ISSN:0959-8278    

出版商:OVID    

年代:1996

数据来源: OVID

摘要:

Information on the aetiology of oesophageal cancer in alcohol non-drinkers will help us to understand and quantitate risk factors for the disease in the absence of alcohol. Out of a total of 316 cases with histologically confirmed incident cancers of the oesophagus, 40 (22 men and 18 women) who described themselves as alcohol non-drinkers were considered. These patients were compared with 151 alcohol non-drinkers (79 men and 72 women) admitted to hospital for acute, non-neoplastic, non-alcohol-, non-smoking-related conditions. The major risk factor for cancer of the oesophagus in non-drinkers was current elevated cigarette smoking: compared with never smokers, the odds ratio (OR) for all current smokers was 3.4 [95% confidence interval (CI), 1.5ndash;8.1]. The OR was 0.8 (95% CI 0.2–3.4) for ex-smokers, 1.3 (95% CI 0.4ndash;4.2) for current smokers of fewer than 20 cigarettes per day and 7.5 (95% CI 2.7ndash;20.4) for current smokers of more than 20 cigarettes per day. Risk also increased with duration of smoking (OR 4.9 for more than 30 years smoking), and in smokers starting the habit when aged 25 or younger (OR 3.9). Few years of education and gastrectomy were also associated with elevated risk, while a high fruit intake was associated with reduced risk (OR 0.6 and 0.4, respectively, for 7ndash;13 and>13 portions per week compared with<7). When the combined effect of smoking and fruit intake on the risk of oesophageal cancer was considered, compared with non-smokers eating more than 7 fruit portions per week, the OR for current smokers eating 7 or less fruit portions per week was 7.3. Thus, even in the absence of alcohol drinking, cigarette smoking and a diet poor in fruit are important avoidable risk factors for oesophageal cancer.

ISSN:0959-8278    

出版商:OVID    

年代:1996

数据来源: OVID

摘要:

Mammographic parcnchymal patterns are among the strongest indicators of the risk of developing breast cancer. Risk evaluation through breast patterns may have an important role in studies of the aetiology of breast cancer and for monitoring changes in the breast in evaluating potential risk-modifying interventions. Typically, patterns are assessed by an experienced radiologist according to Wolfe grade, or on a coarse quantitative scale according to percent density. Parenchymal characterization methods, to overcome variability of classification by human observer, are under investigation. These include image segmentation using semi-automatic thresholding and automatic classification through textural and density measures. An important practical question relates to the extent to which information about mammographic pattern is carried by any one of the four views obtained in a typical examination. Specifically, variations of right-left breast symmetry and variations between the two standard views of each breast were tested. The mammograms of 30 premenopausal women, comprising 90 images [30 each of the right cranial-caudal (RCC), left cranialcaudal (LCC) and right medial-lateral oblique (RMLO)] were evaluated. Parameters included both subjective (radiologist classification and interactive image thresholding) and objective (fractal and skewness indices) quantitative measurements of parenchymal pattern. For the parameters tested, a high degree of correlation was observed for measurements on the RCC, LCC and RMLO views. Pearson correlation coefficients between 0.86-0.96 were found for the comparisons of quantitative parameters. The strong correlations suggest that, in the study and application of mammographic density classification, representative information is provided in a single view.

ISSN:0959-8278    

出版商:OVID    

年代:1996

数据来源: OVID

摘要:

This study was designed to explore risk factors for breast cancer with emphasis on the detection of clinical markers of the hormonal imbalance during the perimenarche. Three hundred and thirty women diagnosed with breast cancer and 346 population controls were identified and interviewed in Girona, Spain between 1986 and 89. Cases were more likely than controls to have had long menstrual periods in the first 5 years after menarche [odds ratio (OR)=3.0], to experience menopause at a late age (OR=1.5) and to report acne during adolescence (OR=1.6). Family history of breast cancer was associated with an increased risk (OR=2.3). Cases reported a lower use of drug treatments for anxiety and sleep disorders than controls. Moderate alcohol drinkers and smokers were at lower risk for breast cancer. No statistically significant association with breast cancer was observed for number of children, age at last pregnancy, oral contraceptive use, hormonal treatment after menopause and weight perception during the teenage years. Hormonal changes in the years following menarche may be relevant to breast cancer risk. The roles of menstrual period length and acne during adolescence should be further explored.

ISSN:0959-8278    

出版商:OVID    

年代:1996

数据来源: OVID

摘要:

The relationship between brassière size, as an indicator of breast size, and breast cancer risk was considered in a case-control study conducted between 1991 and 1994 in six Italian centres. Cases were 2,557 women, below age 75, with histologically confirmed breast cancer, and controls were 2,566 women admitted to hospital for a wide spectrum of acute, non-neoplastic, non-hormone-related diseases. Odds ratios (ORs) of breast cancer and their 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were obtained from multiple logistic regression equations including terms for study centre and age, as well as main breast cancer risk factors. A slight inverse relationship was observed between breast size and the risk of breast cancer, with an OR of 1.37 (95% CI 1.05-1.80) for the smallest brassière size compared with the largest; the increase in risk disappeared after adjustment for main recognized breast cancer risk factors, with an OR of 1.16 (95% CI 0.87-1.54) for brassiere size ≤ 1 compared with ≥ 5. No significant heterogeneity in risk of breast cancer with breast size was found in strata of age at diagnosis, parity, age at first birth, age at menopause, family history of breast cancer, benign breast disease, ever use of oral contraceptives and/or hormone replacement therapy. Thus, this study, based on a large number of caucasian women, provides conclusive evidence of a lack of appreciable association between breast size and breast cancer risk in this Italian population.

ISSN:0959-8278    

出版商:OVID    

年代:1996

数据来源: OVID

摘要:

It is estimated that one in every four women with a first-degree relative affected by breast cancer will develop the disease. Recent evidence suggests that susceptibility to breast cancer can be inherited. We have carried out cytogenetic analysis on PHA-stimulated lymphocyte cultures of breast cancer patients (familial and sporadic), patients with benign breast lesions, unaffected individuals from families with a history of breast cancer and healthy controls. A high incidence of premature separation of centromere (PSC) and aneuploidy was observed in a significant proportion of familial breast cancer patients and patients with tibrocystic disease as well as in some unaffected individuals from breast cancer families. These observations are also supported by cytogenetic analysis of EBV-transformed lymphoblastoid cell lines established from some of these individuals. No such aberrations were detected in the controls. Further, most of the affected and unaffected individuals with these two anomalies also exhibited structural chromosomal aberrations of 1q, 6q, 7q, 16q, 18q or Xq. Based on these observations, we propose that the presence of both PSC and aneuploidy in lymphocyte cultures of unaffected individuals from breast cancer families can be used as an important predictive parameter to determine the risk of developing cancer.

ISSN:0959-8278    

出版商:OVID    

年代:1996

数据来源: OVID

摘要:

Organochlorines are persistent and highly lipophilic environmental contaminants which bioaccumulate in the food chain. Some of these chemicals, 2,2-bis(p-chlorophenyl)-1,1,1-trichloroethane (DDT) and polychlorinated hiphenyls (PCBs), have been suggested to be of significance in the aetiology of breast cancer. 2,3,7,8-Tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) is an anti-oestrogen in animal studies and should thus lower the risk of breast cancer. The other isomers of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins (PCDDs) or the chemically related polychlorinated dibenzofurans (PCDFs) have not been tested regarding carcinogenesis of the breast. The purpose of this study was to investigate whether PCDDs or PCDFs influence the risk for breast cancer. Consecutive patients who underwent surgery for a breast disease between 1993 and 1995 were recruited for the study. Cases were 22 patients with infill rat ive breast cancer and controls were 19 patients operated for a benign breast disease during the same time period. Approximately 10 g of breast tissue free from tumour was taken from the specimen and frozen until analysis. Fat was extracted, cleaned and analysed with a high-resolution gas chromatograph coupled to a high-resolution mass spectrometer. Median concentrations of octachlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxin (OCDD) were 598 (170–14,880) and 396 (103–1,847) pg/g lipid in the cases and in the controls, respectively. In a multivariate logistic regression analysis controlling for other risk factors for breast cancer increased odds ratio (OR) was obtained for OCDD: 401–1000 pg/g lipid yielded OR 3.8, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.4–39,>1000 pg/g lipid gave OR 5.2, CI 0.4-72. When the lipid OCDD variable was examined as a continuous risk factor there was a 1.09 (9%), CI 0.95–1.25, increase in the adjusted OR for breast cancer per 100 unit (pg/g lipid) increase in OCDD. No differences were found between cases and controls for the other six tested PCDDs. Mean concentration of TCDD was in the cases 3.6 (1.0–7.9) and in the controls 3.3 (1.1–6.3) pg/g lipid. For PCDFs no significant differences were found between cases and controls. The results were not changed if oestrogen or progesterone receptor status, S-phase fraction and DNA ploidy were considered. Breast tissue concentration of OCDD was increased in cancer patients, whereas the concentrations of other PCDDs and PCDFs were equal in cases and controls.

ISSN:0959-8278    

出版商:OVID    

年代:1996

数据来源: OVID

摘要:

The role of smoking and other risk factors for cervical neoplasia was investigated in a population-based case—control study of 586 women with histologically verified cervical squamous-cell carcinoma in situ (CIS), and 59 women with invasive squamous-cell cervical cancer from Copenhagen. Controls were randomly selected from the general female population using the computerized Danish Central Population Register. After adjustment for a variety of confounding variables, which were all significantly associated with CIS risk and included age, number of partners, proportion of sexually active life without barrier contraceptive use, years with intra-uterine devices, number of births, and age at first episode of genital warts (as a proxy measure for human papillomavirus exposure), current cigarette smoking was found to be significantly associated with CIS [adjusted relative risk (RR)=2.4; 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.7–3.4]. Ex-smokers had a lower, but still significantly increased risk (RR=1.6; 95% CI: 1.0–2.7). A dose-response relationship was present, especially for number of cigarettes smoked per day. In contrast, the crude estimates showed a weak association between invasive cervical cancer and smoking, which however disappeared after confounder control. The results of the present study support the hypothesis implicating smoking as a risk factor for CIS.

ISSN:0959-8278    

出版商:OVID    

年代:1996

数据来源: OVID

ISSN:0959-8278    

出版商:OVID    

年代:1996

数据来源: OVID

ISSN:0959-8278    

出版商:OVID    

年代:1996

数据来源: OVID