摘要:

Abstract —The differences between the three‐taxon statement analysis and the standard approach are in the way they explicitly or implicitly consider character homology and modes of character evolution. The differences in the two methods have implications relative to the general model of evolution viewed as descent with modification of charact

ISSN:0748-3007    

DOI:10.1111/j.1096-0031.1996.tb00015.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1996

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Abstract —Pipunculidae (Diptera) of the Hawaiian islands belong to the endemichawaiiensissubgroup of the subgenusCephalops(Semicephalops). In total 36 species are known from the Hawaiian islands. Cladistic analysis of 31 species, using 21 morphological characters from the male terminalia, resulted in 480 equally parsimonious trees. Three rounds of successive weighting resulted in 610 equally parsimonious trees. A biogeographic analysis was carried out, using the three‐area statement technique and based on the strict consensus tree produced from the tree set obtained by successive weighting. The analysis puts the sequence of the island groups in congruence with the geological history of the islands. The results of the cladistic and biogeographic analyses were compared with earlier similar analy

ISSN:0748-3007    

DOI:10.1111/j.1096-0031.1996.tb00016.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1996

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Abstract —Consensus in cladistics is reviewed. Consensus trees, which summarize the agreement in grouping among a set of cladograms, are distinguished from compromise trees, which may contain groups that do not appear in all the cladograms being compared. Only a strict or Nelson tree is an actual consensus. This distinction has implications for the concept of support for cladograms: only those branches supported under all possible optimizations are unambiguously supported. We refer to such cladograms as strictly supported, in contrast to the semistrictly (ambiguously) supported cladograms output by various current microcomputer programs for cladistic analysis. Such semistrictly supported cladograms may be collapsed, however, by a variety of options in various programs. Consideration of collapsibility and optimization on multifurcations leads to some conclusions on the use of consensus. Consensus tree length provides information about character conflict that occurs between, not within, cladograms. We propose the clade concordance index, which employs the consensus tree length to measure inter‐cladogram character conflict for all characters among a set of cladogr

ISSN:0748-3007    

DOI:10.1111/j.1096-0031.1996.tb00017.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1996

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Abstract —The Philippines are an archipelago composed of oceanic islands originating from different island arcs, and a few pieces of continental origin. The continental fragments can be found in N Palawan, the Calamian Islands, W Mindoro and W Panay. This study aims at answering the question whether traces can be found of a terrestrial fauna travelling on these fragments to the east to become part of the Philippine fauna. A phylogenetic analysis of the genusColadenia(Lepidoptera: Hesperiidae) based on morphological characters has been carried out. Three methods for detecting distribution patterns have been applied and compared, viz. Page's Tree Reconciliation, Brooks Parsimony Analysis, and a method similar to character optimization and here called Area Optimization. It is concluded that there is evidence of a continental element in the Philippine fauna. The (expected) generality of this pattern can only be demonstrated when more phylogenetic analyses of relevant groups become availabl

ISSN:0748-3007    

DOI:10.1111/j.1096-0031.1996.tb00018.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1996

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Abstract —It is argued that in area biogeographical studies, the information content of widespread taxa is comparable to that of endemic taxa; widespread taxa should therefore be treated under Assumption 0. For areas of sympatry (redundant distributions) on the other hand, Assumption 2 is warranted because dispersal must always be invoked to explain sympatry. It is argued that all occurrences in an area of sympatry should be treated equally, regardless of whether the taxa are widespread or endemic, and regardless of whether the taxa occupy terminal or basal positions on the cladogram. An algorithm for translation of taxon‐area cladograms into resolved area cladograms under these conditions is given. As an example, this algorithm is applied to inocelliid snakeflies and gerrine pondskat

ISSN:0748-3007    

DOI:10.1111/j.1096-0031.1996.tb00019.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1996

数据来源: WILEY