ISSN:0170-6233    

DOI:10.1002/bewi.19860090302

出版商:WILEY‐VCH Verlag    

年代:1986

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0170-6233    

DOI:10.1002/bewi.19860090303

出版商:WILEY‐VCH Verlag    

年代:1986

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractThe various scholarly and scientific endeavours — comprising both arts and sciences —, which British statesmen persued in their leisure time, transcend the mere biographical aspect. In the light of the slow, yet steady professionalisation of educational and political institutions, many of them modernised or newly created in order to achieve what came to be called “National Efficiency”, the literary and scientific pastimes of men, like Gladstone, Morley, Salisbury, Balfour or Haldane, seemed soon to become somewhat obsolete. Yet, it is argued, that the often professedly amateurish activities did not merely display the traditional hobby attitude to the sciences, so characteristic of the wealthy aristocrat, but in some cases revealed a good understanding of the scientific and educational needs of society, leading up to their active advancement. The British amateurs, it would seem, were pleading for providing a balanced higher education and training, rather than going for the technical excellence of the political rival Imperial Germany, which dazzled and, at the same time, intimidated some

ISSN:0170-6233    

DOI:10.1002/bewi.19860090304

出版商:WILEY‐VCH Verlag    

年代:1986

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractGoethe's theoretical comments on the acknowledgement of the natural sciences dilettante differ considerably from his own experiences in this role (Farbenlehre, Zwischenkieferknochen) of dilettante. Therefore, it seems necessary to raise general questions on the concept: dilettante of natural sciences during Goethe's time, furthermore, on the characterization and labeling of such a dilettante in an historical‐scientific context. This is especially important since up to the present time this particular problem has hardly ever been examined. In addition, there is a summary of an historical case study, the discovery of the human intermaxillary bone by Goethe and of the specialists' reactions on this discovery, especially that of Soemmerrin

ISSN:0170-6233    

DOI:10.1002/bewi.19860090305

出版商:WILEY‐VCH Verlag    

年代:1986

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0170-6233    

DOI:10.1002/bewi.19860090306

出版商:WILEY‐VCH Verlag    

年代:1986

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractExamining the life and work of Adolf Bastian from a dilettante point of view does justice to this important personality of German 19th century ethnology only if a very differentiating approach takes into consideration all the aspects of his work. Bastian, a medical doctor trained in the humanistic tradition, acquired a universal knowledge during his studies. In 1869, he made ethnology into an independent science in Germany, and in the following decades, established it through extensive organisational measures. Bastian worked as a professional in ethnological research. The influence of his theory, theLehre vom Elementar und Völkergedanken, reaches up into the 20th century although it did bear epigonous and time‐related traits. Bastian broadens the ethnological field of research into a universal‐historical reflection. He postulates a strictly empirical method and was one of the few that opposed the encroachment of evolutionism on the human sciences in Germany in the 19th century. In the face of these merits Bastian is to be considered a “true scientist” in the history of the sciences who, nevertheless, shows serious flaws in several areas of his work, flaws that are of an amateurish nature. Especially deplorable are his very unsystematic way of working and the stylistic excesses in his writings. Most of his large ethnographic collections of materials cannot be used in continued scientific work. A fact that has caused a lot of critizism and, considering Bastian's decades of intensive research, represents a great loss to e

ISSN:0170-6233    

DOI:10.1002/bewi.19860090307

出版商:WILEY‐VCH Verlag    

年代:1986

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0170-6233    

DOI:10.1002/bewi.19860090308

出版商:WILEY‐VCH Verlag    

年代:1986

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractThis essay examines the role of amateurs in founding the astronomical subdiscipline of astrophysics. During 1840–1870, they initiated many of the observing programs that came to comprise the new specialty. And during 1870–1910, they participated both in the ongoing research of the field and the campaign to provide it with an institutional base. These general trends are illustrated by examples from the lives of ten prominent amateur solar physici

ISSN:0170-6233    

DOI:10.1002/bewi.19860090309

出版商:WILEY‐VCH Verlag    

年代:1986

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractIn this paper the psychological and historical problems of the german philosophy of nature at the time about 1800 are described. During this time the romantic philosopher and scientist of nature Ritter developed a new scientific branch of knowledge: the electrochemistry. Ritter represents exemplarily the type of a romantic dilettante. In this period, the problem of dilettantism got a new validity, especially by Goethe and Schiller: it was recognized as a positive power of human.In the romantic dilettantism of Ritter three aspects are shown: 1st, romantic dilettantes are intellectual flaneurs; 2nd, romantic dilettantes confront facts and general provisions, which up to this moment are supposed to be paradox, and obtain by this method a synthesis; 3rd, romantic dilettantes favour the intuitive power.

ISSN:0170-6233    

DOI:10.1002/bewi.19860090310

出版商:WILEY‐VCH Verlag    

年代:1986

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0170-6233    

DOI:10.1002/bewi.19860090311

出版商:WILEY‐VCH Verlag    

年代:1986

数据来源: WILEY