11, 29, 30, 100, 108, 176, 238, 300, 358 London and South-Eastern Coun- ties’ Section, 13,44, 184, 240, 307, 376 Malaya Section, 14, 184, 244, 308 Manchester and District Section, 14, 45, 50, 144, 145, 186, 190, 245, 309, 376 Manchester and District Students’ Section, 14, 50, 190 “Margarine,” 370 “Mechanism of Chemical Change, ’ ’ 186 “Medicine, Osmotic Pressure in,” 41 Meldola Bequests, 106 Meldola Medal, 17, 26, 83, 347 Metabolism, Carbohydrate, 177 Metals, Institute of, 62 Micro-analysis,50 Microbiological Processes, 124 Mineral Resources, 37 National Certificates in Chemistry,4, 17, 81, 263, 357 “Nature of Simple Molecules and of Elementary Chemical Processes,” 237 Narcosis, Chemical Basis of, 382 Newcastle-upon-Tyne and North-East Coast Section, 14, 50, 146, 191, 380 404 New Zealand Section, 14, 51 Nominations, Examinations and Institutions Committee, 4, 15, 80, 100 Notes, 58, 152, 207, 215, 255, 261, 328, 387 Notices, General, 72, 165, 226, 283, 342, 396 Obituary, 63, 156, 219, 270, 336, 390 Officers and Council, List of, 79 Official Chemical Appointments,” 18 “Oil Winning in Burma,” 369 Organic Micro-analysis, 50 “Osmotic Pressure in Medicine,” 41 Paint and Varnish, 148 Paper, 307 Patents, 5, 11, 31, 171, 233, 246-254 Pedler Scholarship, 17, 26, 81, 100, 235, 356 “Petrol from C0a1,” 148 Pharmacy and Poisons Act, 10 Phenols, Recovery of, 32 Phosphorus in Coke, 191 Physical Society, 387 Physics, Institute of, 259 Plastics, 336 “Plating,” 239 “Poisons,” 189 Poisons and Pharmacy Act, 10 Power Conference, World, 5, 155 Premises, 174 President’s Address, 96 “Probable Error? What is,” 299 Professional Interests, 233, 295, 353 Proteins, Recent Work on, 360 Psychology, Industrial, 328 Public Analysts, Society of, 332 Public Appointments Committee, 18, 81, 103 Publications and Library Com-mittee, 4, 17, 80, 101 Publicity, 306 “Reactions of an Aldehyde,” 360 Reagents, Analytical, 334 Register, 4, 70, 75, 163, 174, 222, 280, 339, 393 Regulations, 173 Roll of the Institute, The, 3 Royal Institution, 5 Royal Sanitary Institute, 5 “Rubber,” 355 Safety, Model Rules, 97, 152, 176 Sands, Clays and Minerals, 221, 234 “Science and the Community,”309, 379 Science Museum, 74, 261 Scientific and Industrial Research, Report of Department, 5, 66 Scrutineers, 27, 93 “Shifting Sands,” 129 Ships, Fumigation of, 19, 389 Silicosis, 334 Society of Chemical Industry, 5 Soil Micro-organisms, 33 Solicitors, 82 South Wales Section, 14, 51, 148, 245, 381 Standards, British, 6, 69, 155, 175, 277, 336 “Some Recent Work on the Chem- istry of Proteins,” 360 Streatfeild Memorial Lecture, 26, 355 Students’ Section (Manchester), 14, 50, 190 Students, Registered, 15 Tar, Low Temperature, 31 Textiles, 109 Therapeutic Substances Act, 5 “Through the Public Eye,” 114 “Training for Chemical Industry,” 45 “Valency (Solid State), The Sig-nificance of ,” 117 Vitamins, 62, 375 Warfare, Chemical, 256 Water, 308 “Weather, Our,” 108 “What is Probable Error ? ” 209 “Wines, British,” 358 Women (University), International Federation of, 237 Works Chemists, 32, 110 World Power Conference, 5, 155

ISSN:0368-3958    

DOI:10.1039/JG9325600402

出版商:RSC    

年代:1932

数据来源: RSC