摘要:

Abstract—Stepwise coevolution, as defined by Ehrlich and Raven (1964) and others, can be equated with parallel cladogenesis or association by descent (Mitter and Brooks, 1983). I review the insect/plant literature and discuss recent cladistic findings for the Papilionidae, and compare two contrasting theories: 1) that insect/host associations have evolved through parallel cladogenesis; or 2) that insects have ‘colonized’ their hosts subsequent to plant cladogenesis. I conclude that no documented examples of parallel cladogenesis between insects and plants are known. The swallowtail cladograms instead offer evidence in support of the second theory. They suggest that host association patterns in the Papilionidae have resulted from repeated colonization of plants belonging to a relatively small number of families. I discuss data which indicate that plant secondary chemicals have been important ‘barriers’ to colonization (sensuEhrlich and Raven, 1964), and have in large part mediated host switching in the Pap

ISSN:0748-3007    

DOI:10.1111/j.1096-0031.1987.tb00501.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1987

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Abstract—The effectiveness and efficiency of two microcomputer parsimony programs (Felsenstein's PHYLIP and Swofford's PAUP), and a prototype version of a third (SHEN, to be incorporated in Farris' HENNIG‐86), are evaluated with reference to 35 data sets, including those previously used by Luckow and Pimentel (1985) to benchmark mainframe programs. Both PHYLIP and PAUP can be used effectively; with careful selection of options, their accuracy can equal or surpass that of older mainframe programs. PHYLIP is relatively inefficient (in use of computer time); its usefulness is also limited by the inability of its heuristic algorithms to detect multiple equally parsimonious solutions in a single run. PHYLIP's exact algorithm (branch‐and‐bound) and PAUP's heuristic and exact algorithms do not share the latter drawback but require users to spend unreasonable amounts of time coping with redundant output. The remarkable effectiveness of these programs offers hope that (particularly with the advent of multitasking microcomputers) exact and cost‐effective solutions will be obtainable in many, if not all, cladistic

ISSN:0748-3007    

DOI:10.1111/j.1096-0031.1987.tb00502.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1987

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Abstract—Quantitative and qualitative ultrastructural data from the spermatozoa of 11 oligochaete species, representing all orders (Tubificida, Lumbriculida, and Haplotaxida, yielded a single most parsimonious tree, using the Wagner‐tree (PAUP) method of Swofford (1984). The Haplotaxida (Haplotaxisthrough Megascolecidae) form a discrete monophyletic group, with inclusion, however, of the reproductively exceptional tubificidanPhreodrilus. Bythonomus, representing the Lumbriculidae, the phylogenetic position of which has been so controversial, forms the plesiomorphic sister group of the Haplotaxida, a position which is supported from other evidence. The Tubificida, represented by two tubificids (RhizodrilusandLimnodriloides) and by the enchytraeidLumbricillus, are plesiomorphic relative to the lumbriculid+haplotaxid assemblage and lie at the base of the tree, but all three appear mutually paraphyletic. Monophyly of the Tubificida cannot, however, be considered conclusively refuted from the small sample used.Lumbricillusappears to have the most plesiomorphic sperm in the investigated oligochaetes. The Megascolecidae (AmynthasandFletcherodrilus) form the highest affinity and most apomor‐phic group. The implications of relative apomorphy of the Lumbriculida (Bythonomus) are profound. Branchiobdellids and leeches are generally regarded as sharing a common ancestry with lumbriculids and would, because of the revised position of the latter, cladistically constitute part of the Oligochaetasensu

ISSN:0748-3007    

DOI:10.1111/j.1096-0031.1987.tb00503.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1987

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Abstract—It is argued that taxa, whether Linnaean or phylogenetic, belong to Popper's worlds 2 and 3, the worlds of knowledge, but that they represent entities residing in world 1, the world of objects, namely, classes of living beings. The Linnaean taxa are concepts, and thus untestable, whereas phylogenetic taxa are statements, the monophyletic taxa being true, and the paraphyletic and polyphyletic ones false statements. The taxa are neither strictly nor numerically universal statements, but probabilistic ones which cannot be falsified by single observations. It is suggested that the classical “species problem” is due to the fact that “species” has been used in three different senses. First, traditionally it has been assumed that the specific “essence” of an organism is that by which it is what it is. When we know the species, we know the organism. Second, the species are terminal taxa in the phylogenetic hierarchy. This implies that it is only a very small part of the “essence” of the organism which distinguishes the species. The remaining part characterizes the succession of superior taxa in the phylogenetic lineage which ends with the species in question. Third, the species has been regarded to be the “evolutionary unit.” This idea may be refuted for two reasons: (1) since concepts and statements cannot evolve, species cannot evolve either, and (2) it is generally in very small isolated populations that evolutionary innovations are first established. In Linnean systematics the superior taxa are allotted categorical rank. The fact that the classification is constrained by this conventional stipulation implies that the superior taxa are often man‐made artifacts. In the phylogenetic hierarchy, composed of monophyletic taxa, the ontological states of the taxa is completely independent of their numerical rank; the kingdom is a

ISSN:0748-3007    

DOI:10.1111/j.1096-0031.1987.tb00504.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1987

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0748-3007    

DOI:10.1111/j.1096-0031.1987.tb00505.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1987

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0748-3007    

DOI:10.1111/j.1096-0031.1987.tb00506.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1987

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Book reviewed in this article:The Shape of Things that Come.: Sexual Selection and Animal Genitalia.—William G. Eberhard.Die Art in Raum und Zeit: Das Artkonzept in der Biologie und Palaontologie.—Rainer Will

ISSN:0748-3007    

DOI:10.1111/j.1096-0031.1987.tb00507.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1987

数据来源: WILEY