ISSN:0959-8278    

出版商:OVID    

年代:1995

数据来源: OVID

摘要:

Within the past few years, the measurement of serum and tissue markers has had an increasing influence on clinical decisions about initial treatment and follow-up. Lung cancer illustrates the types and importance of these various markers. This review presents data concerning the most studied and interesting markers in non-small cell (NSCLC) and small cell lung cancer (SCLC). CEA, TPA, SCC-Ag, CYFRA 21–1, ferritin, CA19–9, CA50, CA242, H-K-N-ras mutations and p53 mutation seem to be the most prolific in NSCLC, while NSE, BN/GRP, CK-BB, NCAM, IL-2R, IGF-I, transferrin, ANP, mAb (cluster 5), Le-y and c-N-L-mycmutation are markers in SCLC patients. Some of these serum markers might be useful adjuncts for monitoring response to therapy, including early detection of tumour reactivation to allow curative therapy and rapid detection of treatment failure to allow change of the regimen. The study of these markers also may lead to a better understanding of the biological characteristics of lung cancer. The information derived from these biological studies represents the most promising avenue towards new treatment strategies, as well as attempts at secondary prevention.

ISSN:0959-8278    

出版商:OVID    

年代:1995

数据来源: OVID

ISSN:0959-8278    

出版商:OVID    

年代:1995

数据来源: OVID

摘要:

The association between recreational physical activity and breast cancer risk was examined in a population-based case—control study in Adelaide, Australia between 1982 and 1984. There were 451 incident, histologically confirmed cases of breast cancer, identified through the South Australian Central Cancer Registry, which were each age-matched to one control selected at random from the electoral register. These women, aged 20–74 years at diagnosis, reported their level of weekly recreational physical activity in a self-administered questionnaire. The questionnaire reports of light, moderate and vigorous physical activity were converted into total kilocalories per week of energy expenditure. A decrease in risk of breast cancer was found with increasing levels of total recreational physical activity (P(trend) = 0.09). The adjusted odds ratio for those women who expended more than 4,000 kcal/week was 0.73 (95% confidence interval (CI) 0.51–1.05) compared with women who undertook no physical activity. The reduction in risk with recreational physical activity was most evident for women who undertook any vigorous activity. These results provide some support for the hypothesis that physical activity may decrease the risk of developing breast cancer.

ISSN:0959-8278    

出版商:OVID    

年代:1995

数据来源: OVID

摘要:

In a randomized controlled trial the effect of feedback and peer review directed at the sample-taking doctor (n =179) on the sampling quality of cervical smears (n= 21,240) was studied. This paper reports the impact 6 and 12 months after the end of the intervention. Monthly feedback with peer comparison was related to a net improvement in the proportion of cervical smears without endocervical cells during the intervention period, as well as during a follow-up period lasting until 15 months after the end of the intervention. This improvement seemed to be related to a minimum of 50 or even 100 smears performed each year and was therefore not confirmed on clustered data analysis. There is a strong suggestion that the intervention also related to an increase of the number of smears showing cytological pathology, although this study lacked sufficient power to test this hypothesis.

ISSN:0959-8278    

出版商:OVID    

年代:1995

数据来源: OVID

摘要:

In an attempt to estimate the prevalence of human papilloma virus (HPV) positivity among asymptomatic, cytologically normal Greek women, and the possible associations between HPV infection and other demographic, sexual, behavioural and sociological parameters, we undertook an epidemiological study of 226 clinically normal women from an outpatient gynaecological clinic in Northern Greece. The polymerase chain reaction was used for detection of HPV DNA and dot blot hybridization analysis for HPV typing (only for the high-risk types 16 and 18). Eighty-two of the 226 women examined (36.3%) were positive for HPV DNA, 6.6% (15/226) were positive for HPV-16 DNA and only 1.3% (3/226) were positive for HPV-18 DNA. From all epidemiological correlates, age and residence showed a negative correlation with risk of HPV infection, whereas use of contraceptive intrauterine device, class II or III result of the last Papanicolaou cytological examination, history of painful inflammatory disease of inner genitals and frequent washing of the genital area, particularly during the menstrual period, were positively correlated with increased risk of HPV infection. No association was found between HPV DNA positivity and other well-known risk factors for cervical cancer, confirming the observations of other authors that sexual behaviour, a significant risk factor for cervical cancer, is not inevitably correlated with risk of HPV infection.

ISSN:0959-8278    

出版商:OVID    

年代:1995

数据来源: OVID

摘要:

It has been hypothesized that β-carotene mediates the association between low serum cholesterol levels and increased risk of lung cancer. It follows from this assumption that this association should be greater in population strata with a low intake of β-carotene than in with those with a high intake. To investigate this hypothesis, we analysed dietary β-carotene, plasma β-carotene and serum cholesterol levels in 20 male smokers with lung cancer and 103 male smoking controls, a subsample taken from a larger case-control study on oxidant-antioxidant status. As predicted, we found that the association between low serum cholesterol levels and lung cancer risk was greater in subjects with low plasma β-carotene. Controlling for plasma β-carotene decreased but did not negate the magnitude of the inverse association between serum cholesterol and lung cancer. A low serum cholesterol level tended to increase the risk associated with low plasma β-carotene. Our data suggest that a low plasma β-carotene does not totally explain the association between serum cholesterol and lung cancer.

ISSN:0959-8278    

出版商:OVID    

年代:1995

数据来源: OVID

摘要:

The incidence ofHelicobacter pyloriwas compared in high and low risk gastric cancer areas. Complete data were available on 116 age and sex matched sets of cases—patients with histologically proven intestinal metaplasia (IM)—and two control groups, one non-IM endoscoped controls (EC) and one non-endoscoped controls (NC) recruited from out-patient clinics.H. pyloristatus was determined by both serology and histology in individuals biopsied from three separate gastric sites. Our data show an increased incidence ofH. pyloriand intestinal metaplasia in areas at high risk for gastric cancer, good agreement onH. pyloristatus between histology and serology and a relationship betweenH. pyloristatus in individual biopsies and the degree of gastritis. With 116 matched sets of patients this is one of the largest series to date and supports the hypothesis thatH. pyloriinfection may be involved in gastric carcinogenesis through chronic gastritis and intestinal metaplasia.

ISSN:0959-8278    

出版商:OVID    

年代:1995

数据来源: OVID

摘要:

This study aimed to identify the factors associated with the development of gastric precancerous changes, in a prospective series of patients undergoing endoscopy. Risk factors and associated mucosal changes were evaluated in 134 endoscoped patients affected by chronic non-atrophic (n= 76) or atrophic gastritis (CAG) (n= 32), with or without intestinal metaplasia (IM), or lacking any major histological changes (n= 26). The following variables were taken into account: age, alcohol consumption, smoking habit, vitamin C intake (using a questionnaire), gastric juice vitamin C (HPLC on gastric juice samples obtained at endoscopy),H. pyloriinfection, gastric mucosa malondialdehyde (MDA; a measure of free radical production) and extent of CAG in gastric biopsies (only for IM). Tissue MDA levels were significantly higher, and vitamin C levels significantly lower in CAG and IM patients (P= 0.01). Multiple regression analysis showed significant correlations for: CAGvsage (P< 0.02), MDA (< 0.02) and gastric vitamin C (< 0.05); IMvsage (P< 0.0005), CAG (< 0.0005) and MDA (< 0.001). Using stepwise discrimination analysis, the independent variables included in the model were: for CAG, age (P< 0.003), MDA (< 0.05), gastric juice vitamin C (< 0.05); for IM, CAG (P< 0.0005), age (< 0.001), MDA (< 0.03) and vitamin C intake (< 0.05).H. pyloriwas not included. The major determinants for CAG and IM were age, free radical production (as measured by MDA), vitamin C (for CAG) and vitamin C intake and CAG (for IM). Although it is instrumental in the development of gastritis,H. pyloriinfection requires major cofactors for precancerous changes to develop.

ISSN:0959-8278    

出版商:OVID    

年代:1995

数据来源: OVID

摘要:

It has been demonstrated that bacteria can produce the very potent carcinogens (N-nitroso compounds), from nitrite and suitable amines. It has been hypothesized that this can happen whenever a body site which is normally sterile becomes colonized by bacteria. If this is so then such chronic infections should result in an increased incidence of local cancers and also of cancers at some distant sites. To test this we studied the risk of cancer at various sites in a cohort of chronic carriers ofSalmonella typhi/paratyphi.We have observed a greatly increased risk of cancers of the biliary tract and also of cancers of the colorectum, pancreas, lung and all sites. The results are discussed in terms of the hypothesis being tested.

ISSN:0959-8278    

出版商:OVID    

年代:1995

数据来源: OVID