ISSN:0748-3007    

DOI:10.1111/j.1096-0031.1989.tb00558.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1989

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Abstract—The bootstrap, a non‐parametric statistical analysis, can be used to assess confidence limits on phylogcnics. The method most widely used tests the monophyly of individual clades. This paper proposes additional applications of the bootstrap which provide useful information about phylogeny even when many clades are found not to be supported with confidence (as often occurs in practice). In such cases it is still possible to place a constraint on the phylogenetic position of taxa by examining the relative size of the smallest monophyletic groups that contain them. In addition, the taxonomic composition of these larger clades can be determined, as well as the relative likelihood of their occurrence. The distinction between hypotheses about membership in particular clades and hypotheses about entire topologies is also discussed. To investigate the latter, the bootstrap is used to estimate the sampling distribution of tree similarity indices. All methods are illustrated by reference to a large data set on the angiosperm family Asteraccae, selected from the literat

ISSN:0748-3007    

DOI:10.1111/j.1096-0031.1989.tb00559.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1989

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Abstract—A complex evolutionary model is tested with a cladistic approach. Cladograms constructed for all of the genera of social Vespidae are optimized for characters associated with social behavior. The character state assignments to the interior nodes are compared with the stages envisioned in the “polygynous family” hypothesis for the evolution of wasp social behavior (West‐Eberhard, 1978). Several of the transitions proposed in the model are consistent with the results: caste formation preceding long‐term monogyny, and long‐term polygyny developing from monogyny. Some transitions do not accord with these results: long‐term polygyny evidently did not evolve directly from a “rudimentary‐caste‐containing” stage, and a stage of tasteless nest sharing

ISSN:0748-3007    

DOI:10.1111/j.1096-0031.1989.tb00560.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1989

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Abstract—The effectiveness and efficiency of J. S. Farris' new microcomputer parsimony program (Hennig86, version 1.5) are evaluated with reference to 60 data sets, including those used to benchmark earlier mainframe and microcomputer packages. By overcoming the arbitrary resolution and consequent redundancy problems that have plagued previously available microcomputer programs, as well as their limitations on data set size, cladogram storage space, and execution speed, Hennig86 advances enormously the accuracy and ease with which cladistic analyses can be conducted. Hennig86 has such an impressive edge in both effectiveness and efficiency that earlier parsimony programs (including those by Farris) have essentially been rendered obsolete. For exact analyses, both exhaustive and minimal options arc provided; of the options available for approximate analyses, the branch breaker (bb) used in conjunction with the mhennig* and tread commands performed bes

ISSN:0748-3007    

DOI:10.1111/j.1096-0031.1989.tb00561.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1989

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0748-3007    

DOI:10.1111/j.1096-0031.1989.tb00562.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1989

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0748-3007    

DOI:10.1111/j.1096-0031.1989.tb00563.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1989

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0748-3007    

DOI:10.1111/j.1096-0031.1989.tb00564.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1989

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0748-3007    

DOI:10.1111/j.1096-0031.1989.tb00565.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1989

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Book reviewed in this article:Molecules and Morphology in Evolution: Conflict or Compromise?—Edited by Colin Patterson. 1987.Molecules and morphology in evolution: conflict or compromise?—Colin Patterson (ed.).Zoogeography of Caribbean Insects.—James K. Liebherr (ed.).

ISSN:0748-3007    

DOI:10.1111/j.1096-0031.1989.tb00566.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1989

数据来源: WILEY