ISSN:0959-8278    

出版商:OVID    

年代:1999

数据来源: OVID

ISSN:0959-8278    

出版商:OVID    

年代:1999

数据来源: OVID

ISSN:0959-8278    

出版商:OVID    

年代:1999

数据来源: OVID

摘要:

Histograms of age-standardized (world standard) death certification rates from 24 cancers or groups of cancers and total cancer mortality for the 5-year calendar period 1990–94 were provided for 55 countries of the world: 35 countries in Europe, two in North America, nine in Latin America, two in Africa, five in Asia and two in Oceania. The highest male lung cancer mortality rates worldwide were registered in Hungary (82/100 000), the Czech Republic and the Russian Federation, followed by other eastern European countries. Other major tobacco- (and alcohol (-related neoplasms also showed exceedingly high rates in Eastern Europe. For females, the highest lung cancer rates were in Scotland (29/100 000), the United States (26/100 000) and Denmark, reflecting the different spread of tobacco smoking in the two sexes. The highest rates for stomach cancer were in Latin America, the Russian Federation and Japan, and for colorectal cancer in the Czech Republic (37/ 100 000 males, 20/100 000 females) and Hungary. The highest breast cancer mortality rates were in Malta (30/ 100 000 females), followed by Denmark and Britain, and for cancer of the prostate in Norway (23/100 000), Switzerland and Sweden. With reference to total cancer mortality, the highest rates for males were in Hungary (262/100 000), the Czech Republic (238/100 000) and the Russian Federation (224/100 000), and the lowest ones in Israel (127/100 000), and Sweden (130/100 000). In females, the highest total cancer mortality rates were in Denmark (142/100 000), Scotland and Hungary, and the lowest ones in Greece (78/100 000), France and Spain. These patterns of total cancer mortality for the two sexes reflect the major impact of tobacco-related neoplasms, and underline the substantial excess rates in most eastern European countries.

ISSN:0959-8278    

出版商:OVID    

年代:1999

数据来源: OVID

摘要:

Proliferative abnormalities of the normal colorectal mucosa have been proposed as a possible marker of enhanced susceptibility to colorectal cancer. A case-control study was conducted to compare the cell kinetics of normal colon mucosa through the different steps of the adenoma-carcinoma sequence. The number and position of labelled epithelial nuclei afterin vitroincubation of tritiated thymidine were compared in patients with large bowel cancer (n= 39), large adenoma ≥1 cm (n= 47), small adenoma (n= 30) and in controls (n= 135). The distribution of tertiles between cases and controls was analysed using odds ratio (OR), comparing the second fertile (OR2) and the third tertile (OR3) to the first one. There was no significant difference in the overall cell proliferation rate when comparing cancer, large adenoma and small adenoma groups to the control group. The ratio number of labelled cells in the upper 40% of the crypt/total number of labelled cells (index) was found to be significantly higher only when the cancer group was compared to the control group: OR2= 5.87 (1.33–25.90), OR3= 9.48 (2.07–43.38),Pfor trend = 0.002. The upward shift of the proliferative compartment in the normal mucosa of patients with large bowel cancer suggests that this abnormality is related to cancer risk.

ISSN:0959-8278    

出版商:OVID    

年代:1999

数据来源: OVID

摘要:

It is unclear whether neutral steroids and bile acids are involved in large bowel carcinogenesis. This study was conducted to compare the concentration of these faecal constituents at the different stages of the adenoma-carcinoma sequence. Neutral sterols and free bile acid concentrations were determined from stool samples collected form patients with large bowel cancer (n= 47), large adenoma ≥1 cm (n= 42), small adenoma (n= 24), and controls (n= 104). The distribution of tertiles between cases and controls was analysed using odds ratio (OR), with 95% confidence interval (CI), comparing (two-sided tests) the second tertile (OR2) and the third tertile (OR3) to the first one. Persistence of primary bile acids appeared as a protective factor against cancer: (OR = 0.09, 95% CI 0.02–0.54). High values of cholesterol were associated with cancer risk (OR2= 5.8, 95% CI 1.3–26.6; OR36.4, 95% CI 1.3–31.4). High values of cholesterol were more frequently observed in patients with large adenomas than in controls (OR2= 8.5, 95% CI 1.9–37.5; OR3= 4.3, 95% CI 0.9–20.9). Neutral sterols, cholesterol especially, may play a role in adenoma growth and adenoma transformation into carcinoma. Persistence of primary bile acids may afford protection.

ISSN:0959-8278    

出版商:OVID    

年代:1999

数据来源: OVID

摘要:

Following clinical trial evidence of mammography screening's efficacy and effectiveness, data are needed from organized population-based programmes to determine whether screening in these programmes results in breast cancer mortality reductions comparable to those demonstrated in controlled settings. The International Breast Cancer Screening Network (IBSN) conducted two international programme assessments: in 1990 among nine countries and in 1995 among 22 countries, obtaining information on the organization and process for screening within breast cancer screening programmes. This manuscript describes procedures for recruitment, service delivery, interpretation and communication of results, case ascertainment, and quality assurance. Practices in more established programmes are compared with pilot programmes. Each IBSN country denned a unique programme of population-based breast cancer screening. Some programmes were sub-national rather than national in scope, while others were in pilot stages of development. Screening took place in dedicated centres in established programmes and in both dedicated and general radiology centres in pilot programmes. Although most countries used personal invitation systems to recruit women to screening, other recruitment mechanisms were used. Most countries used two-view mammography in their screening programmes. About half had implemented independent double reading of mammograms, considering it a key component of high-quality mammography screening. In conclusion, diversity exists in the organization and delivery of screening mammography internationally. Quality assurance activities are a priority and are being evaluated in the IBSN.

ISSN:0959-8278    

出版商:OVID    

年代:1999

数据来源: OVID

摘要:

Health care services in Catalonia (Spain) are organized in a national health service with universal population coverage and include preventive services such as mammography and Pap tests. In addition to a national health service (NHS) coverage, 22% of the population is enrolled in a voluntary private health insurance (VPHI), leading to a double coverage. This situation offers an opportunity to study the impact of this organizational aspect of health care with regard to cancer screening access. The source of data was the Catalan Health Survey (CHS), a cross-sectional survey conducted in a random sample of non-institutionalized population carried out in 1994. Variables analysed were age, educational level and voluntary private health insurance (VPHI). Women were asked if they had ever had a mammography and Pap test for preventive purposes. Logistic regression was used to study the relationship between these variables and the mammography or Pap test participation. The study sample was 5865 women aged 20 years and older. A Pap test and mammography were carried out on 42% and 25% of women, respectively. Participation had a peak between the ages of 30 and 39 years in Pap test and between 40 and 49 years in mammography; it decreased in older women. The percentage of Pap test practice increases according to a higher educational level than it does in mammography. Women who had a VPHI showed a higher percentage of screening tests than the rest of the population. There is also an increase in the mammography practice related to the educational level in older groups, but this fact is not observed in women younger than 40 years. Multivariate logistic regression analysis showed an increase in the likelihood of ever had a mammography and a Pap test according to age and to educational level, although this situation is less pronounced in older age groups. Both variables (educational level and age) remained significant after introducing the VPHI into the model (women who reported having a VPHI were more likely to have had a Pap test and a mammography than the rest of the women). In conclusion the opportunistic screening is associated with age, educational level and VPHI. Educational level is also associated with participation in both screening tests after adjusting by age. Furthermore, screening for cervical cancer shows a higher educational gradient than for breast cancer screening. The influence of VPHI after adjusting by age and by educational level poses the question about the role of private health insurances with regard to preventive practices in the context of a national health service aimed at promoting equity of health care access.

ISSN:0959-8278    

出版商:OVID    

年代:1999

数据来源: OVID

摘要:

The modulating effect of thymoquinone (TQ) on benzo(a)pyrene (BP)-induced forestomach tumours was investigated in female Swiss albino mice, receiving oral administration of BP at a dose of 1 mg twice weekly for 4 weeks. Administration of 0.01% of TQ in drinking water 1 week before, during and after BP treatment until the end of the experiment resulted in significant suppression of BP-induced tumourigenesis when compared with the group receiving BP alone. TQ inhibited both BP-induced forestomach tumour incidence and multiplicity by 70% and 67%, respectively. Lipid peroxide accumulation and decreased glutathione (GSH) content and glutathione-5-transferase (GST) and DT diaphorase activities were observed in the liver of BP-treated tumour-bearing mice. TQ alone showed a significant induction in the enzyme activities of hepatic GST and DT diaphorase. Mice treated with TQ along with BP showed almost normal hepatic lipid peroxides and GSH levels, and normal enzyme activities compared to the control group. The present data may indicate the potential of TQ, the main constituent of the volatile oil ofNigella sativaseed, as a powerful chemopreventive agent against BP-induced forestomach tumours in mice. The possible modes of action of TQ may be through its antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities, coupled with enhancement of detoxification processes.

ISSN:0959-8278    

出版商:OVID    

年代:1999

数据来源: OVID

摘要:

Genetic susceptibility polymorphisms may be of substantial importance in the modulation of cancer risk. The prevalence for an array of polymorphic genes was determined in a cohort of male smokers who participated in a cancer prevention trial in Finland. A random sample of 120 individuals was selected from the trial cohort and the prevalence of variant alleles for nine genes was determined using a polymerase chain reaction-based approach. The prevalence values from this study were also compared with those of other populations derived from previous studies. Our results show that, with the exception of cytochrome P450–1A1 (CYP1A1) and cytochrome P450–2E1 (CYP2E1), all genes tested were sufficiently polymorphic to warrant an investigation of gene-environment studies. Most of the variant alleles, including alcohol dehydrogenase 3 (ADH3), glutathione-S-transferase (GSTM1), methionine synthase (MS), methylene tetrahydofolater reductase (MHTFR), CYP2E1 and CYP1A1, exhibited similar frequencies to other Caucasian populations. Interestingly, the prevalence of androgen receptor-CAG repeat (AR-CAG) and vitamin D receptor (VDR) polymorphisms differed significantly between the alpha-trocopherol, beta-carotene (ATBC) Study and other Caucasian populations. We present herein results from this survey and conclude that the ATBC study population in Finland is sufficiently heterogeneous to facilitate analysis of genetic polymorphisms and disease associations.

ISSN:0959-8278    

出版商:OVID    

年代:1999

数据来源: OVID