摘要:

Abstract—A connection is established between maximally parsimonious cladograms and trees of highest likelihood. The assumptions needed to prove this are derivable from the structure of evolutionary theory and are independent of the frequency of homoplasy. The bearing of this justification on alternative methods of phylogenetic inference and on Felsenstein's (1978) proof that parsimony and other phylogenetic methods can be statistically inconsistent is discusse

ISSN:0748-3007    

DOI:10.1111/j.1096-0031.1985.tb00424.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1985

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Abstract—The long history of belief in a parallelism between ontogeny and a hierarchical order of natural things is reviewed. The meaning of von Baerian recapitulation is analyzed and its implications for cladistic methodology are discussed at two levels: ontogeny and homology. The basic problem inherent in the purported parallelism is that the order of natural things (i.e., the taxic approach to homology) is part of the “world of being” of Platonic ideas, whereas ontogeny and phylogeny (i.e., the transformational approach to homology) belong to Plato's “world of becoming.” These two “genera of existence,” as Plato put it, being and becoming, are incompatible but complementary vi

ISSN:0748-3007    

DOI:10.1111/j.1096-0031.1985.tb00425.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1985

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Abstract—The use and misuse of the concept of “developmental constraints” in analyses of allometry, heterochrony, and quantitative genetics is examined. Allometric analysis constitutes an advantageous redescription but poses no constraining explanation; analysis of heterochronies does not by itself establish the existence of developmental constraints; quantitative genetic threshold theories fail to account for why arbitrary alternatives are not to be expected. A structuralist approach to constraints therefore warrants attention; examples involve phyllotaxis, echinoid morphology, shell patterns, metazoan gene regulation, and orthoge

ISSN:0748-3007    

DOI:10.1111/j.1096-0031.1985.tb00426.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1985

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Abstract—Evaluating the reliability of methods for reconstructing evolutionary trees is discussed under the four headings of: evaluating criteria for an optimal tree, finding the optimal tree for the criterion selected, detecting reliable and unreliable data, and estimating the error range for the final tree. It is shown with five data sets (protein sequences) that, in general, the minimal tree is a better estimate of phylogeny than a longer tree. However, for each data set, the minimal tree was no longer the shortest when the sequences were combined. An objective weighting of columns (characters) can lead to an improved tree by giving less weight to columns that are closer to a random order. The weighting of characters is derived from the ratio of the observed to expected number of incompatabilities for each column. Several forms of weighting give better trees as measured by both the increase in correlation between lengths of trees with different subsets of data, and by an increase in the similarity between minimal trees found with disjoint subsets of data. Increasing the size of randomly selected subsets, and measuring the increased similarity of the results, can lead to an estimate of the minimum number of trees that need to be considered as possibly the correct historical tree. A measure of the ‘treeness’ of the data is described that estimates the extent to which a binary tree is a good description of the

ISSN:0748-3007    

DOI:10.1111/j.1096-0031.1985.tb00427.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1985

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0748-3007    

DOI:10.1111/j.1096-0031.1985.tb00428.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1985

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0748-3007    

DOI:10.1111/j.1096-0031.1985.tb00429.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1985

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Book reviewed in this article:Cladistics: Perspectives on the Reconstruction of Evolutionary History.— Thomas Duncan and Tod F. Stuessy (eds.). 1984.Das Phylogenetische System.— Peter Ax. 1984.Beyond Neo‐Darwinism: An Introduction to the New Evolutionary Paradigm.— M.‐W. Ho and P. T. Saunders (eds.). 1984.The Great Chain of History: William Buckland and the English School of Geology (1814–1849).— Nicolaas

ISSN:0748-3007    

DOI:10.1111/j.1096-0031.1985.tb00430.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1985

数据来源: WILEY