摘要:

AbstractAlready before Theophrastus there was a botanical literature which also dealt with the diseases of plants, but we have only indirectly access to it — mainly by way of Theophrastus. The botanical excursus of the Hippocratic series of writingsDe genitura, De natura pueri, De morbis IV, which attributes the health of plants to a balance of warmth and cold and a correct quantity of specific humidity, forms an exception. This excursus hints at what is more fully developed in Theophrastus discussion of the diseases of plants: The diseases of plants are understood in close analogy to those of animals or human beings. In both cases, a basic distinction is made between inner, dietetic diseases and outer, traumatic ones. According to Theophrastus, especially humidity and an innate warmth are life‐sustaining factors. A disturbance of the natural humidity/warmth‐household must be counteracted by respective measures. As far as the terminology of plant diseases is concerned, Theophrastus relies on already existing concepts. Classical literature after Theophrastus has made no substantial contributions to phytopath

ISSN:0170-6233    

DOI:10.1002/bewi.19860090202

出版商:WILEY‐VCH Verlag    

年代:1986

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractIn his “Cosmogenische Betrachtungen” (1804), Anton von Zach rediscovered — probably independently — some aspects of the theories of Kant and Laplace. More originally, he envisaged also the consequences of an era of heavy impacts in the early history of th

ISSN:0170-6233    

DOI:10.1002/bewi.19860090203

出版商:WILEY‐VCH Verlag    

年代:1986

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0170-6233    

DOI:10.1002/bewi.19860090204

出版商:WILEY‐VCH Verlag    

年代:1986

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractArticle withdrawn at the request of the author's representative.

ISSN:0170-6233    

DOI:10.1002/bewi.19860090205

出版商:WILEY‐VCH Verlag    

年代:1986

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0170-6233    

DOI:10.1002/bewi.19860090206

出版商:WILEY‐VCH Verlag    

年代:1986

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractIn this historical essay an attempt is made to discuss the problem of decisive experiments both from the point of view of History of Science and of Philosophy of Science. The first part deals with Francis Bacon's idea ofinstantiae crucisand with the use of the termexperimentum crucismainly in optics. With respect to the experimental confirmation of Maxwell's electrodynamics the Duhem‐Quine Thesis is discussed. Duhem had argued that not a single hypothesis but only a complete theory is examined by experiment. So a single experiment neither can prove nor can disprove a single hypothesis. With regard to Bucherer's and Neumann's data concerning the velocity‐dependence of the electron's mass the question of the certainty of conclusions arising from experimental tests is treated. In the last parts the really historical problem of the decisive experiments is considered, namely the gap between the context of design of an experiment and the context of evaluation of an experiment in retrospect. The examples here are the Michelson‐Morley experiment, the Franck‐Hertz experiment, and the Compton‐Effect. In the conclusion parity violation is discussed. Perhaps due to the possibility of a single alternative in theory and an unambiguous result of the experiment this test really was crucial. In general, however, theexperimentum cruciswill prove to be a very sel

ISSN:0170-6233    

DOI:10.1002/bewi.19860090207

出版商:WILEY‐VCH Verlag    

年代:1986

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0170-6233    

DOI:10.1002/bewi.19860090208

出版商:WILEY‐VCH Verlag    

年代:1986

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0170-6233    

DOI:10.1002/bewi.19860090209

出版商:WILEY‐VCH Verlag    

年代:1986

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0170-6233    

DOI:10.1002/bewi.19860090210

出版商:WILEY‐VCH Verlag    

年代:1986

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0170-6233    

DOI:10.1002/bewi.19860090211

出版商:WILEY‐VCH Verlag    

年代:1986

数据来源: WILEY