摘要:

Abstract—When analysing phylogcnetic relationships at low laxonomic levels it is often the ease that many of the features that can be used to separate taxa show continuous variation. The theoretical and practical problems for the use of such quantitative characters in phylogenetic analysis arc examined. Three methods of coding continuous data into discrete characters are assessed in detail: simple gap‐coding, generalised gap‐coding and segment‐coding, a form of range‐coding. The methods are applied to a data set gathered forEucatyptusL'Hérit. informal subgenusSymphyomyrtussectionMaidenana(Myrtaceae). Each method is capable of distorting relative differences between taxa, but segment‐coding produces the least amount of distortion, provided the range of variation of the character is divided into a sufficient number of character states.Continuous quantitative characters provide data for phylogenetic analysis that arc more noisy than those provided by discrete qualitative characters and should, therefore, only be used when the number of qualitative characters is insufficient for resolution of relationships. The results of such analyses should be recognised as provisional pending the discovery of more readily informativ

ISSN:0748-3007    

DOI:10.1111/j.1096-0031.1989.tb00487.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1989

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Abstract—A multivariatc model for taxa and characters is presented that represents taxa as points in an ordination space such that shared derived character states define groups of taxa or regions in this space. This model is compared, in terms of concepts of information content and explanatory power, to the eladistie model that relates characters and taxa to a hierarchical pattern. While a cladogram may be identified with a phylogenetic hypothesis, the ordination pattern may be equated with hypotheses about similarities among the taxa in habitat, feeding mode, or other ecological factors.This basic data‐pattern model is appropriate for the explanation of the character convergences implied by a particular phylogenetic hypothesis. Under the assumptions of the model, the underlying ordination pattern may be inferred from the observed character data using robust ordination procedures recently developed in community ecology.As an illustration of the method, the morphological convergences derived from a recent phylogenetic hypothesis for genera of Anseriformes are analysed. In the resulting two‐dimensional ordination, the genera are arranged such that the convergenlly derived states form regions in the space. While this pattern implies that some of the taxa that are close together in the space are phylogcneticallydissimilar, taxa that are close together in the space are found to besimilarin their mode of feeding. Thus, the ordination demonstrates that taxa sharing these morphological convergences tend to utilize habitat in the same way in terms of mode of feeding.The explanatory power of the pattern and the degree of recovery of habitat information are tested against null hypotheses using Monte Carlo simulations.Extensions of the method are discussed, including applications to studies of parasite—host relationships and to bioge

ISSN:0748-3007    

DOI:10.1111/j.1096-0031.1989.tb00488.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1989

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Abstract—A manual cladistic analysis, subsequently expanded with a PAUP computer analysis, was performed on 21 genera of the monophyletic taxon Pandaloidea. Morphological data were obtained from the literature for 146 of the 152 known species‐group taxa and from specimens belonging to 11 genera and 15 species—those ofPantomus parvulusextending the known range from the North Western Atlantic to Uruguay. The taxon Physetocaridoidca was synonymized with Pandaloidea, and the genusPandalopsiswith“Pandalus”. I have rejected reversal hypotheses indicated by the computer for four transformation series and chosen a final cladogram of slightly different topology which is six steps longer than the shortest tree. The cladogram for 20 terminal taxa is based on 108 apomorphic characters, resolved into 155 steps (72 synapomorphies and 83 homoplasies and reversals). The following sequenced phylogenctic classification is proposed: Pandaloidea; Pandalidae; Pantominae subfam.n.;Notopandalus [N. magnoculus]; Peripandalus [P. serratus]; Pantomus; P. ajfinis; P. parvulus; Pandalinae; Austropandalini trib.n.;Austropandalus [A. grayi]; Pandalina; P. brevirostris; P. profunda; Pandalini;Dichdopandalus; D. bonnieri; D. leptorerus; Pandalus: “Plcsionikidae”[“Plesionika”]; Heterocarpidae[Heterocarpus]; Heterocarpoididae fam.n.[Heterocarpoides] [H. levicarina]; Dorodoteidae fam.n.[Dorodotes] [D. reflexus]; Thalassocarididae;Chlorotocus; C. crassicornis; C. novaezelandiae; Chlorotocoides [C. spinicauda]; Thalassocaris;, T. obscura; T. crimia; T. lucida; Physetocandidae;Stylopandalus [S. richardi]; Chlorotocella; C. gracilis; C. leptorhjnehus; Physetocaris [P. microphthalma]; Chlorocurtis [C. jactans]; Anachlorocurtis [A, commensalis]; Miropandalus [M. hardingi]. Quotation marks indicate taxa of uncertain systematic status. Square brackets indicate redundant, phylogenetically uninformative, genus and species‐level taxa maintained in the classification to comply with the principle of bin

ISSN:0748-3007    

DOI:10.1111/j.1096-0031.1989.tb00489.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1989

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0748-3007    

DOI:10.1111/j.1096-0031.1989.tb00490.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1989

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0748-3007    

DOI:10.1111/j.1096-0031.1989.tb00491.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1989

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Book reviewed in this article:Lord of the Flies: The Systematist as Study AnimalScience as a Process: An Evolutionary Account of the Social and Conceptual Development of Science.‐David L. Hull.Theory and Eutherians: A Review of the Phylogeny and Classification of the Tetrapods—Volume 2: Mammals.‐Michael J. BentonFlashing Wings, Slashing StingsThe Hymenoptera.‐Ian Gauld and Barry BoltonWing Venation, Rhopalosomatids and Spid

ISSN:0748-3007    

DOI:10.1111/j.1096-0031.1989.tb00492.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1989

数据来源: WILEY