摘要:

Abstract—Currently characters are static concepts whose definition and state delineations seldom undergo any scrutiny. Common systematic practice tends to synthesize character slates by combining or dividing observed conditions, a situation most likely due to current theoretical limitations in phylogenetic inference, which tends to ignore problems of multistate characters. This process we refer to as the “synthetic” method for character definition. Character definitions derived for the genera of North American Cochylini (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) using “synthetic” character states postulated that the cochylines were not monophyletic. The use of cladogram characters and nearest neighbor matrices in uncovering potential flaws in character state delineation is demonstrated. The “synthetic” set of character definitions proved deficient upon such analysis, principally due to its attempt to force highly variable features into a few states. The set of character definitions produced from this analysis is referred to as “reflective” because it does not ignore observed variation. It produces characters with many states and presents problems of setting up transformation series. Three means lor deriving transformations are applied to produce transformation series for the reflective set of character definitions: the unordered outgroup method, morphocline analysis and Transformation Series Analysis (TSA). All three data sets postulated the Cochylini as monophyletic. The three sets of phylogenies were compared. Consensus trees are ambiguous when analysing changes in hierarchy. In order to summarize these results in a manner which does not destroy the phylogenetic structure, positional subtrees, a new means for summarizing multiple solution cladograms, are introduced. It was found that all three sets of transformations produced very different cladograms which in turn were very different from the tree produced by the original, synthetic definitions. The results of each of these methods were assessed for their internal consistency. TSA gave the least cont

ISSN:0748-3007    

DOI:10.1111/j.1096-0031.1990.tb00549.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1990

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Abstract—When divergent taxa are used to root networks, it is assumed that the character stales in the outgroup have historical similarity to those in the ingroup. Yet, if the data are nucleic acid sequences, the character stales shared by a divergent outgroup may be based not on history but on random similarity. A simple procedure is proposed to test this possibility. In the absence of an appropriate outgroup, root position can be estimated with the use of an asymmetrical character transformation matrix. If the matrix is sufficiently biased, it can supply the polarity information usually derived from an outgroup. This outgroup test and rooting procedure are demonstrated with ADH sequences from the genusDrosophil

ISSN:0748-3007    

DOI:10.1111/j.1096-0031.1990.tb00550.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1990

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0748-3007    

DOI:10.1111/j.1096-0031.1990.tb00551.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1990

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0748-3007    

DOI:10.1111/j.1096-0031.1990.tb00552.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1990

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0748-3007    

DOI:10.1111/j.1096-0031.1990.tb00553.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1990

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0748-3007    

DOI:10.1111/j.1096-0031.1990.tb00554.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1990

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0748-3007    

DOI:10.1111/j.1096-0031.1990.tb00555.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1990

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0748-3007    

DOI:10.1111/j.1096-0031.1990.tb00556.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1990

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Book reviewed in this article:Invertebrates and Ignorance: the Book: Invertebrate relationships: patterns in animal evolution.Pat Willmer.Panbiogeography special issue.— 199

ISSN:0748-3007    

DOI:10.1111/j.1096-0031.1990.tb00557.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1990

数据来源: WILEY