ISSN:0361-2317    

DOI:10.1002/col.5080110202

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1986

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0361-2317    

DOI:10.1002/col.5080110203

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1986

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractThe driving forces leading to the continuing optimisation of biological colour on Earth are, first, colouration by default, arising from the reflection of unwanted radiant energy in energy‐absorbing systems; second, colour which has evolved from the combination of the light reflected from one organism and colour vision of that organism or another; and third, colour which arises from a coloured biochemical which has been optimised for a purpose other than colouring. Biological organisms must live in harmony with their environment. Specialist organic chemicals have evolved to maximise absorption of energy at those wavelengths controlling the life‐support systems of primary producers, for example, photosynthetic bacteria and plants. The energy absorbed is governed by the organism's pigments, which have evolved through adaptation to its environment. Red seaweed is an example of the successful application of this principle. It is proposed that leaves of plants have evolved to be green in a similar manner. The action‐spectrum peaks for two‐stage photosynthesis, phototropism, photoperiodism, and stomata opening all occur at those wavelengths at which skylight and light transmission through leaves are at their

ISSN:0361-2317    

DOI:10.1002/col.5080110205

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1986

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractColour and appearance of flowering plants and animals are discussed in terms of the three driving forces for colouration discussed in Part I. They are: first, the need to absorb incident radiation; second, the combination of reflection properties and visual characteristics; and third, incidental colouration caused because a biochemical, which has been optimised by an organism, happens to be coloured. Pigments and structures have evolved in both plants and animals to optimise colouration. Many flowering plants have evolved in conjunction with different flying creatures to enable pollination to occur. There are only two principles in animal colouration: Either the animal does not want to be seen or he does want to be seen (or does not mind being seen). The mechanisms by which these aims can be achieved are varied. There are three “dimensions” to the visual impact, or total appearance, which one animal has upon another: They are colour, pattern, and behavioural disp

ISSN:0361-2317    

DOI:10.1002/col.5080110206

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1986

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractThe principles of human colouration are very similar to those applying to other organisms, as outlined in the first and second articles of this series. The races of man are coloured differently for the very good reasons of adaptation to our environment, and any deviation from what is considered our normal colour is a good guide to the state of our wellbeing. Human beings have evolved and adapted to a reproductive sexual environment as well as to a climatological environment. Neanderthal man, at the start of the homo sapiens line, included ceremony and colour in his life pattern, and anthropologists have identified a basic colour triad used in body painting. There are various types of decoration and many motives to use colour, but it seems that body colour and decoration in general have remained vitally important to man's culture, enjoyment, and fear of life through the succeeding ages.

ISSN:0361-2317    

DOI:10.1002/col.5080110207

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1986

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractReflectance and transmittance theories have been used to calculate the optical absorption and scattering within materials. For these calculations, the incorporation of corrections for interfacial reflections has not been universally applied, and when corrections have been incorporated, the value used for the diffuse internal reflection coefficient has often been based on theoretical considerations. A method of incorporating interfacial‐reflection corrections is presented. The importance of the incorporation of such corrections, with the proper value for the internal reflection coefficient, is clearly demonstrated for both reflectance and transmittance theories. The limitation of transmittance theory to materials with a scattering power (SX) of greater than 0.5 is also demonstrated for collimated illumination, unless an independent determination is made of the internal reflection coefficien

ISSN:0361-2317    

DOI:10.1002/col.5080110208

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1986

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0361-2317    

DOI:10.1002/col.5080110209

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1986

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractThe DIN Color Chart rests on a development of more than 40 years. It belongs to a group of color order systems that attempt to show equal distances in defined color series. The choice of hue, saturation, and darkness degree as a function of relative luminance factor, and the extended use of colorimetry for interpolations and extrapolations are characteristic elements of this color system. As results of the nature of the colorimetric definitions, several compromises give rise to deviations of the color series from purely psychological ordering. The main aim is technical application in close connection with colorimetry.

ISSN:0361-2317    

DOI:10.1002/col.5080110210

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1986

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractThe data for the Natural Colour System (NCS) were transformed to the CIE 1976 (L*, a*, b*) system (CIELAB). The transformation involved taking the CIE tristimulus values of the nominal NCS notations, i.e., the colorimetric aim points representing the NCS, converting these values to CIELAB, and plotting them in the CIELAB space. All the data have been calculated using CIE standard illuminant C and the 1931 standard observer. The data show that no simple relationship exists between the NCS and CIELAB systems.

ISSN:0361-2317    

DOI:10.1002/col.5080110211

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1986

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractComputer simulation of colorant mixtures is employed in this study to investigate color sensitivity to composition errors in four‐component blends. Color sensitivity as related to mixture composition is reported for concentration‐dependent strength errors and for concentration‐independent weighing errors. Color sensitivity to both types of errors varies regularly with the mixture‐composition variables. A conclusion of the study is that predictable changes in the color sensitivity to composition errors are observed in different regions of colorant‐mixture‐compos

ISSN:0361-2317    

DOI:10.1002/col.5080110212

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1986

数据来源: WILEY