摘要:

Abstract —The relationships of the clicking Elateroidea beetles were studied with the help of parsimony analysis using Hennig86. The character matrix included 70 characters and 27 taxa. The results demonstrate the monophyly of the group ThroscidaesensuCrowson, contrary to views presented in other papers. Methods for solving this problem were sought. When several minimum length solutions were obtained, successive weighting and a search for a strict consensus tree identical with one of the original trees appeared to be acceptable ways for trying to identify the preferred solution. When conflicting trees from separate data sets were compared, a combined global analysis turned out to be impossible to perform because the data sets used different terminal taxa. In this case, the incongruence and total support tests provided by Farris' programs RNA and KON proved indispensable. The conflict found between the results obtained here and those presented by other workers using a large suite of larval characters were shown to be caused by an incongruent data matrix used in the latter study—the larval data set resulted in a polyphyletic ingroup and suggests relationships quite different from adult data alone. Directed large scale homoplasy due to repeated re‐invasion of two major habitats by separate clades may be the factor causing difficulties in coding the larval chara

ISSN:0748-3007    

DOI:10.1111/j.1096-0031.1995.tb00093.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1995

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Abstract —During cladistic analysis of a diverse higher taxon it is impractical to code every species as a separate terminal. In such cases, workers proceed in one of two distinct ways: (1) examine a number of member species in order to deduce groundplan character states of the higher group before the analysis is begun, here called the intuitive method, or (2), code a number of real species belonging to the group as terminals in the analysis, called the exemplar method. Both methods have the same aim, to estimate the groundplan of the higher taxon concerned.Both groundplan estimation methods will lead to identical results when the character in question has the same state in all members of the terminal group, however when the character has two or more states, the two methods may give different results. The precise methods employed in the intuitive approach have not been articulated in the literature, but possible techniques may result in non‐parsimonious ancestral state assignments, even in simple cases.Groundplan estimation in the exemplar method is an extension of parsimony. The exemplar method allows groundplan state/s at internal nodes to be calculated during tree search. In many cases the exemplar method assigns a number of possible states to the groundplan, and the state assignment is therefore equivocal. This is not a deficiency of the method but reflects the notion that the parsimony criterion alone cannot always distinguish a single state present in a hypothetical ancestor. The optimal choice of exemplars required to estimate the groundplan most efficiently is discussed under a simple and common hypothesis of character transformation. For complex character distributions up to three exemplars may be required, each from a separate lineage of the group close to its hypothetical common ancestral n

ISSN:0748-3007    

DOI:10.1111/j.1096-0031.1995.tb00094.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1995

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Abstract —The phylogeny of the Dyakiidae, an early diverging lineage of the Limacoideasensu lalo, is reconstructed. In the Dyakiidae a unique transformation series of different genital accessory organs, the so‐called “stimulators”, is preserved which is an important argument for the hypothesis that the different stimulator types of the Stylommatophora are homologous. The biogeographic distribution patterns of the genera of the Dyakiidae are summarized and the ancestral areas of the major clades are analysed. The analysis of the area cladograms of the Dyakiidae and of several butterfly and heteroptera genera occurring in Sundaland revealed neither a general pattern of relationship between the areas of endemism in Sundaland, nor a general pattern of relationship between Sundaland and other areas. The area cladogram of the rather immobile Dyakiidae endemic to Sundaland might reflect older events than the area cladograms of the more mobile and widespread butterfly and plant bug genera. The general incompatibility of the area cladograms involving Sundaland taxa suggests that dispersal across barriers has played a major role in the historical biogeography of the analysed groups and challenges the hypothesis of vicariance biogeography that the distribution patterns of organisms are largely due to the fragmentation of an ancestra

ISSN:0748-3007    

DOI:10.1111/j.1096-0031.1995.tb00095.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1995

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Abstract —Lefkovitch's formula for the probability of incompatibility between two binary characters can give incorrect results because it redundantly counts some possible compatibilities. The inaccuracy occurs when the characters have the same number of terminals showing the apomorphic stat

ISSN:0748-3007    

DOI:10.1111/j.1096-0031.1995.tb00096.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1995

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0748-3007    

DOI:10.1111/j.1096-0031.1995.tb00097.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1995

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0748-3007    

DOI:10.1111/j.1096-0031.1995.tb00098.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1995

数据来源: WILEY