摘要:

AbstractSome aspects of the metrology of fluorescence are reviewed. ASTM Committee E‐12 on Appearance has written two documentary standards on the instrumental measurement of fluorescent colors. Test Method E 1247 provides two procedures for detecting small amounts of fluorescence that might affect the measurement or use of nominally nonfluorescent materials. Practice E 991 deals with the measurement of specimens meant to be viewed under standard natural daylight, and that, therefore, must be illuminated by a good instrument daylight simulator. Two procedures are given for assessing the suitability of the simulator, and the required instrument geometry is specified. A future ASTM standard is under consideration that would describe methods for correcting the data obtained with another instrument source to the data that would have been obtained with standard daylight illumination. Two groups of standard specifications exist for fluorescent colors used for signaling or safety enhancement. One defines suitable chromaticities for both red and orange colors [among others], but ignores the fact that these colors cannot always be obtained with good lightfastness by use of existing pigments. the other group provides instead a red‐orange specification for which specimens with good lightfastness can be obtained. the relative merits of the two groups are discus

ISSN:0361-2317    

DOI:10.1002/col.5080190602

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1994

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractFluorescent materials become increasingly important for signalling and warning purposes. Measurement facilities, however, are still very poor. This article reviews the radiometric aspects of fluorescent materials and the measurement of their radiometric and colorimetric characteristics. the precision of colorimeters and one‐monochromator instruments can be improved by applying luminescent reflectance standards, calibrated with a two‐monochromator system. Problems of radiation feedback with sphere geometry and a way to solve this problem with a two‐monochromator system are disc

ISSN:0361-2317    

DOI:10.1002/col.5080190603

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1994

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractFor convenience and reproducibility, daylight is artificially simulated for viewing and measuring colors. Daylight has been standardized in a way that is impractical. the evaluation of fluorescent materials requires simulation of the ultraviolet component of daylight or daylight through a window. Sources for viewing are assessed by spectroradiometry and standard computations. Sources for spectrophotometry may be tested the same way or by measuring radiance factors of fluorescent standards. Better manufacturing methods have improved glass filters. A new filter design method takes account of the spatiospectral nature of the source and affords many degrees of freedom.

ISSN:0361-2317    

DOI:10.1002/col.5080190604

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1994

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractWhite is primarily a sensation like blue, green, or red and, as such, is not measurable directly. Only a physical property, the spectral reflectance of a sample, can be measured directly. But this is not a standard, fixed quantity; it depends on a number of individual properties of the measuring instrument used. the entire geometry of the illuminating chamber—generally speaking a sphere is used for samples with a structured surface—is incorporated in the measuring results. the size of the aperture and the exclusion or inclusion of gloss also influence reflectance. High whiteness is obtainable only with the aid of fluorescent whitening agents [FWAs], and is hence a fluorescent color, which demands specific qualities of the illumination. the sample illumination must be identical with that for which the colorimetric values have been calculated. Nowadays, however, this is usually standard illuminant D65, which can be simulated only approximately in measuring instruments. In addition, all lamps used are subject to changes in spectral energy distribution. the problem is how to obtain constant, comparable results, namely whiteness, tint, and lightness for fluorescent materials using measuring instruments of different designs incorporating different means of simulating standard illuminant D65 or other D illuminants. This article presents a method that has been in use in industry for about 20 years. the method in question comprises two parts: first, on the hardware side, sample illumination that has to meet specific requirements, match the UV excitation required, and remain stable; second, on the software side, the two critical dimensions of whiteness and tint are calculated indirectly from the measuring results. Only in this way is it possible to achieve a large measure of comparability between different instruments. In principle, the method is also suitable for different illuminants and for any white preference. In all other methods of assessment the parameters are not matched to the instrument characteristics. If the results obtained with different measuring instruments are to be compared, difference values have to be used, entailing the need for standards and involving all the drawbacks associated with t

ISSN:0361-2317    

DOI:10.1002/col.5080190605

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1994

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractColor formulation of fluorescent materials is not feasible with the usual methods used for nonfluorescent colors. Realizing the need for certain textiles that are dyed with fluorescent colorants, a technique was developed based on using certain dual‐monochromator measurements of the spectra of fluorescent colorants. to accomplish this formulation, a new spectral quantity independent of illuminant was developed for all fluorescent colorants. This is termed RELEX, which describes the relative excitation of the colorant. When this quantity is weighted by the spectral power distribution for a specific illuminant and factored for absorption by all ingredients in a mixture of colorants, the proper fluorescent emission is obtained, which can be added to the spectral reflected radiance factor, βs, for that mixture. Consequently, match prediction can be done for spectral radiance factor, βT, curves of fluorescent materials using an iterative estimation algori

ISSN:0361-2317    

DOI:10.1002/col.5080190606

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1994

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractThe pulp and paper industry traditionally measures a property called ISO‐brightness based on a filter function with an effective wavelength of 457 nm, but this is not a satisfactory measure of the appearance of the material. Currently there is a growing interest in determining a whiteness value based on the CIE‐whiteness equation with respect both to an indoor illumination and to the standardized D65 illuminant. This is not, however, merely a question of using the relevant mathematical functions. Many papers contain fluorescent whitening agents and this means that reproducible values can be obtained only if the instruments used are adjusted so that the relative UV‐content in the illumination falling on the sample is controlled to correspond to the chosen illuminant. the paper industry employs instruments with a well‐defined d/0° geometry, and the relevant ISO‐Standards also define a hierarchical calibration system, which enables all instruments to be calibrated with traceability to the perfect reflecting diffuser through a reference instrument. This calibration service has now been extended to include fluorescent standards assigned whiteness [D65/10°] values. This article describes the development of this calibration routine based on the absolute two‐monochromator instrument a

ISSN:0361-2317    

DOI:10.1002/col.5080190607

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1994

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0361-2317    

DOI:10.1002/col.5080190609

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1994

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0361-2317    

DOI:10.1002/col.5080190611

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1994

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0361-2317    

DOI:10.1002/col.5080190612

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1994

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0361-2317    

DOI:10.1002/col.5080190613

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1994

数据来源: WILEY