ISSN:0959-8278    

出版商:OVID    

年代:1998

数据来源: OVID

摘要:

In order to assess the relationship between dietary intake of sugar and cancer a comprehensive search of the scientific literature was undertaken. An earlier publication details an analysis of studies relating to cancers of the digestive tract (Burley, 1997). Here, a total of 69 publications were reviewed which reported the results of ecological, case-control or cohort studies which had assessed the relationship between dietary sugar intake or sucrose-containing foods and risk of cancer at other sites. Cancer sites reviewed included the breast, pancreas, prostate, testis, female reproductive system, lung and upper aerodigestive tract and bladder. For most of these cancer sites the number of studies was insufficient to reach a conclusion. For breast cancer, the data on international per capita sugar intakes suggest a consistent positive correlation with breast cancer mortality rates. However, this relationship is not consistent in within-country ecological studies or in case—control studies, in which sugar intakes have been assessed as mono- and disaccharides or as sucrose. There is some suggestion of a weak increase in risk of breast cancer with high consumption of sucrose-containing foods, such as cakes and biscuits. However, these foods provide a range of other nutrients, particularly fat, which may also be implicated in the development of breast cancer, and further studies specifically designed to address this area are required. It is apparent that there is insufficient evidence to conclude whether sugar has a role in cancer at any site.

ISSN:0959-8278    

出版商:OVID    

年代:1998

数据来源: OVID

摘要:

In Germany, screening for colorectal cancer shows low efficiency, which is partly due to demographic changes with a rising mean age of the population, a low participation rate and an unsatisfactory sensitivity of guaiac tests for detecting faecal occult-blood. Therefore, a pilot screening study with a new immunological faecal haemoglobin and albumin test was performed in Östringen, Germany to assess its compliance, performance characteristics and cost-effectiveness. Two thousand, seven hundred and eighty-five persons (1,498 women and 1,287 men) collected 1 ml samples from two different sites of one stool. The upper limit of normal was 10 μg/g stool for haemoglobin and 100 μg/g stool for albumin. The compliance was 82%; 224 persons (8%) had a positive test result. Of these, 184 underwent full colonoscopy. We detected 14 colorectal cancers, 10 of which were Dukes' stage A carcinomas removed by endoscopic polypectomy, 34 large adenomas and 43 small adenomas. The detection rate for colorectal neoplasms was above the rate described for other immunological haemoglobin tests and for Haemoccult tests. The specificity of the test — defined with false-positive results if a normal colon mucosa and no other reasons for upper or lower gastrointestinal bleeding were found — was 99.5%. The cost-effectiveness was assessed by comparing the diagnostic costs with the savings resulting from prevention of colorectal carcinomas by endoscopic polypectomy of malignant polyps (Dukes' stage A). The savings in our screening study exceeded the diagnostic costs by approximately 2.3 times. The combined immunological faecal haemoglobin and albumin test should substitute the Haemoccult test in colorectal cancer screening because of its higher sensitivity and specificity combined with cost-effectiveness and good patient compliance.

ISSN:0959-8278    

出版商:OVID    

年代:1998

数据来源: OVID

摘要:

Faecal bile acids (FBA) have been implicated in colon carcinogenesis. The results of case-control studies of colorectal cancer and polyp patients are, however, conflicting. The aim of this study was to examine the influence of faecal bile acids on occurrence, growth and recurrence of colorectal polyps, and to see if a mixture of calcium and antioxidants might possibly act on cancer precursors through the effect on FBA. A total of 116 polyp-bearing patients were recruited from the outpatients department. Polyps<10 mm in diameter were left insituand measured by annual colonoscopy for 3 years.The patients received placebo or a mixture of antioxidants and calcium carbonate, 1.6 g calcium ion daily. Faecal samples were collected annually; the first, 1 month after start of intervention, freeze dried and subjected to bile acid profile analysis. Two age and sex matched control groups were recruited (n=35), one from healthy volunteers (healthy controls) and one from the outpatients referred for colonoscopy, with no polyps (hospital controls). Twelve of 47patients from the healthy volunteers had polyps (healthy polyp patients). One or more adenomas were found in 93 patients. The faeces of the hospital controls had significantly higher concentrations of total and secondary bile acids than did the healthy controls. There was no difference in FBA profile between the polyp group and the hospital controls, but significantly higher concentration of total and secondary faecal bile acids in the healthy polyp patients compared with the healthy control group (P<0.05). No increased concentration of FBA were found in the polyp patients with multiple polyps (n=21) or previous treatment for colorectal cancer (n=7). No associations between FBA profile and growth or recurrence of colorectal polyps were found. The polyp patients receiving active medication had higher faecal concentrations of total and secondary bile acids in the beginning of the study than at the end, in spite of a good compliance. The present study does not support bile acids as being important markers of initiation or growth of small and medium sized colorectal adenomas. In the present study the calcium and antioxidants did not seem to affect the growth or recurrence of colorectal adenomas by increased TBA excretion in the faeces.

ISSN:0959-8278    

出版商:OVID    

年代:1998

数据来源: OVID

摘要:

The present study evaluates whether speculoscopy, a magnified chemiluminescence examination, combined with Pap smear can improve the detection of cervical lesions, as compared with Pap smear alone. The investigation was a prospective practice-based research carried out as a multicentre cohort study throughout the Italian territory. The participants were 3,300 asymptomatic women age al8 years undergoing routine pelvic and cytological screening. All participants were subjected to Pap smear, speculoscopy and colposcopy investigations in succession. The 646 women with positive colposcopy underwent biopsy. Of the 267 women with positive histology 25 were high-grade intraephitelial lesions (HGSIL) and 242 were low-grade intraephitelial lesions (LGSIL). The histological findings were correlated with the results of Pap smear and speculoscopy alone and combined (PPS). Pap smear alone detected 76% of HGSIL, speculoscopy alone identified 84% of HGSIL, and PPS indicated 100% HGSIL. Of the 242 women with LGSIL, Pap smear alone detected 37% of the cases, speculoscopy alone detected 54% of the cases, and PPS identified 91% of the cases. Together, the two tests missed 9% of the LGSIL. The combination PPS was found to increase sensitivity from 40% to 92%, but to lower specificity from 94% to 23%. Speculoscopy combined with Pap smear can yield a higher percentage of women with biopsy-confirmed cervical pathology than the use of Pap smear as a sole screening test. This is particularly true of patients with LGSIL. The mechanisms of pathological detection and the use of speculoscopy should be investigated further.

ISSN:0959-8278    

出版商:OVID    

年代:1998

数据来源: OVID

摘要:

Human papillomavirus (HPV), particularly HPV 16, is linked to the development of cervical cancer. However, the role of HPV 16 in a number of extra-cervical epithelial tumours is controversial. To assess exposure to HPV 16 in patients with different cancers, we conducted a large serosurvey of 905 patients with 21 types of tumours and measured IgG to HPV 16 virus-like particles (VLPs) using a well characterized enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Patients with cervical cancer were considered 'positive controls', as about half were expected to be specifically HPV 16-related. A non-cancer study group consisting of 48 patients with endocrine disorders (eg diabetes) was also tested. HPV 16 antibody prevalence was highest in patients with cancers of the cervix (52% ± 7%), vulva (27% ± 9%), vagina (27% ± 13%) and penis (63% ± 16%). Seroprevalence was much lower in the non-cancer group (4% ± 3%) and all other cancer patients: uterus (9% ± 4%); ovary (4% ± 3%); testis (5% ± 4%); prostate (6% ± 4%); squamous carcinoma (6% ± 3%) and adenocarcinoma (4% ± 3%) of the lung; rectum (2% ± 2%); pancreas (8% ± 4%); colon (2% ± 2%); stomach (0%); oesophagus (8% ± 4%); buccal cavity (12% ± 5%); breast (10% ± 4%); non-melanomatous (9% ± 6%) and melanomatous (6% ± 3%) skin tumours; bladder (8% ± 4%); and kidney (2% ± 2%). The results confirm the strong relation of HPV with several lower anogenital tract tumours, but, at least in this population, fail to identify additional epithelial tumours associated with high seroprevalence of HPV 16 VLP antibodies.

ISSN:0959-8278    

出版商:OVID    

年代:1998

数据来源: OVID

摘要:

The relationship between liver cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma is recognized, but quantification of risk is still uncertain. Therefore, we analysed data from a case—control study conducted in Italy between 1984 and 1997 on 499 cases of incident, histologically confirmed hepatocellular carcinoma and 1,552 controls in hospital with acute, non-neoplastic disease. Overall, 87 (17.4%) cases vs 10 (0.6%) controls reported clinical history of liver cirrhosis. The corresponding odds ratio (OR) was 27.5 (95% confidence interval (CI), 14.3-15.2) after allowance for sociodemographic factors, and 16.2 (95% CI, 7.9-32.9) after simultaneous allowance for all identified confounding factors, including alcohol consumption and clinical history of hepatitis. The association was of similar magnitude for subjects whose cirrhosis was diagnosed<55 years (OR=14.8) or at age 55 or over (OR=20.0), and the multivariate OR was 33.7<5 years after diagnosis of cirrhosis, 37.3 between 5 and 9 years, and 7.6 (95% to 2.7-21.3) a 10 years since diagnosis of cirrhosis. The association was stronger in males (OR=23.4) than in females (OR=5.9), similar in various age groups, and somewhat stronger in more educated subjects (OR=53.7), with history of hepatitis (OR=33.1), reporting heavy alcohol consumption (OR=24.9) or high body mass index (OR=58.1), although the interaction term was significant only for sex. In terms of population attributable risk, 17% of hepatocellular carcinomas in this population can be attributed to clinical history of liver cirrhosis.

ISSN:0959-8278    

出版商:OVID    

年代:1998

数据来源: OVID

摘要:

In 1996 a randomized sample of 4,020 Swedish adolescents from three birth cohorts were sent a questionnaire consisting of 50 items concerning habitual sun-related behaviours and attitudes, knowledge about melanoma, risk perception and self-image. A total of 2,615 questionnaires were returned. Girls sunbathed and used sunbeds more than boys at all ages. Sunbathing and sunbed use increased with age. Boys who were most satisfied and girls least satisfied with themselves sunbathed most. Those who were least satisfied with themselves used sunbeds most frequently. Girls reported a higher perceived susceptibility to melanoma than did boys. The perception of susceptibility increased with age. Those who were least satisfied with themselves reported feeling most susceptible. The overall main reason for sunbathing was appearance, both for own sunbathing, and to an even higher degree, as a supposed reason for other adolescents' behaviour, and was reported most frequently by girls and the older age groups. The second most 'important' reason for sunbathing was 'feeling warm and comfortable'. Preventive programmes aimed at a change of sun related behaviours among Swedish adolescents have to be tailored to the climate and cultural conditions and must take into account that having a tan, and the warmth of the sun, are highly valued by most adolescents.

ISSN:0959-8278    

出版商:OVID    

年代:1998

数据来源: OVID

摘要:

We studied the effects of cooking on the vitamin and mineral content of vegetables (vegetable soup, cauliflower), meat (beefsteak) and fish (sole) and those of cutting (fruit salad) and squeezing (orange juice) on the vitamin content of fruits. In cooked dishes, vitamin retention ranged between 0 (folic acid, all dishes) and 94% (retinol, sole) and mineral retention between 63 (copper, cauliflower) and 96% (iron, vegetable soup). In orange juice, ascorbic acid appeared to be protected from oxidation for at least 12 h as compared with fruit salad. Our study shows that preparation of foods with techniques available at home may be responsible for losses of vitamins and minerals. Further studies are needed to ascertain the effects of these losses on nutritional status.

ISSN:0959-8278    

出版商:OVID    

年代:1998

数据来源: OVID

摘要:

Hepatocarcinogenesis (HC) induced by various carcinogens such as 1,4-dimethylaminoazobenzene (DAB) is a multistep and complex process. The anticancer efficacy of β -carotene (βC) was evaluated by estimating some biochemical parameters during the initiation stage of HC. βC dietary supplementation partially prevented the rise in -α aminolevulinate synthetase activity. P 450 levels were dramatically enhanced in all groups studied. βC administration did not overcome catalase inactivation due to DAB treatment; however, superoxide dismutase activity levels showed to be less decreased in the DAB + βC animals in comparison to the DAB group. The great enhancement provoked by DAB of glutathione 5-transferase, a proposed marker of HC, was partially reversed by βC. In conclusion, heme pathway regulation, drug metabolism, and natural oxidative defence systems, strikingly modified in DAB fed animals, were partially controlled by provitamin A. The potential use of βC in preventing carcinogenesis is suggested.

ISSN:0959-8278    

出版商:OVID    

年代:1998

数据来源: OVID