ISSN:0170-6233    

DOI:10.1002/bewi.19870100202

出版商:WILEY‐VCH Verlag    

年代:1987

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractJan Swammerdam was one of the first scientists to do biological research on the basis of physico‐theology. He was a very religious man and thought that by studying the secrets of nature he could best serve the Almighty God. He saw his life's work in demostrating the importance of God in the world of the smallest animals. The most important works of Swammerdam refer to the world of the insects and other lower animals, which he called the „legions of the God of Israel”︁, through which God tells mankind to recognize their sins, to desist from them and to honour him with greater humility. „The miracles of nature”︁ he said „are an open bible, which everywhere points to God as its eternal origin.”︁ This is one of the reasons for the title of the workBiblia naturae. It was Swammerdam's declared aim to demonstrate that the insects were no less perfect than the higher animals. Therefore, he tried to refute all three arguments used by his contemporaries to show up the difference between the higher animals and the insects: 1. insects were believed to have no inner anatomy; 2. they were thought to originate by spontanous generation; 3. development occurred through „metamorphosis”︁. Swammerdam succeeded in refuting all three arguments by exact studies of the nature and development of the insects. Most important for him was his aim to demonstrate that even the structure and the development of the smallest of animals demonstrate that they could only be made by God himself. Science as God's worship must be strictly objective, he said, because only than could one understand the laws of nature and in this way the r

ISSN:0170-6233    

DOI:10.1002/bewi.19870100203

出版商:WILEY‐VCH Verlag    

年代:1987

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0170-6233    

DOI:10.1002/bewi.19870100204

出版商:WILEY‐VCH Verlag    

年代:1987

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractThe scientific institutionalization of electrical engineering took place in the 1880's; however, the science of electricity did not yet furnish proof of its practical efficiency. The founding of chairs in electrical engineering at this time was connected with the rise of heavy current industry, whereas weak current developments, as for instance telegraphy and telephony, played virtually no role. The principal connections of the discipline of electrical engineering shifted in the following years from physics to mechanical engineering, before electrical engineering became an independent discipline. The author gives an account of this development and presents theses for it, as well as shows a research program of the history of electrical engineering between 1880 and the First World War.

ISSN:0170-6233    

DOI:10.1002/bewi.19870100205

出版商:WILEY‐VCH Verlag    

年代:1987

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0170-6233    

DOI:10.1002/bewi.19870100209

出版商:WILEY‐VCH Verlag    

年代:1987

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractThe JournalThe English Historical Reviewand the Development of historical science in England. ‐ The organisational aspect of the history of historical writing and of historical scholarship has, for its largest part, been a neglected field of study, the history of history having essentially been the history of ideas. This study, by making use of the concept of professionalisation as developed by Felix Gilbert (1965) and Doris Goldstein (1982) for the description and explanation of the foundation and the early history of theEnglish Historical Review, is designed to reveal organsational features in the history of historical scholarschip in late 19th century Britain. Because of the lack of institutional affiliation of British historical studies in the Victorian age, the editorial board of theEnglish Historical Reviewformed the base from which scholarly done historical research and teaching ‐ following the models provided in France and Germany ‐ could e

ISSN:0170-6233    

DOI:10.1002/bewi.19870100210

出版商:WILEY‐VCH Verlag    

年代:1987

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Abstract“…that you must have to stop working here.” How Sergej Chakhotin was forced to leave the Kaiser Wilhelm Institute at Heidelberg in 1933.‐ In this essay the author presents some basically unpublished material according to the dismissal of the Russian natural scientist Sergej Chakhotin, a former assistant of I. P. Pavlov. Chakhotin, who got a sholarship granted by an American institution, worked since 1930 at the newly established Kaiser Wilhelm Institute at Heidelberg, as a scientist. Moreover, he practically engaged himself in the political struggle of the German Social Democrats against Nazism and, in 1932, created the at that time well‐known symbol of the Three Arrows. But he was ‐ being a Soviet citizen ‐ a guest in Germany. His political activity was the very reason for his discharge in April, 1933, and even the engagement of some prominent academic collegues was not able to stop the administration measure. So Chakhotin became a political refugee like some of his Ger

ISSN:0170-6233    

DOI:10.1002/bewi.19870100211

出版商:WILEY‐VCH Verlag    

年代:1987

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0170-6233    

DOI:10.1002/bewi.19870100212

出版商:WILEY‐VCH Verlag    

年代:1987

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0170-6233    

DOI:10.1002/bewi.19870100213

出版商:WILEY‐VCH Verlag    

年代:1987

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0170-6233    

DOI:10.1002/bewi.19870100214

出版商:WILEY‐VCH Verlag    

年代:1987

数据来源: WILEY