ISSN:0170-6233    

DOI:10.1002/bewi.19850080202

出版商:WILEY‐VCH Verlag    

年代:1985

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0170-6233    

DOI:10.1002/bewi.19850080203

出版商:WILEY‐VCH Verlag    

年代:1985

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractThe Permanent ‘Becoming’ of the Cosmos: On Experiencing the Time Dimension of Astronomical Entities in the 18th Century. ‐ This paper deals with two of the initial stages through which the dimension of time, in the sense of an irreversible development, found its way into astronomical‐cosmological thinking. The one resulted from the first consequental application of Newtonian principles and laws to cosmic entities outside of our solar system found in theGeneral Natural History or Theory of the Heavensof Immanuel Kant (1755): Endeavoring to explain through natural causes first the peculiarities of the solar system, no longer naturally explainable through the celestial mechanics of Isaac Newton (such as the common orbital plane and rotational direction of all the members of the solar system and the distribution of the masses) ‐ which, however, had been deducible in Johannes KeplersWeltharmonik‐, and endeavoring secondly to explain above all the beginning of the inertial movement of all discrete heavenly bodies ‐ which, however, could have been derived from René Descartes's vortex theory ‐ without using arbitrary acts of God as Newton had done, Kant had to introduce an initial state in which matter in the form of atoms was equally and almost homogeneously distributed over the whole space (similar to the permanent state in Descartes's theory). Thereupon, according to Kant, the initial movements of the slowly growing masses resulted from the effect of gravitational forces. The parameters within the solar system which had to be explained, could then be easily deduced from the process of mass concentration at different points and from the resulting vortex movements. ‐ The other initial stage is found in the classification of ‘nebulae’ by William Herschel who introduced the historical time factor, in the above‐mentioned sense, as a principle of order in addition to the outward shape, which had become common for all the different elements in natural history during the second half of the 18th century. Thereupon the different shapes of the nebulae could be interpreted as stages of development from the primordial nebular state to multiple or single stars. (Herschel had not yet considered them to be accumulations of stars for lack of a suitable telescope.)Both initial stages, which arose out of the thinking of the second half of the 18th century, were still premature for astronomy and cosmology; they have only been taken up again since the end of the 19th century as a result of the emergence of astrophysics, which provided the empirical data for the earlier speculations and

ISSN:0170-6233    

DOI:10.1002/bewi.19850080204

出版商:WILEY‐VCH Verlag    

年代:1985

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0170-6233    

DOI:10.1002/bewi.19850080205

出版商:WILEY‐VCH Verlag    

年代:1985

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractSteno described in 1669 geological sections which were interpreted as the result of a series of earlier events. Steno used actuogeological methods. This was the first step towards temporalizing nature. Steno was succeeded by a lot of other researchers from different European countries. It is amazing to see, that “actualism” was widespread during the 18th century. The next step was the discovery that fossils are extinct beings (Ray, Hooke and others). Using methods of comparing anatomy W. Hunter (forerunner of Cuvier) could prove in 1769 that the Mastodon is an extinct vertebrate. The work of Soulavie in France (1780) is stressed. He held in his hand the key for solving the problem of index‐fossils. About 1800 the importance of fossils for stratigraphy and describing a history of the earth was recognized. Theories and hypotheses were needed to explain the fossil documents (strange shells in older strata and higher developed mammals in younger strata). All these theories couldn't propose a feasible mechanism for the change of beings during the history of the earth. But it could be said, that all fossils proove a history of life and the earth i. e. a progressive development in one sense, a development which is not rever

ISSN:0170-6233    

DOI:10.1002/bewi.19850080206

出版商:WILEY‐VCH Verlag    

年代:1985

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0170-6233    

DOI:10.1002/bewi.19850080207

出版商:WILEY‐VCH Verlag    

年代:1985

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractKant, von Baer, and causal‐historical thinking in biology. In hisKritik der UrteilskraftKant set forth an analysis of bio‐causality which attempted to unite the best features of teleological and mechanical frameworks of explanation. Kant's analysis suggested that related organic forms must be materially interconnected in the unity of a fundamental plan or morphotype. In the hands of Karl Ernst von Baer these suggestions led to concrete researches and groundbreaking empirical discoveries, including the discovery of the mammalian ovum. Von Baer's theories of developmental types, germ layers and fundamental organs offered a precise formulation of the research program initially outlined by Immanuel Kant. Above all through the embryological method von Baer introduced the analysis of causal‐historical relations as the basic tool for biological research, the power of which he revealed in the formulation of a limited theory of evol

ISSN:0170-6233    

DOI:10.1002/bewi.19850080208

出版商:WILEY‐VCH Verlag    

年代:1985

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractDie Einsicht, daß das Studium jeder Wissenschaft ohne Kenntnisse deren Geschichte nur ein unvollständiges Studium sein kann, hat in den letzten Jahren deutlich zugenommen. Unter den Agrardisziplinen dokumentiert jetzt auch die Pflanzenbauwissenschaft dieses neue Denken. Zum ersten Male seit dem Ende des Ersten Weltkrieges liegen in Deutschland wieder pflanzenbauliche Hochschullehrbücher vor, in denen der Geschichte der eigenen Fachdisziplin ein kurzes Kapitel gewidmet is

ISSN:0170-6233    

DOI:10.1002/bewi.19850080209

出版商:WILEY‐VCH Verlag    

年代:1985

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractA large number of the so‐called electronic balances, for example those using wire strain gauges, are based on the elastic deformation of solid materials, and on the electrical measurement of the resulting changes in length. Such instruments must therefore be grouped into the class of spring balances. The spring balance operates within the limits of proportionality according to the law discovered by and named after Robert Hooke. No precise information about the spring balance can be found so far in the literature about balances: it is assumed that it was invented before 1700, without knowledge of the name of the inventor. As the result of a literature research it is shown that Robert Hooke found experimentally in 1676 with „ut tensio sic vis”︁ not only the physical principles which led to the law of elasticity: he also drew practical conclusions from it, and in the treatiseDe potentia restitutiva, published 1678, he described the most important types of spring balances. Experiments carried out by him to demonstrate the reduction of gravity with increasing altitude by using such a balance led, however, to a negative result because of its lack of sensitivity. Further developments for more than 100 years were necessary, until the spring balance come into more general appl

ISSN:0170-6233    

DOI:10.1002/bewi.19850080210

出版商:WILEY‐VCH Verlag    

年代:1985

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0170-6233    

DOI:10.1002/bewi.19850080201

出版商:WILEY‐VCH Verlag    

年代:1985

数据来源: WILEY