摘要:

AbstractLanguages of science, the idioms of learning and teaching, depend on intellectual trends and cultural developments. Their characteristic adaptation and transformation was particularly evident in the Venetian history of mind which influenced — comparable to the humanist circles of Florence and Rome — wide parts of Europe. In the 12th century James of Venice translated Aristotle directly from the Greek originals, thus forming a new scholastic idiom, whereas — in the 14th century — Petrarch attacked thelingua francaof the scholastic researchers, stressing the importance of poetic and rhetoric elements. Scholastic and humanistic languages were regarded as irreconcilable. In the 15th century an approach was enabled by Bessarion and Ermolao Barbaro who accepted Aristotle and natural sciences as humanistic topics. Around 1500 the famous Venetian printing offices spread the specific idioms of science and researching in the European co

ISSN:0170-6233    

DOI:10.1002/bewi.19940170202

出版商:WILEY‐VCH Verlag    

年代:1994

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractAmong those conceptions of the history of science which deal with the formation of theories is the concept of the unity of science. This unity is in turn based on the unity of scientific method, the unity of scientific laws and the unity of the language of science. After a systematic explication of modern approaches, historical conceptions of the unity of the language of science are described and analyzed. To these belong first of all the idea of amathesis universalisand the so calledLeibniz program, which leads to the architecture of a Leibniz world.

ISSN:0170-6233    

DOI:10.1002/bewi.19940170203

出版商:WILEY‐VCH Verlag    

年代:1994

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractThe language of alchemy may be devided into five layers. — Within the first layer the alchemists explicitly and undisguisedly conveyed chemical informations. But they described chemical substances and chemical operations in a way which reminds us of sociological or psychological descriptions and the treatment of complex personalities. — Within the second layer the alchemists also gave chemical informations albeit encoded in much the same way as craftmen's guilds encoded their knowledge to fend off competition from outsiders. — Within the third layer the alchemists refer to verbal associations and to myths from their cultural environment so that their texts can only be properly understood within a certain cultural context. As the language of this layer was often handed down to later generations of alchemists who were not acquainted with the specific cultural context it tended to cause confusions and misunderstandings. — Within the fourth layer the alchemists deliberately used an arcane language for within this layer they tried to convey the paradoxa of alchemy. — Within the fifth layer alchemy is treated as a literary tradition in which all classical texts contain the truth but no text does it in a fully comprehensible way. — These last two layers show that au fond alchemy is not a process of riddle solving but a quest for cosmic secrets. This gives us a demarcation criterion to distinguish alchemy from genuine natur

ISSN:0170-6233    

DOI:10.1002/bewi.19940170204

出版商:WILEY‐VCH Verlag    

年代:1994

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0170-6233    

DOI:10.1002/bewi.19940170205

出版商:WILEY‐VCH Verlag    

年代:1994

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractThe article has three parts. In the first part (A) the author presents three texts from very different times. In the second (B) he develops the analytical differentiation between three grades of strangeness, firstly the friendly strange(r), secondly the hostile strange(r) and thirdly the absolute strange(r). In the third part (C) a general set of techniques of description, comprehension and interpretation of the strange(r) in the language of law is given, and secondly a set of some other techniques specific to the three grades of strangeness is proposed.

ISSN:0170-6233    

DOI:10.1002/bewi.19940170206

出版商:WILEY‐VCH Verlag    

年代:1994

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0170-6233    

DOI:10.1002/bewi.19940170207

出版商:WILEY‐VCH Verlag    

年代:1994

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractThe short visit of the famous German hygienist Max von Pettenkofer (1818‐1901) in Saxonia is described. Some days in november and december 1865, Pettenkofer was in the course of the cholera epidemic in Altenburg, Crimmitschau, Werdau, Glauchau and Zwickau, but not in Dresden and Leipzig. We receive a picture from the situation of hygiene and infectology in the time before the bacteriologist (and antagonist of Pettenkofer) Robert Koch (1834‐1910) discovered the cholera bacillus. Pettenkofer met some very important physicians of this country and discussed the origin and spreading of the cholera disease. Pettenkofer himself has published a paper about the saxonia tour, which expressed the ideas of natural sciences in the second half of nineteen cent

ISSN:0170-6233    

DOI:10.1002/bewi.19940170208

出版商:WILEY‐VCH Verlag    

年代:1994

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractDuring early modern period Mediterranean people feared epidemics far more than war and other destructive activities. Where epidemics, especially the plague, struck, all communications broke down and trade just withered away. With the coming of the Knights of St. John in 1530 the Maltese Islands became increasingly important as an international boarding place in the very center of the Mediterranean. Soon the maritime development of the Order's State was enhanced by the high regard in which the Maltese Quarantine System was held by European countries in the 17th and 18th century. The aetiology of plague was then unknown and the restrictive measures adopted by the Maltese Quarantine System too were in accordance with the approved epidemiological practices and theories of the time. This article tries to single out the importance of the Maltese Quarantine as a kind of medical “shield” for the southern European countr

ISSN:0170-6233    

DOI:10.1002/bewi.19940170209

出版商:WILEY‐VCH Verlag    

年代:1994

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0170-6233    

DOI:10.1002/bewi.19940170210

出版商:WILEY‐VCH Verlag    

年代:1994

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0170-6233    

DOI:10.1002/bewi.19940170211

出版商:WILEY‐VCH Verlag    

年代:1994

数据来源: WILEY