摘要:

Abstract—Cladistic data are the characters of organisms. Character is defined as a feature that can be evaluated as a variable with two or more mutually exclusive and ordered states. Cladistic characters must be treated as multistate variables, and coded as sequential numbers or in additive binary fashion. Any other interpretation and handling of cladistic data will introduce error into analysis. Character states cannot be treated independently as present or absent, i.e., as nominal variables, because redundancy is introduced into the data and information content is sacrificed. Non‐additive binary coding demonstrates that treating cladistic variables as nominal data will lead to multiple, equally parsimonious solutions. Defining characters found universally in a group of organisms, but unknown outside those organisms have no alternative state that can be designated as absent. Absence, however, is valid as a character state if it can be shown to be apomorphic. When two or more character states occur within a taxon, that taxon must be coded as having an unknown state for that character, or the taxon must be split in two or more taxa. Continuously varying quantitative data are not suitable for cladistic analysis because there is no justifiable basis for recognizing discrete states among them. Quantitative data are questionable even when they exhibit mutually exclusive states because the states can be interpreted only in reference to an archetype, i.e., as implied homologies not subject to t

ISSN:0748-3007    

DOI:10.1111/j.1096-0031.1987.tb00508.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1987

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Abstract—A cladistic analysis involving 27 tribes and subtribes of Asteraceae and 81 characters is presented. The terminal taxa are mainly those of present tribal classification, though some apparently poly‐ and paraphyletic tribes, notably the Mutisieae and the Inuleae, have been represented by sub‐tribal taxa. Characters are assembled from all available sources. Corolla types, styles and stamens have provided many characters. The Lobeliaceae are used as an outgroup and are considered as the most probable sister group of the Asteraceae. There is a basal dichotomy in the family, the Mutisieae‐Barnadesiinae being the monophyletic sister group of the remaining major, also monophyletic part of the family. The recent family division into two subfamilies about equal in size, the Cichorioideae and the Asteroideae, neither represents a basal dichotomy nor a sister group relationship within the Asteraceae. The Asteroideae are monophyletic and have their sister group within the paraphyletic Cichorioideae. Interrelationships among the cichorioid tribes are still unclear. The Lactuceae, Eremothamneae, Vernonieae and Liabeae may be one monophyletic group, and the Arctoteae, Carlineae, Echinopsideae and Cardueae another. The Mutisieae are a paraphyletic grade at the base of the family. Within the subfamily Asteroideae tribal interrelationships are also rather unclear. The Anthemideae and the Heliantheae sensu lato (including the Helenieae, Tageteae, Coreopsideae and all helenioid/helianthoid representatives sometimes placed in the Senecioneae) may be sister groups. The Heliantheae appear to be monophyletic and there is little support for the hypothesis that other tribes are derived from or have their sister group within the Heliantheae. The Astereae and the Eupatorieae may be sister groups, though a closer relationship between the Eupatorieae and the Heliantheae is possible. The Inuleae are a paraphyletic grade group at the base of the subfamily Asteroideae in the same way as the Mutiseae are a grade group at the base of the

ISSN:0748-3007    

DOI:10.1111/j.1096-0031.1987.tb00509.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1987

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Abstract—Luciliais a South American genus with 23 species restricted to disjunct areas in southeastern Brazil and along the Andes.Luciliais a monophyletic group defined by the co‐occurrence of six characters: herbaceous, alternate‐leaved, pappus with scabrid bristles fused at the base into a ring, style‐branches with sweeping hairs far down, capitula sessile, and aseptate‐flagellate hairs. A dadogram is presented using 41 morphological and anatomical characters arranged into 26 transformation series. The polarity of character states was determined by outgroup comparison with the genusBerroa. The cladistic analysis showed extensive parallel evolution in a number of the more conspicuous characters and produced four unresolved trichotomies. However, basing the hierarchy ofLuciliaon the branching pattern produced by cladistic analysis results in a more natural and predicitive classification.Luciliais divided into three sections,Lucilia, Intermedieae(sect, nov), andLucilioides[divided into two subsections,Subspicata(subsect. nov.) andLucilioides]. The latter subsection is subdivided into two series,Lucilioides(ser. nov.) andParalucilia. The Brazilian species of sectionLucilia (acutijolia, linearifolia, ferruginea, tmentosa, recurva, nitens, andflagelliformis) form the most primitive group within the genus. The more derived species of the genus, sectionlucilioides (plicatifolia, catamarcensis, burkartii, subspkata, lopezmirandae, alpina, pickeringii, piptolepis, santamca, chilensis, schultzii, longifolia, radians, lehmanni, pusilla) are found in the AndesL. eriophora(sectionIntermedieae) from central Chile bridges these two groups. An explanation for the distribution of the genus is given, based on the ecology of the species in relation to theories of the geologic and climatic history of South America. The present pattern has been determined by the age, geographical range, and vicissitudes of the habitat in which each group occurs. In the Brazilian species group, the habitat is old, and has remained relatively stable since well before the Pleistocene. In the Andean species group, the habitat is young and has undergone numerous rapid alterations since its inception at the end of the

ISSN:0748-3007    

DOI:10.1111/j.1096-0031.1987.tb00510.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1987

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0748-3007    

DOI:10.1111/j.1096-0031.1987.tb00511.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1987

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Book reviewed in this article:South African perspectives on species: an evaluation of the recognition concept: Species and Speciation.—E. S. Vrba (ed.).Mind from Matter?‐an essay on evolutionary epistemology.—Max Delbrück.The structure and affinities of the Hedyloidea: a new concept of the butterflies.—M. J

ISSN:0748-3007    

DOI:10.1111/j.1096-0031.1987.tb00512.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1987

数据来源: WILEY