摘要:

AbstractAfter the Black Death of 1348 the Plague was not only the cause of personal disasters and individual despair, but was also of political and social significance. Each outbreak of the epidemic implied a crisis for the community with crucial consequences for trade, jurisdiction, administration, executive powers and for food supply. The faith in authority by the leading university medics was tragic, as they subscribed to the hippocratic‐galenical humoral pathology and to the miasmatic theory. On the other hand, municipal authorities, from the 14th century onwards responded to the epidemic in a pragmatic manner, isolating the sick, carrying out checks, imposing trade embargos and special epidemic laws. From the 15th century onwards people were also put under quarantine. The medics' role, their relationship with the government and their tendency to play down the diagnosis will be discussed at length, together with the questionable tradition of theRegimina pesti

ISSN:0170-6233    

DOI:10.1002/bewi.19920150402

出版商:WILEY‐VCH Verlag    

年代:1992

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0170-6233    

DOI:10.1002/bewi.19920150403

出版商:WILEY‐VCH Verlag    

年代:1992

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractThe foundation and administration of European Zoological gardens in the 19thcentury is analized. It is significant of such new institutions, that they are founded in the large cities, and that most of the founders looked at the great models in Paris and London, which are described first. Further it is shown that the change from princely menageries to public Zoological Gardens is caused both by common interests in people's education and pleasure and by scientific aims which leaded to choose the name Zoological “garden” in analogy to botanical gardens. It seems to be characteristic of such public institutions created by citizens in the 19thcentury that they are mostly supported by commercial or scientific local societies. This is exemplified by describing the administration of the Zoological gardens of Berlin (1841), Frankfurt (1856) and Hamburg (1863), which initiated also research for acclimatization of wild anim

ISSN:0170-6233    

DOI:10.1002/bewi.19920150404

出版商:WILEY‐VCH Verlag    

年代:1992

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0170-6233    

DOI:10.1002/bewi.19920150405

出版商:WILEY‐VCH Verlag    

年代:1992

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractThe identification of the plant treated by Dioscorides in his chapter“äkopov”Still today gives reason to errors. This fact justifies the presentation of some hitherto neglected aspects of the confusion of the nomenclature referring to this plant. Especially the synonyms of those plants which were confound with or by which the sweet flag (Acorus calamus L.) was substituted are examined in this study of quotations found in herbals and recipes from the antiquity and the Middle Ages up to the early modern times. In order to answer the question which plants were actually used in the practice of pharmacotherapy at times one would propose to compare the corresponding recipes, a method which could lead to a new kind of index of simpl

ISSN:0170-6233    

DOI:10.1002/bewi.19920150406

出版商:WILEY‐VCH Verlag    

年代:1992

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractIn Camille Flammarion's bookLa fin du monde, published in 1894, we find the picture shown in fig. 2: Some poorly dressed people, including a mother with her child, are shivering with cold in an extremely hostile environment of ice and snow. In two wide‐spread German history of science textbooks, this picture is given as an illustration of the pessimistic conclusions that some nineteenth century physicists (among them Hermann von Helmholtz) had drawn from the Second Law of Thermodynamics. They believed that in a remote future, the entropy of the universe would grow to a maximum, and all available energy would be transformed into heat. This apocalyptic vision was often called “heat death”, but as the average temperature would then be very low, the expression “cold death” was used as well.By analysing Flammarion's text, it is shown that he was not a supporter of this vision of the end of the world. According to Flammarion, mankind would die of cold as a consequence of the lack of water vapour in the atmosphere, and this would occur about twenty million years before the exhaustion of the sun as a source of energy. The use of this picture as an illustration of the heat death (or cold death) theory derived from thermodynamics is a misinterpretation that reminds of the erroneous assumptions that were expressed with regard to another picture by Flammarion (fig. 1). This illustration stemming fromL'Atmosphére: Météorologie populaire(Paris 1888) was for many years (and sometimes is still) falsely considered as a medieval Ge

ISSN:0170-6233    

DOI:10.1002/bewi.19920150407

出版商:WILEY‐VCH Verlag    

年代:1992

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0170-6233    

DOI:10.1002/bewi.19920150408

出版商:WILEY‐VCH Verlag    

年代:1992

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0170-6233    

DOI:10.1002/bewi.19920150409

出版商:WILEY‐VCH Verlag    

年代:1992

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0170-6233    

DOI:10.1002/bewi.19920150410

出版商:WILEY‐VCH Verlag    

年代:1992

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0170-6233    

DOI:10.1002/bewi.19920150411

出版商:WILEY‐VCH Verlag    

年代:1992

数据来源: WILEY