摘要:

Abstract —Based on published phylogenies for 73 groups of Holarctic non‐marine animals, interrelationships between the four Holarctic infraregions (western and eastern Nearctic, western and eastern Palearctic) are examined. The study includes analysis of resolved area cladograms, ancestral areas and dispersal indicated by cladistic subordinateness. Area relationships reflecting present continental configurations (Nearctic vs. Palearctic) dominate the material to the extent that one might speak of a general Holarctic area pattern. Paleocontinental (western Nearctic+eastern Palearctic, western Palearctic+eastern Nearctic) and disjunct patterns are relatively more frequent among groups of higher taxonomic rank. The western Nearctic seems to have played a bigger role than the other infraregions as a center of origin. Two computer programs for constructing resolved area cladograms, viz., COMPONENT 1.5 and COMPONENT 2.0, are compared. The three standard assumptions for biogeographical analysis are compared and arguments are presented in favour of Assumptio

ISSN:0748-3007    

DOI:10.1111/j.1096-0031.1995.tb00088.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1995

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Abstract —We use a simulation approach to study two methods proposed for the analysis of correlated discrete characters on cladograms, the concentrated changes test (CCT) and the contingent states test (CST). Both of these consider the case where there is an independent and a dependent character and assign probabilities to various events in the dependent character given one or the other state of the independent character. The CCT gives different results for symmetric and asymmetric cladograms. In the latter case, the proportion of branches reconstructed as having the derived state has less influence on the resulting probabilities. The CST is only sensitive to the proportion of derived branches, regardless of whether the tree is symmetric or asymmetric. The CCT calculates probabilities by considering character state reconstructions which are not allowed by parsimony algorithms, thereby increasing the probability of rejecting a true null hypothesis (type I error rate). We discuss some alternative questions that could be studied using these tests and also derive equations for calculating the number of possible events in the dependent character for unresolved parts of the phylogen

ISSN:0748-3007    

DOI:10.1111/j.1096-0031.1995.tb00089.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1995

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Abstract —A research methodology that aims to reveal how historical changes in environmental conditions (or selective regimes) have shaped the adaptive evolution of clades is applied to the adaptive evolution of water striders and their allies (Hemiptera‐Heteroptera, Gerromorpha), a group of semiaquatic insects which includes species that are conspicuously adapted to life on the surface film of water. Based upon reconstructed phylogenies for the higher gerromorphan taxa, the hypothesis that the hygropetric zone is the ancestral one is confirmed for the Mesoveliidae, Hebridae and the clade comprising the Paraphrynoveliidae, Macroveliidae and Hydrometridae, but not for the Hermatobatidae and Veliidae. There is no support for the hypothesis that the intersection zone was a sort of transitional zone during the ecological evolution of pleustonic bugs. It is shown that the unique morphological and behavioural traits of the most derived members of this group evolved after inferred historical changes in environmental conditions and therefore qualify as adaptations in the sense ofGould and Vrba (1982),Coddington (1988) andBaum and Larson (1991). Other predictions about the adaptive evolution of gerromorphan bugs do not pass the cladistic test. The study illustrates that cladistic inference is a valuable tool in clarifying and sharpening retrospective explanations of complex evolutionary scenar

ISSN:0748-3007    

DOI:10.1111/j.1096-0031.1995.tb00090.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1995

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0748-3007    

DOI:10.1111/j.1096-0031.1995.tb00091.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1995

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0748-3007    

DOI:10.1111/j.1096-0031.1995.tb00092.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1995

数据来源: WILEY