摘要:

Abstract—The goal of a phylogenetic species concept is to reveal the smallest units that are analysable by cladistic methods and interpretable as the result of phylogenctic history. We define species as the smallest aggregation of populations (sexual) or lineagcs (asexual) diagnosable by a unique combination of character states in comparable individuals (semaphoronts). A character state is an inherited attribute distributed among all comparable individuals (semaphoronts) of the same historical population, clade, or terminal lineage. This definition of species is character‐based and pattern oriented. Evolutionary explanations of phylogenetic species are consistent with contemporary explanations of processes of speciation, but require only the assumption of nested hierarchical pattern. We discuss the compatibility of the phylogenetic species concept with various biological needs for species and justify its use at the exclusion of alternative species conce

ISSN:0748-3007    

DOI:10.1111/j.1096-0031.1990.tb00541.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1990

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Abstract—The doctrine of recapitulation was long ago exchanged for a view that ontogeny is orderly and recapitulates ancestral ontogenies. Only recently has the pattern of ontogeny, as a means for determining individual character phylogenies (polarities), been explicitly explored by Gareth Nelson and other cladists. Constraints on outgroup comparisons are suggested to apply to Nelson's rule equally, and the supposed distinction between “direct” and “indirect” methods is suggested to be nonexistent. Nelson's rule is concluded to measure character adjacency directly, but polarity indirectly. Nelson's (ontogenetic) rule is compared to the Outgroup Rule of Watrous and Wheeler, based on 60 postembryonic larval characters of three species of slime‐mold beetles of the genusAgathidium(onisemdesPalisot de Beauvois,pulchrumLeConte,aristeriumWheeler), and reference to larvae ofAmsotoma basalts(Le Conte) as an outgroup. Polarities were hypothesized based on each rule and cladograms constructed with the microcomputer programs Henning86 (J. S. Farris) and CLADOS (K. C. Nixon). With levels of analytical error, or homoplasy, measured as the consistency index, the results were compared and the least homoplastic solutions preferred. It is concluded that the outgroup rule and Nelson's rule arc of about the same efficacy as criteria for polarity, and that each is ultimately justified on the basis of parsimony. The following hypothesis of relationships is accepted for the species studied: (Anisotoma basalts+ (Agathidium oniscoides+ (Agathidium pulchrum+Agathidium ar

ISSN:0748-3007    

DOI:10.1111/j.1096-0031.1990.tb00542.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1990

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Abstract—A data dependent weighting procedure is developed to allow the comparison of phylogenetic trees based on nucleic acid sequence data. The sampling error of this cladogram “cost” is then examined, permitting statistical evaluation of the cost differe

ISSN:0748-3007    

DOI:10.1111/j.1096-0031.1990.tb00543.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1990

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0748-3007    

DOI:10.1111/j.1096-0031.1990.tb00544.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1990

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0748-3007    

DOI:10.1111/j.1096-0031.1990.tb00545.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1990

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0748-3007    

DOI:10.1111/j.1096-0031.1990.tb00546.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1990

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Book reviewed in this article:The Systematics Association Enters Its Golden Years: Prospects in Systematics. D. L. Hawksworth (ed.).Evolution of Organismal Complexity: Complex Organismal Functions: Integration and Evolution in Vertebrates. David B. Wake and Gerhard Roth (eds).

ISSN:0748-3007    

DOI:10.1111/j.1096-0031.1990.tb00547.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1990

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0748-3007    

DOI:10.1111/j.1096-0031.1990.tb00548.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1990

数据来源: WILEY