摘要:

AbstractThe thesis according to which technologies of communication have implications not just for the form, but also for the content and indeed for the overall logic of what is being communicated rests on a set of general philosophical assumptions as regards the relation between thought and its medium. The paper shows that formulating these assumptions, and elaborating them, has been a characteristic concern of Austro‐Hungarian philosophy; that between the philosophers who played a role in the relevant endeavours there obtained significant, sometimes mutual, influences; and that Austro‐Hungarian realities ‐ basically, the phenomenon of disturbed communication within the Habsburg Empire ‐ had a marked effect on their

ISSN:0170-6233    

DOI:10.1002/bewi.20010240302

出版商:WILEY‐VCH Verlag    

年代:2001

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0170-6233    

DOI:10.1002/bewi.20010240303

出版商:WILEY‐VCH Verlag    

年代:2001

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractScientific cooperations between the museums of natural history in Berlin and in Budapest are described. Already in 19th century, for instance, the specialists of zoological Taxonomy Edmund Reitter (coleopterologist), Geza von Horváth (helminthologist) and Ludwig von Mehély (herpetologist) intensively communicated with the Berlin Zoologists Julius Weise, Karl August Möbius and Anton Collin. After World War II the mueums have been continued using the special collections to their mutual benefit, and when in 1956 the Hungarian collections were disturbed by Soviet military actions, Hungarian zoologists asked for assistance with exchanging specialists and well destined items of their collections. This way in 1963 there have been officially arranged both yearly visits to the museums in Berlin and Budapest and cooperations not only on taxonomy but also on general museological research like problems of modern exhibitions and their evaluating. In 1973, the Berlin museum also participated in theDictionarium museologicum(1986) initiated by the Hungarian museologist István

ISSN:0170-6233    

DOI:10.1002/bewi.20010240304

出版商:WILEY‐VCH Verlag    

年代:2001

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractThe influence of German science and medicine on the development of Hungarian medicine in the age of Enlightenment has been extraordinary strong. Many Hungarian medical students staid in German medical faculties. The medical interrelationships between Germany and Hungary in the 18thcentury are discussed in an overview according to following dimensions: education of protestant Hungarian medical students at German »Aufklaerungs‐Universitaeten«, practical and theoretical resonance, membership of scientific societies, personal contacts and correspondence. Outstanding personalities of this aera were Daniel Fischer, István Weszprémi, Abraham Vater. Special attention is given to a new idea: inoculation against plague as first described by A. Vater in his workBlattern‐Beltzen(1721). Thirty years later I. Weszprémi published his original conception ‐ independently from Vater ‐ in theTentamen de inoculanda

ISSN:0170-6233    

DOI:10.1002/bewi.20010240305

出版商:WILEY‐VCH Verlag    

年代:2001

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractTransylvania differed in many ways from the rest of the Habsburg Empire. This was mainly because this province, bordering the Ottoman Empire, had enjoyed religious tolerance from the 16thcentury onwards. Most of the Protestants living in Transylvania went abroad to study at Protestant universities like Wittenberg, Halle, Göttingen and Leyden and thus escaped the Jesuit dominated education of the Habsburg universities which had become increasingly out of date in the course of the 18thcentury. Even a quarter of a century after the abolition of the Jesuits, and following the reforms during the period of enlightend absolutism, the Habsburg universities were still far from being first rate in most subjects.So the majority of Transylvanian Protestant priests, lawyers and physicians were educated at universites in the north of the German speaking world or in the Netherlands, thus becoming members of a scientific community which could be regarded as belonging to the best in the world of scholarship. The impact on Transylvania was enormous because many of these scholars used modern scholarship and research methods and kept close to a world of learning which was geographically so distant from Transylvania

ISSN:0170-6233    

DOI:10.1002/bewi.20010240306

出版商:WILEY‐VCH Verlag    

年代:2001

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractThe first perpetual university in Transylvania was founded rather late compared to European standards, namely only in 1872 in Klausenburg (Cluj, Kolozsvár). Through the centuries, the social request for physicians was satisfied by the education of Transylvanian students at foreign universities and by the immigration of physicians from abroad. Concerning the period from 1180 to 1849, we know about 7145 Transylvanian students at more than 80 different universities of the Occident. Thereof, 412 physicians and 219 surgeons can be documented by their names. The ranking list of the most frequented medical faculties (Vienna, Padova, Leyden, Utrecht, Jena, Lipsia, Erlangen, Frankfort‐on‐Oder, Goettingen, Basel etc.) proves that all of these medical men received their professional education (being sponsored socially) from the then most excellent foreign universities. Thus, studies abroad guaranteed continual transfer of knowledge from Western to Eastern Europe. This situation seems to partially have compensated the disadvantages of lacking own Transylvanian universities ‐ at least from the quality point of view, so that the professional standard of the education of doctors working in Transylvania used to correspond to the highest level of European me

ISSN:0170-6233    

DOI:10.1002/bewi.20010240307

出版商:WILEY‐VCH Verlag    

年代:2001

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0170-6233    

DOI:10.1002/bewi.20010240308

出版商:WILEY‐VCH Verlag    

年代:2001

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0170-6233    

DOI:10.1002/bewi.20010240309

出版商:WILEY‐VCH Verlag    

年代:2001

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0170-6233    

DOI:10.1002/bewi.20010240310

出版商:WILEY‐VCH Verlag    

年代:2001

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0170-6233    

DOI:10.1002/bewi.20010240311

出版商:WILEY‐VCH Verlag    

年代:2001

数据来源: WILEY