摘要:

AbstractIn the late Middle Ages there are two different conceptions of experience: a non‐religious, exterior experience, derived from physical perceptions: the Aristotelian conception, and a religious, interior experience: the conception of monastic theology, represented by Bernhard of Clairvaux. In the transition from Middle Ages to modern times the distinction between exterior and interior experience is transferred into the religious experienc

ISSN:0170-6233    

DOI:10.1002/bewi.19910140402

出版商:WILEY‐VCH Verlag    

年代:1991

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractThe main subject of the paper is to give an example of what could be called, in the history of philosophy and science, reinforcement of traditional topics or paradigms of explanation in order to give explanatory support to or to coooborate the defence of old or the solution of new problems. In the 17th century nearly all positions in the natural science are dependent from theological and philosophical (metaphysical) presuppositions, especially all positions which belong to types of thescientia universalis(Yves de Paris, S. Izquierdo, A. Kircher). To defend the finiteness of the world and the geocentric position of the earth, the Jesuit A. Kircher (1602–1680) returns to an old topic of cosmological speculation, to thegeometria speculativa, in order to demonstrate the absolute perfect and finite structure of the world as an analogon of the absolute perfect and finite structure of the cercle or, better, the sphere (globe). He shows this in hisIter exstaticum(Rome 1656) and in his Mundus subterraneus (Amsterdam 1665). The paper discusses only a central part of theMundus subterraneustitled ‘Centrosophia’: here we find all typical arguments for the phenomenon of reinforcement of old topics and paradigms. God is the center or the non‐dimensional point (punctum) of the cosmic sphere (which is the sphere of all being) and he is in consequence the principle of all geometrical (ontological) parts of this figure. Kircher transmits the evidence of the perfect geometric relation between center and circumference modo analogico to the relation God (creator) and world. Together with this well known and often used analogy he develops a new theory: the theory of the dignity of the subterranean parts of the earth and the earth as earth, as the unic and ideologically exclusive place in all reality that gives mankind the fundament to develop its own implications. The high estimation of the earth sets free an unprejudiced view of what the subterranean area really is: Kircher thinks here in organologic categories — the subterranean world is an analogon of the world as such and this world is a great animal. Kircher develops in the limits of his traditional geocentric position an new non‐traditional theory of the inner side o

ISSN:0170-6233    

DOI:10.1002/bewi.19910140403

出版商:WILEY‐VCH Verlag    

年代:1991

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0170-6233    

DOI:10.1002/bewi.19910140404

出版商:WILEY‐VCH Verlag    

年代:1991

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractIn the second half of the nineteenth century research work in the field of medical chemistry, physiology, experimental pathology and internal medicine led to a differentiation of the two new specialities, clinical chemistry and laboratory research within the Vienna Medical School. Some important contributions to this trend are documented by the scientific accomplishments of J. F. Heller, E. C. Schneider, E. Ludwig, E. Freund, S. Strieker, R. von Jaksch, W. Türk, M. Gruber, C. von Pirquet, and K. Landsteiner

ISSN:0170-6233    

DOI:10.1002/bewi.19910140405

出版商:WILEY‐VCH Verlag    

年代:1991

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0170-6233    

DOI:10.1002/bewi.19910140406

出版商:WILEY‐VCH Verlag    

年代:1991

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractThe history of the science of room acoustics in the 19 century is studied with the example of the buildings of churches. Many architects of this century tried to make use of the acoustical laws in their plans, but only a few physicists did research work in this field.

ISSN:0170-6233    

DOI:10.1002/bewi.19910140407

出版商:WILEY‐VCH Verlag    

年代:1991

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0170-6233    

DOI:10.1002/bewi.19910140409

出版商:WILEY‐VCH Verlag    

年代:1991

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0170-6233    

DOI:10.1002/bewi.19910140410

出版商:WILEY‐VCH Verlag    

年代:1991

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0170-6233    

DOI:10.1002/bewi.19910140401

出版商:WILEY‐VCH Verlag    

年代:1991

数据来源: WILEY