摘要:

Abstract—Three quantitative cladistic biogeographic methods, namely, component analysis, Brooks parsimony analysis (BPA), and three‐area statements (TAS) have been proposed for obtaining general area cladograms from taxon‐area cladograms. Available programs implementing these methods include COMPONENT versions 1.5 and 2.0 for component analysis, TAS for three‐area statements, and Hennig86 for analysing matrices for both three‐area statements and BPA. Ten different data sets were analysed with these programs and items of error were used to evaluate the general area cladograms obtained. None of the computer implementations of the methods compared proved to be more effective than the others."…all methodologies, even the most obvious ones, have their limits…"Feyerab

ISSN:0748-3007    

DOI:10.1111/j.1096-0031.1994.tb00169.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1994

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Abstract—A method for reconstructing the history of a host‐parasite assemblage is described. This method has the advantage of making explicit the relationship between the host and parasite trees, and it allows a visually intuitive representation of that history. It also enables host switches to be incorporated as an explanation of the observed pattern of host‐parasite associations, without the spurious overestimates of the number of host switches that can be obtained using Brooks parsimony analysis (BPA). Reconstructions that maximize the number of cospeciation events have the greatest explanatory power and are hence preferred over reconstructions with fewer cospeciation events. A heuristic algorithm to find a single maximal reconstruction, and an exact algorithm to find all such reconstructions are presented. Two empirical applications of the method are

ISSN:0748-3007    

DOI:10.1111/j.1096-0031.1994.tb00170.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1994

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Abstract—The most recent classification of the angiosperm order Gentianales (Thorne, 1992) includes four principal families: Apocynaceae, Gentianaceae, Loganiaceae, and Rubiaceae. Ever since Bentham (1857) the status of Loganiaceae has been questioned, and several segregates of that family have been proposed both before and after his treatment. In this study we present cladistic results that show Loganiaceae, sensu lato, to be a paraphyletic group definable only by plesiomorphies, with members showing closest relationships to other families of the order. As the impact of different character‐state representations of polymorphic terminals remains largely untested, our morphological and phytochemical data were analysed both with restricted polymorphism coding as well as with the monomorphic “subtaxon” recoding method of Nixon and Davis (1991). Both approaches yield highly compatible results, and we here discuss a new classification of the Gentianales based on (i) monophyletic groups identified by outgroup analysis, and (ii) the maximal portrayal of evidence provided by subtaxon polymorphism recoding. Most prominently, the Loganiaceae sensu lato are divided into four segregate families, two previously named (Loganiaceae sensu stricto and Strychnaceae), and two defined as a result of this study (Gelsemiaceae, L. Struwe&V. A. Albert, stat. nov. and Geniostomaceae, L. Struwe&V. A. Albert, fam. nov.). Apocynaceae (incl. Asclepiadaceae), Gentianaceae (incl. Loganiaceae—Potalieae), and Rubiaceae remain as monophyletic families. Outgroup analysis supports both the monophyly of the Gentianales as well as the exclusion from the order ofBuddleja, Desfontainia, Plocosperma, Polypremum, andRetzia(all Loganiaceae sensu Leeuwenberg and L

ISSN:0748-3007    

DOI:10.1111/j.1096-0031.1994.tb00171.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1994

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Abstract—A method is proposed to recode certain phylogenetic cost matrices in order to lessen the computational burden involved in the search for parsimonious cladograms. Multistate characters with complex costs among character states are converted to unordered multistate and binary variables with differential weights. These new variables can be optimized efficiently. The method has applications in cases where character states are distributed hierarchically and symmetrically. Cases of “inapplicable” states in morphology, and transition‐transversion weighting in molecular sequence data are discussed thi

ISSN:0748-3007    

DOI:10.1111/j.1096-0031.1994.tb00172.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1994

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0748-3007    

DOI:10.1111/j.1096-0031.1994.tb00173.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1994

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0748-3007    

DOI:10.1111/j.1096-0031.1994.tb00174.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1994

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Book reviewed in this article:Biological Systematics. The State of the Art,by Alessandro Minelli

ISSN:0748-3007    

DOI:10.1111/j.1096-0031.1994.tb00175.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1994

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0748-3007    

DOI:10.1111/j.1096-0031.1994.tb00176.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1994

数据来源: WILEY