摘要:

The article deals with an aspect of the famous German chemist Robert Bunsen which has not been of much notice so far: his journeys. During his stay in Heidelberg (from 1852 on) Bunsen journeyed up to four months a year. Up to the age of seventy‐eight, he travelled twice almost every year either in spring or autumn when there were no lectures at the university. He made his journeys for reasons of pleasure and in need of rest from teaching and research. In the 19th century such frequency of travelling was quite unusual even for a bachelor like Bunsen. Beeing an enthusiastic wayfarer Bunsen also travelled far away often, so for example to Italy twelve times (even to Sicily), four times to Scotland and England, and twice to Mallorca. ‐ Bunsen's first nine week journey to Italy in 1843 disappointed him as to its scientific outcome. This journey was a turning‐point since he had travelled before for scientific purposes only, beginning with the postdoctoral trip which Bunsen took 1831/32 (sponsored by his sovereign, the king of Hannover) to Berlin, Paris and Vienna for education and information matters. The article sets this journey as well as subsequent travels focusing on science (information, professional communication, experimental team‐work) in the framework of continuing academic training. In the end of the 18th and in the 19th century such journeys for further academic education were mainly done at public expense by chemists and geologists as well as by mining and steel scientists to prepare and qualify themselves as either university professors or administrators for mining metallurgical industry. All these various forms of travelling (postdoctoral educational travels at public expense, scientific journeys, meetings for experimental team‐work, expeditions, and recreational trips) served the communication within the scientific community. No one who wanted to belong to this community was able to escape such form of comm

ISSN:0170-6233    

DOI:10.1002/bewi.19990220402

出版商:WILEY‐VCH Verlag    

年代:1999

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Until recently, in Germany general history lived with the history of science in a peaceful coexistence which was the result of their mutual ignorance. The debates on the integration of social and cultural theories and methods into both disciplines have offered opportunities for a new convergence of general history and history of science. The basic assumption of social constructionism that science does not produce knowledge independant from time and space, has offered new possibilities to link history of science with the discourse of general history. This article will argue that the biographical method, the theory of national innovation systems, institutional history and cultural history are among the most promising approaches to ensure that scholarly coexistence will be replaced by convergence.

ISSN:0170-6233    

DOI:10.1002/bewi.19990220403

出版商:WILEY‐VCH Verlag    

年代:1999

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

The anthropological paternity test basing on a comparative examination of resemblances between a presumptive father and the child was developed in a ‘joint venture’ by Austrian and German anthropologists. After the Nazi rise to power the test was more and more abused to clarify questions of ‘dubious Aryan descent’ whereas in Austria its original function was retained until Austria's annexation by the German Reich. Then Austrian anthropologists too rushed to offer their services to the National Socialist racial legislation. The author shows that accusations by German state officials of the Austrian anthropologist rendering to many expert opinions in favour of the Jewish population, a legend repeated after the war, cannot be upheld any

ISSN:0170-6233    

DOI:10.1002/bewi.19990220404

出版商:WILEY‐VCH Verlag    

年代:1999

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0170-6233    

DOI:10.1002/bewi.19990220405

出版商:WILEY‐VCH Verlag    

年代:1999

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

The emergence of a ‘norm of normalcy’ in 19th century laboratories and hospitals was in no way simply a byproduct of the scientific search for knowledge. It was instead closely associated with expectations of social egalitarianism which merged with the moral economy of a new scientific objectivity. The establishment of normal people as a valid measure for a population socially divided and segregated in estates was thus an essential element of the processes of social formation which created our modern soci

ISSN:0170-6233    

DOI:10.1002/bewi.19990220406

出版商:WILEY‐VCH Verlag    

年代:1999

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0170-6233    

DOI:10.1002/bewi.19990220407

出版商:WILEY‐VCH Verlag    

年代:1999

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0170-6233    

DOI:10.1002/bewi.19990220408

出版商:WILEY‐VCH Verlag    

年代:1999

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0170-6233    

DOI:10.1002/bewi.19990220409

出版商:WILEY‐VCH Verlag    

年代:1999

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0170-6233    

DOI:10.1002/bewi.19990220410

出版商:WILEY‐VCH Verlag    

年代:1999

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0170-6233    

DOI:10.1002/bewi.19990220411

出版商:WILEY‐VCH Verlag    

年代:1999

数据来源: WILEY