摘要:

Poiseuille, born and died in Paris, appears to have passed his entire life as unattached (libre) professor of medical physics. He was the son of a carpenter. We know nothing of his primary studies nor of his preparation for the École Polytechnique.

ISSN:0148-6055    

DOI:10.1122/1.2116329

出版商:The Society of Rheology    

年代:1930

数据来源: AIP

摘要:

The nature of the liquid state of matter is the subject of less definite conceptions than that of either the solid or the gaseous state. A clear concept obtains for the state of a gas on the basis of the molecular kinetic theory, in terms of a system of particles in random translatory movement. An equally clear general conception exists for the crystalline solid state, on the basis of the space lattice theory, in terms of atom‐groups arranged in regular periodic ordering. Such atoms or atom‐groups have no free translatory motion relative to the ensemble, but their thermal energy is due to vibrations about the centers of position which constitute the particular space group.

ISSN:0148-6055    

DOI:10.1122/1.2116330

出版商:The Society of Rheology    

年代:1930

数据来源: AIP

摘要:

Constitution has been considered until recently to be of great importance in determining the fluidity of liquids. It is believed that association of liquid molecules also affects the fluidity so that it is surprising that in the earlier writings on fluidity, association as a cause of fluidity lowering was entirely overlooked. It appears that either chemical constitution or association might be effective but the problem of disentangling these effects is not easy. Gradually the so‐called constitutive factors have disappeared as the data and the methods of comparison have improved until there appeared to be but two left which were small or avoidable and might also be explained on the basis of association. Bingham and Darrall in their study of 23 octyl alcohols made the assumption that chemical constitution determines association and that association has a pronounced effect on fluidity, but that constitution itself is without effect on the fluidity. By this simplifying assumption they were able to calculate the association of those alcohols and to point out for the first time that a simple relation exists between chemical constitution and association, both among the octyl alcohols and also the lower members of the alcohol series. For example, it was found that in a normal aliphatic alcohol the association decreases regularly as the paraffin residue is increased. This conclusion was perhaps to be expected, but so far as known it had not been demonstrated before and it raised many questions. Would this conclusion be borne out with other classes of compounds? Does the association actually decrease in a linear manner or asymptotically? If linearly, is it possible to obtain compounds with a zero or even a negative association? A vast field for research seemed to open out. New data seemed the most urgent need but there was also need for newer points of view. Since constitution brings about the association, the effects upon the fluidity are due to the constitution anyhow. Constitution refers to the method in which given atoms are linked up but one cannot well give a number to the constitution of a certain octyl alcohol. One can, however, measure the association of that alcohol. Hence it may be said that association is a measure of resultant constitutional influences. When we are in a position to evaluate the resultant of the forces between the electric charges, the relation of constitution to association may be calculable.

ISSN:0148-6055    

DOI:10.1122/1.2116331

出版商:The Society of Rheology    

年代:1930

数据来源: AIP

摘要:

In the transpiration method, it has seemed to be the best practice to avoid trumpet‐shaped tubes altogether by cutting the capillary off squarely and sealing it to the remainder of the apparatus without constriction or expansion of any kind. Aside from the mechanical difficulty of meeting this requirement, there have been those who have maintained that a capillary with a trumpet‐shaped exit would be simpler to operate because it would make unnecessary the kinetic energy correction. The theory of the kinetic energy correction was worked out for a tube that was a true cylinder or, at any rate, departed from it but slightly, and therefore it seemed unjustifiable to use modified tubes without further investigation.

ISSN:0148-6055    

DOI:10.1122/1.2116332

出版商:The Society of Rheology    

年代:1930

数据来源: AIP

摘要:

Bingham and Murray have described an apparatus for studying the properties of materials under flow in which the material is forced to flow along a long capillary of constant radius (initially empty) which is graduated in units of length. The time is taken for the head of the advancing column of material to pass each graduation.

ISSN:0148-6055    

DOI:10.1122/1.2116333

出版商:The Society of Rheology    

年代:1930

数据来源: AIP

摘要:

The relative mobility of industrial pastes and doughs is not infrequently too low to permit of its measurement with the classic type of flow plastometer. Yet the industrial operator must attempt to adjust and control the consistency of these materials within small limits of variation. Thus in the flour testing laboratory and in industrial bread baking the quantity of water required to bring the relative plasticity of dough to a definite level must be determined. The “feel” of such material in the hand of the experienced operative is the common criterion. Expensive errors of judgment, as revealed by inferior finished products, then occasion adjustments of the consistency by a trial and error procedure.

ISSN:0148-6055    

DOI:10.1122/1.2116334

出版商:The Society of Rheology    

年代:1930

数据来源: AIP

摘要:

At the recent meeting ofThe Society of Rheology, as reported in the January number, there was a formal expression by the body in favor of “immediate action on the problem of determining the viscosity of water for the purpose of establishing a reference standard,” and the appointment of a committee of five on Standards and Nomenclature was provided for. President Davey has appointed on this Committee, as published in the January number of THISJOURNAL: G. S. Haslam, E. O. Kraemer, S. E. Sheppard, David R. Wiggam, and Eugene C. Bingham. It is hoped to have some foreign members to act with the committee, for, particularly in matters dealing with nomenclature, their assistance will be invaluable.

ISSN:0148-6055    

DOI:10.1122/1.2116335

出版商:The Society of Rheology    

年代:1930

数据来源: AIP

摘要:

The original data of Poiseuille are not generally accessible and therefore they were reproduced in full inFluidity and Plasticitybut unfortunately with several errors, and it is highly desirable that these be corrected at this time when the fluidity of water is being discussed. The tables have therefore been compared by several people, and it is hoped that the following corrections will make them reliable.

ISSN:0148-6055    

DOI:10.1122/1.2116336

出版商:The Society of Rheology    

年代:1930

数据来源: AIP

ISSN:0148-6055    

DOI:10.1122/1.2116338

出版商:The Society of Rheology    

年代:1930

数据来源: AIP

ISSN:0148-6055    

DOI:10.1122/1.2116339

出版商:The Society of Rheology    

年代:1930

数据来源: AIP