摘要:

Abstract—Before the publication ofOn the Origin of Speciesthe standing patterns of natural history—common plan, homology, ontogenetic parallelism, and the hierarchy of groups — were taken as indications of a biological order that had not yet been understood. Darwin covered all of these in chapter 13 of theOrigin, arguing that his theory was the first to provide a reasonable explanation for the existence of such patterns. Since Darwin took these relations to be established by previous biology, and used them as evidence for the explanatory power of his theory, he was clearly of the opinion that they were independent of that theory. Although several modern figures have argued to the contrary, it seems that Darwin was right. The patterns listed above are recoverable from observation without reference to evolutionary theory, which theory may then be applied to provide an account of the processes by which they may have come about. That aspect of systematics concerned with theidentificationof the empirical patterns evidently constitutes a study prior to and independent of theories of pr

ISSN:0748-3007    

DOI:10.1111/j.1096-0031.1985.tb00416.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1985

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Abstract—Cladistic analysis of data from ultrastruetural and other cell biological studies indicates that neither the classical two kingdom nor the commonly accepted five kingdom classifications accurately represent the cellular diversity of eukaryotes. The resulting cladogram indicates instead that there are nine major groups of eukaryote

ISSN:0748-3007    

DOI:10.1111/j.1096-0031.1985.tb00417.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1985

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Abstract—A cladistic analysis of the eighteen species of Spanish mackerels(Scomberomorus)was conducted using the double‐lined mackerel(Grammatorcynus)as the outgroup. Based on fifty‐eight osteological and morphological characters, six species groups are recognized. Comparisons of the cladogram for theregalisspecies group were made with a cladogram of the nine species of parasitic copepods that infest the six members of theregalisgroup. Incongruences were analyzed. The parasite tree was then “forced” onto the host cladogram to determine which evolutionary events of the parasites could be explained by evolutionary events of the hosts. Hypotheses of coevolution are supported in some cases, hypotheses of dispersal are proposed

ISSN:0748-3007    

DOI:10.1111/j.1096-0031.1985.tb00418.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1985

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Abstract—Ontogenetic data can be used in phylogenetic analyses (1) as tests of character homology, (2) for polarizing transformation series, and (3) as characters themselves. The ontogenetic sequence of semaphoronts can change by addition, substitution, or deletion of stages which are either terminal or nonterminal. Outgroup comparisons can use life cycle data as well as morphological data to establish a general reference system of inferred genealogy, which can then be used to distinguish which of the six ontogenetic sequence changes has occurred in a particular phylogeny. A cladistic study of the parasitic platyhelminths suggests that the evolution of the Digenea involved a nonterminal addition of ontogenetic stages and a terminal addition of a second host to the ancestral life cycle. The evolution of the Cestoidea appears to have involved a terminal addition of ontogenetic stages and a nonterminal addition of a second host. The “complex life cycles” of the two groups are thus different in nature and etiology. Further cladistic analysis, within the Digenea, suggests that the plesiomorphic state of the intercalated ontogenetic stages was a miracidium‐sporocyst‐cercariae sequence. Rediae are concluded to have been intercalated between sporocysts and cercariae at a later point. The mutual exclusivity of rediae and daughter sporocysts in a life cycle

ISSN:0748-3007    

DOI:10.1111/j.1096-0031.1985.tb00419.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1985

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Abstract—Genealogical reconstructions carried out by the parsimony method on protein amino acid and DNA nucleotide sequence data are providing fresh evidence on cladistic branching patterns at taxonomic levels from the classes of Vertebrata and orders of Eutheria to the genera of Hominoidea. Minimum length trees constructed from amino acid sequence data group Mammalia with Archosauria (i.e., Aves plus Crocodilia), Amniota with Amphibia, and Tetrapoda with Teleostei. Within Mammalia, Edentata and Paenungulata (e.g., Proboscidea) appear as the most anciently separated from other eutherians. Another superordinal eutherian clade consists of Artiodactyla, Cetacea, and Perissodactyla. A third consistently contains Primates, Lagomorpha, andTupaia.The cladistic positions of such orders as Carnivora, Chiroptera, Insectivora, and Rodentia are not well resolved by the currently still sparse body of sequence data. However, recent dramatic progress in the technology of gene cloning and nucleotide sequencing has opened the way for so enlarging the body of sequence data that it should become possible to solve almost any problem concerning the phylogenetic systematice of extant mammals. An example is provided by hominoid genera. Minimum length trees constructed from mitochondrial DNA nucleotide sequence data very strongly groupPan, Homo, andGorillainto Homininae and then join Homininae and Ponginae(pongo)into Hominidae as the sister family of Hylobatidae(Hylobates).Resolution of the hominine trichotomy into two dichotomous branchings should be forthcoming as kilobase sequencing of nuclear genes progresse

ISSN:0748-3007    

DOI:10.1111/j.1096-0031.1985.tb00420.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1985

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0748-3007    

DOI:10.1111/j.1096-0031.1985.tb00421.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1985

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0748-3007    

DOI:10.1111/j.1096-0031.1985.tb00422.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1985

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Book reviewed in this article:Principles and Methods of Phylogenetic Systematics: A Cladistics Workbook.— Daniel R. Brooks, Janine N. Caira, Thomas R. Platt, and Mary R. Pritchard. 1984.Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics: Volume 15.— Richard F. Johnston, Peter W. Frank, and Charles D. Michener (eds). 1

ISSN:0748-3007    

DOI:10.1111/j.1096-0031.1985.tb00423.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1985

数据来源: WILEY